Surgical strategy for severe tricuspid valve regurgitation complicated by advanced mitral valve disease: long-term outcome of tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation in eighty-eight cases

OBJECTIVE: Although annuloplasty has been the most commonly performed surgical modality for severe tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation has been performed in our hospital for more than a decade. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation in a subgroup of patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation, those who also had advanced mitral valve disease. METHODS: Mitral valve replacement in conjunction with tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation was performed on 88 patients at our hospital between 1984 and 1998. The patients (mean age 57 +/- 11 years) were followed up for an average of 7.2 +/- 4.5 years after the operation (range 0-14 years); total follow-up was 643.1 patient-years. All patients except 2 (97.6%) were included in the follow-up. We evaluated the mortality, the cause of death, survival, the freedom from structural valve deterioration and reoperation, postoperative complications, and long-term echocardiographic findings. RESULTS: Overall survival at 14 years was 69% +/- 7.7%. Freedom from structural valve deterioration at 14 years was 100% and from reoperation, 88% +/- 9. 4%. There were no instances of pulmonary thromboembolism or of complications associated with fatal arrhythmias. Echocardiography showed little residual tricuspid regurgitation, no atrophic and stenotic change in the native tricuspid valve, and no thrombus formation between native valve and the implanted bioprosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure's simplicity, the good long-term durability of the bioprosthesis, and the absence of fatal arrhythmias and pulmonary thromboembolism indicate that tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation is a useful procedure for patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation complicated by advanced mitral valve disease.     

Surgical treatment of rheumatic tricuspid valve disease

The rheumatic tricuspid valve is relatively rare in this country. We report the study on surgical treatment of 27 patients with rheumatic tricuspid valve. Surgical procedure on 7 cases out of them was tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with bioprosthesis and tricuspid valvuloplasty (TVP) was performed in the remaining 20 cases. There were two operative deaths in TVR group, however, there were no major complications, such as thrombosed valve, the valve dysfunction or prosthetic valve endocarditis in the remaining five cases after the operation. The method of TVP in twenty cases consisted of two Kay's TAPs, six tricuspid commissurotomies (OTC), ten OTC with Key's TAPs and two OTC with DeVega's TAPs. Doppler cardiography (DCG) revealed residual tricuspid regurgitation (TR) more than 3/4 degrees in 7 cases of TVP group immediately after operation. Moreover, the increment of residual TR was seen in 7 cases during the following period and TVR was performed in 3 cases out of these 7 cases. In conclusion, it is suggested that TVR may be preferred to TVP for the rheumatic tricuspid valve because of severe residual TR in many cases of TVP group.     

Surgical management of double-orifice tricuspid valve

Abstract Background and Aim of the Study: Double‐orifice tricuspid valve (DOTV) is a very rare cardiac malformation. We sought to describe our experience with surgical management of this defect in three cases. Material and Methods: Between September 2008 and October 2010, three patients (one male, two females) with DOTV were treated at our institute. They were 62, 20, and 32 years of age, respectively. The diagnosis of DOTV was made during the operation for other congenital cardiac malformations including partial atrioventricular septum defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and Ebstein's anomaly. The DOTV was regurgitant in all (moderate in one case and mild in two cases) without stenosis. Surgical management included tricuspid valve annuloplasty in two cases and suture of the accessory orifice in one case. Associated malformations were simultaneously corrected. Results: Echocardiography after the surgery revealed good coaptation of the tricuspid valve with trivial regurgitation and no tricuspid stenosis. No operative complication or late deaths occurred. All three patients were asymptomatic on follow‐up. Conclusions: The occurrence of the DOTV is extremely rare and it is difficult to diagnose by echocardiography. It is always associated with other congenital cardiac malformations that determine patient outcome. (J Card Surg 2011;26:425‐428)     

Surgical assessment of tricuspid valve replacement for severe tricuspid regurgitation without stenosis.

Eight patients undergoing tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) without stenosis were subjected to the study. Four patients had primary TR due to trauma, infective endocarditis, or Ebstein's anomaly, and the other 4 had secondary TR associated with mitral valve lesions. The right heart pressure as well as clinical manifestations due to right heart failure showed deteriorated values in both the primary and secondary TR groups, though pulmonary arterial pressure was higher in the latter group. In 2 patients, initial annuloplasty procedures could not reduce TR sufficiently and were instantly abandoned for TVR. These 2 patients, one with congenital and one with secondary TR, died of intractable right heart failure early postoperatively, while the remaining 6 patients are alive to date, in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I, during the follow-up period of 6-192 (mean, 104) months. The 2 patients who died had shown a longer morbid duration and a lower preoperative right ventricular systolic function indicated by stroke work to pulmonary artery resistance. This paper might suggest that an earlier surgical intervention in severe TR is recommended before the right ventricular function deteriorates.     

三尖瓣脱垂的外科治疗

目的探索应用三尖瓣脱垂瓣缘折叠缝合技术治疗三尖瓣关闭不全的外科方法和疗效。方法1997年4月至2006年3月为6例先天性三尖瓣前叶腱索缺如和3例外伤性腱索断裂的患者实施了外科矫治手术,其中男性6例,女性3例,年龄8～57岁。术前9例患者均有三尖瓣重度关闭不全,右心室前后径均值为(43.6±4.2)mm。5例患者心功能为Ⅲ级,4例为Ⅳ级。连续对折缝合脱垂的三尖瓣瓣缘,折叠缝合脱垂瓣叶相对应的瓣环,并用成形环固定成形后三尖瓣瓣环。结果9例患者术后恢复顺利,无死亡。术后超声心动图检查示:6例患者三尖瓣对合良好无反流,3例患者有少量反流。所有患者术后右心室前后径均显著减小,术后均值为(24.0±1.8)mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。3例房颤心律的患者均转为窦性心律。患者随访1～109个月,除1例患者外,其他8例患者三尖瓣成形效果稳定。8例患者心功能为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,1例为Ⅲ级。结论应用三尖瓣脱垂瓣叶及其相对应的瓣环折叠技术,可有效修复先天性三尖瓣部分腱索缺如和胸外伤后三尖瓣腱索断裂所致的三尖瓣重度关闭不全。     

风湿性心脏病左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨风湿性心脏病(风心病)左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)的发生机制、手术指征、手术方法和疗效.方法 风心病左心瓣膜置换术后5～16年出现重度TR病人37例,均有不同程度的右心衰竭表现,左室射血分数(LVE)0.52±0.05,肺动脉收缩压(37.6±7.8)mm Hg.经右胸前外侧切口或正中切口再次手术行三尖瓣置换(TVR)25例,改良DeVega环缩术4例,带环成形术8例.结果 术后住院死亡4例,其中死于呼吸衰竭2例、多脏器功能衰竭和肾功能衰竭各1例.随访2个月～10年,死于右心衰竭3例,严重心律失常1例;生存的25例临床症状均有明显改善.结论 左心瓣膜置换术后晚期重度TR与肺动脉高压持续存在、风湿性三尖瓣病变、初次未作三尖瓣环缩术或方法不确实等有密切关系.左心功能良好、右室收缩功能无严重损害,无严重肺动脉高压是再次手术的指征,并主张尽早行TR纠正术.保留全瓣结构行三尖瓣置换有助于提高手术疗效.影响术后长期疗效仍是右室收缩功能.     

Tricuspid valve repair for tricuspid valve endocarditis: tricuspid valve "recycling"

Tricuspid valve endocarditis traditionally has been treated with either valve excision or valve replacement. To avoid implantation of foreign material in an infected field, we have applied the principles of mitral valve repair to 4 patients with tricuspid valve endocarditis. On preoperative echocardiography, all patients had 3 to 4+ tricuspid regurgitation, evidence of progressive right ventricular enlargement, and mobile vegetations. In each case, up to three quarters of the anterior leaflet was excised en bloc with infected chordae and papillary muscle heads. Surgical procedures included standard quadrangular resection, conversion to a bicuspid valve, and pericardial patch replacement of the anterior leaflet with mobilization of basal chordae to replace resected marginal chordae. On postoperative echocardiography, tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dimensions were reduced in 2 of 4 patients in spite of loss of leaflet tissue. All excised valve tissue demonstrated bacteria on Gram stain or culture. Nonetheless, all repaired valves were successfully sterilized without recurrent infections. Tricuspid valve repair can allow eradication of infection with potential for improving valve competency in complicated tricuspid valve endocarditis.     

Surgical treatment of mitral and tricuspid valve defects]

The results of surgical treatment of 265 patients with mitral-tricuspid valvular diseases are analysed. The operations were carried out in the period from Jan. 1, 1977 to Jan. 1, 1990 with various plastic procedures on the tricuspid valve. Hospital mortality was 13.2%. The late-term results were studied in follow-up periods of 6 months to 12 years in 207 (90%) patients. The results were good in 187 (75.9%), satisfactory and poor in 28 (13.5%) patients; 22 (10.6%) patients died. With the hospital losses taken into account, 5-year survival came to 73% and 10-year survival to 54%. Stability of good postoperative results was 79% by the 5th year and 49% by the 10th year. Among the surviving patients 85% are related to functional classes I and II and lead an active life. Plastic operations on the tricuspid valve can be undertaken in 92% of patients with mitral-tricuspid valvular diseases; they produce good late-term results in most cases, ensure stable normalization of hemodynamics, and should be performed more often in clinical practice.     

Surgical management of congenital (non-Ebstein) tricuspid valve regurgitation

Congenital tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is a relatively uncommon condition that includes a heterogeneous group of lesions with a unique management strategy. There are wide anatomic variations that lead to congenital TR in patients without Ebstein malformation. Possible etiologies may include primary valve abnormalities (eg, congenital absence of chordae) or other forms of tricuspid valve dysplasia as in congenitally unguarded tricuspid valve, and patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, which can be similar to Ebstein's valves or secondary regurgitation in association with other anomalies as in atrioventricular septal defects, right ventricular outflow tract obstructive lesions (pulmonary stenosis or atresia with ventricular septal defect [VSD]), tricuspid valve annular dilatation in association with right ventricular volume overload lesions as in congenital coronary arterial fistula with secondary right ventricular enlargement, and Uhl's anomaly. Iatrogenic etiologies in the congenital population include TR secondary to previous VSD closure (chordal or leaflet injury), pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator lead-induced TR, and traumatic TR (ruptured chordae). Presentation depends on the severity of the disease and may be apparent in infancy, childhood, or adulthood.     

Surgical excision of metastatic malignant melanoma involving the tricuspid valve

An 83-year-old man presented with a large intracavitatory metastatic malignant melanoma, infiltrating the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The tumour was excised completely along with the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve which was replaced. The patient was well 2 months after surgery.     

Surgical management of tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery--analysis of the amount of tricuspid valve annular dilatation]

As a means to determine whether correction for tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in mitral valve surgery is necessary, pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to study 61 patients (age 49.5 +/- 9.5 years) who underwent mitral valve surgery. Early postoperative tricuspid regurgitation (average 9 +/- 3 postoperative days) was evaluated by a comparison with tricuspid valve annular dilatation and systolic annular shortening in preoperative right ventriculography. Kishimoto's method was used to measure the angiographic maximal early systolic (TVD) and minimal end-systolic diameters where as the shortening of the tricuspid annulus (STA) was expressed as a percent reduction in the maximal diameter by Ubago's methods. Patients were categorized into two groups, i.e., a group having had tricuspid annuloplasty (TAP group n = 23), and a NON-TAP group (n = 38). Preoperative right ventricular volume and hemodynamic indicator were studied with respect to both the TVD and the STA. Results are as follows: 1) The TVD significantly correlated with the end-diastolic right ventricular volume index (EDVI), regurgitant fraction of the tricuspid valve (RF), end-systolic right ventricular volume index (ESVI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAm), mean right atrial pressure (RAm), and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) (p less than 0.01). 2) The STA was significantly correlated with EDVI, RF, ESVI, RAm and RVEDP (p less than 0.01). In the NON-TAP group, the TVD was significantly larger in patients with residual TR (average 32.5 mm/m2) than in patients having postoperative disappearance of TR (average 25.7 mm/m2) (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Tricuspid valve surgery for functional tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with left-sided valvular disease.

OBJECTIVES: We have reviewed 260 patients who underwent initial tricuspid valve surgery for functional tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) and analyzed independent predictors for early and late unfavorable results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 1998, 260 tricuspid valve operations were performed for functional TR. There were 94 males and 166 females with a mean age of 55 years. The tricuspid valve surgery procedures consisted of De Vega tricuspid annuloplasty in 240 patients, ring annuloplasty in four patients, and tricuspid valve replacement in 16 patients. The mean duration of follow-up was 7.8 years. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 8.9% (23 patients). Late deaths occurred in 34 patients including cardiac-related late deaths in 26 patients. The survival rates were 83+/-2% at 5 years and 78+/-3% at 10 years. Late tricuspid valve reoperation was performed on 13 patients due to residual or recurrent TR in 12 patients and thrombosed tricuspid bileaflet mechanical valve in one patient. The tricuspid valve reoperation-free survival rate was 90+/-2% at 5 years and 84+/-3% at 10 years. The only predictor of hospital mortality was preoperative highly elevated right atrial pressure (P=0.01). Variables predictive of cardiac-related late death were preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV (P=0.01) and poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P=0.02). Residual TR of more than grade 2+ early after tricuspid annuloplasty was a significant risk factor for late tricuspid valve reoperation (P=0.01). Preoperative TR of grade 4+ was predictive of early residual TR (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Tricuspid valve surgery for functional TR can be performed with acceptable levels of early mortality. Cardiac-related late mortality after tricuspid surgery may be improved by earlier surgical treatment before NYHA class IV or deterioration of LVEF occurs. To prevent late tricuspid reoperation, it is important not to leave residual TR of grade 2+ or more after tricuspid annuloplasty.     

二尖瓣主动脉瓣三尖瓣同时置换治疗重症风湿性瓣膜病

目的　总结二尖瓣主动脉瓣三尖瓣同期置换治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病的手术疗效。方法　 1999年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 6月 94 1例病人进行瓣膜置换术 ,其中 2 4例同期进行二尖瓣、三尖瓣和主动脉瓣置换 ,占瓣膜置换病人的 2 5 5 %。 2 4例病人中女 17例 ,男 7例 ;年龄 18～ 5 9岁 ,平均 36岁 ;体重 37～ 5 6kg。其中 8例曾行二尖瓣闭式扩张术、11例合并左房血栓、16例病人合并有肝肿大 (肋下 2～ 8cm)和下肢水肿、8例合并有腹水。X线胸片示心胸比率为 0 6 6～ 0 91。超声检查示三尖瓣均有严重反流 ,反流面积为 4 2～ 34 0cm2 ,平均 (16 8± 9 3)cm2 。术前心功能III级 9例 ,VI级 15例。 6例病人因药物不能控制心衰而行急诊换瓣手术。结果　死亡 1例 ,死亡率为 4 2 %。术后 1周、3、6个月复查超声心动图示各心腔内径较术前明显缩小。出院者均得到随访 ,随访时间 2 0～ 36个月 ,平均 2 6 4个月。术后心功能I～II级2 0例 ,III级 4例。术后 3～ 12个月复查超声心动图未见机械瓣功能障碍及血栓形成。结论　对于联合瓣膜病变 ,三尖瓣有严重器质性病变的病人 ,在进行二尖瓣主动脉瓣置换的同时进行三尖瓣置换 ,有利于术后右心功能的恢复 ,能更好地改善心脏的血流动力学特性 ,改善心功能 ,并有利于术后病人的康     

左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的探讨左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全(tricuspid incompetence, TI)发生的可能机制、外科治疗方法的选择和结果. 方法 12例风湿性心瓣膜病患者,第1次手术时行二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术(DVR)8例,二尖瓣置换术(MVR)4例,同时行DeVega三尖瓣成形术(TVP)3例,因三尖瓣无明显异常未作处理9例.距第1次手术后5～17年,平均10.2年,所有患者发生重度TI,其中8例行三尖瓣置换术(TVR),4例行TVP. 结果早期死亡2例,病死率16.7%.随访10例,随访时间4～36个月,平均18.2±7.8个月.6例行TVR患者术后心功能恢复良好,4例TVP患者出现轻度TI,6个月后,其中2例TI有逐渐加重的趋势. 结论左心瓣膜置换术后远期TI可能与持续肺动脉高压、右心室不可逆损害以及左心功能的恢复情况有关.重度TI行TVR的疗效可靠,而一些TVP患者TI有逐渐加重的趋势.