携氧液对心脏骤停后脑复苏的作用

目的：将携氧液应用于心跳骤停１０分钟实验犬，旨在探讨对心跳骤停后脑复苏的作用。方法；１６条成年健康杂种犬以同法诱颤１０分钟后随机分为两组，实验组；对照组；除实验因素外其余处理措施相同。评估神经损害指数和整体表现评分，记录生命体征恢复情况，观察了中枢神经系统的形态学变化。     

犬心脏骤停后脑缺血的病理变化

目的：本文旨在观察心肺脑复苏过程中脑缺血的病理变化。方法：16条成年健康杂种犬，随机分为两组，以同法诱颤后复苏，A组诱颤后5分钟而B组诱颤后10分钟开始复苏，复苏成功后，立即取血、脑脊液标本进行脑型肌酸激酶同功酶（CK－BB）检查，72小时后取脑组织标本进行光、电镜检查。结果：A组脑型肌酸激酶同功酶明显低于B组，且其病理改变也明显轻微。结论：心脏骤停后脑复苏成功与否与时间密切相关，时间短则脑病理改变较轻。     

Therapeutic and prognostic implications of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients who suffered cardiopulmonary arrest and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation during an emergency room stay

Objective

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a well-known cause of sudden cardio-pulmonary arrest (CPA). Even after successful cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the prognosis of patients following an aneurysmal SAH presenting with CPA remains dismal. However, there have been anecdotal reports of good outcomes with appropriate interventions. Pseudo-SAH resulting from marked elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) after CPR, can mimic SAH in head computed tomographic (CT) scan. Such manifestations hamper resuscitation or delay appropriate neurosurgical management. This study assessed incidence and clinical characteristics of SAH–CPR or pseudo-SAH–CPR patients among non-traumatic CPA–CPR patients, and investigated their therapeutic and prognostic implication.

Methods

During the 5-year observation period, 63 non-traumatic coma patients with CT evidence of high attenuation areas in the basal cistern who suffered arrest and underwent CPR during initial resuscitation in the emergency room, were reviewed retrospectively. They were divided into two groups according to the imaging pattern: true-SAH vs. pseudo-SAH, and then true-SAH group were further divided into two groups according to the CT acquisition time: brain CT before arrest vs. brain CT after arrest. Demographic, clinical, and CT data were assessed, and the primary outcome was measured using the 30-day Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, and the final outcome was evaluated at the end of 3 months post-ictus.

Results

When compared with pseudo-SAH (n = 28) patients, true-SAH (n = 35) patients showed a higher Hounsfield unit values in the affected area, earlier CT acquisition time before CPR, more survivors beyond 3 months (all p < 0.05); however, the 30-day survival rate was not significantly different. Of the true-SAH patients, ruptured intracranial aneurysms were found in eight patients, and definite intervention was administered in four patients. When SAH patients were categorized according to the temporal relationship with CPR, the group of 24 patients undergoing CT scan before CPR showed a lower frequency of intraventricular hemorrhage, but showed a higher chance of surgical treatment and survival at 30 days and 3 months compared to the group undergoing CT scan after CPR.

Conclusion

The overall survival between true-SAH and pseudo-SAH group was different significantly. Administering definite treatment for a ruptured aneurysm in instances of true SAH could save patients, albeit infrequently. A Prompt CT scan could guarantee recognition of high-density area, blood in the ventricle, and subsequent identification of the ruptured aneurysm, altogether preventing re-bleeding and warranting further systemic resuscitation.     

心脏骤停后全脑缺血犬内皮素和脑型肌酸激酶同功酶的变化

目的　脑复苏为心脏骤停后复苏成功与否的关键 ,本文对心脏骤停后全脑缺血犬损害的实验研究 ,旨在为临床心肺脑复苏工作提供一定的实验资料。方法　 16条成年健康杂种犬 ,随机分为两组 ,以同法诱颤后复苏 ,A组诱颤后 5分钟而B组诱颤后 10分钟开始复苏 ,复苏成功后 ,立即取血、脑脊液标本进行内皮素和脑型肌酸激酶同功酶 (CK BB)检查。结果　A组内皮素 (ET)和脑型肌酸激酶同功酶明显低于B组。结论　心脏骤停后脑复苏成功与否与时间密切相关 ,时间短则脑细胞坏死改变较轻     

Cardiac arrest and resuscitation activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and results in severe immunosuppression

In patients who are successfully resuscitated after initial cardiac arrest (CA), mortality and morbidity rates are high, due to ischemia/reperfusion injury to the whole body including the nervous and immune systems. How the interactions between these two critical systems contribute to post-CA outcome remains largely unknown. Using a mouse model of CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR), we demonstrate that CA/CPR induced neuroinflammation in the brain, in particular, a marked increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, which subsequently activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Importantly, this activation was associated with a severe immunosuppression phenotype after CA. The phenotype was characterized by a striking reduction in size of lymphoid organs accompanied by a massive loss of immune cells and reduced immune function of splenic lymphocytes. The mechanistic link between post-CA immunosuppression and the HPA axis was substantiated, as we discovered that glucocorticoid treatment, which mimics effects of the activated HPA axis, exacerbated post-CA immunosuppression, while RU486 treatment, which suppresses its effects, significantly mitigated lymphopenia and lymphoid organ atrophy and improved CA outcome. Taken together, targeting the HPA axis could be a viable immunomodulatory therapeutic to preserve immune homeostasis after CA/CPR and thus improve prognosis of post-resuscitation CA patients.     

Assessment of a standardized EEG reactivity protocol after cardiac arrest

ObjectiveReactivity assessment during EEG might provide important prognostic information in post-anoxic coma. It is still unclear how best to perform reactivity testing and how it might be affected by hypothermia. Our primary aim was to determine and compare the effectiveness, inter-rater reliability and prognostic value of different types of stimulus for EEG reactivity testing, using a standardized stimulation protocol and standardized definitions. Our secondary aims were to assess the effect of hypothermia on these measures, and to determine the prognostic value of a simplified sequence with the three most efficient stimuli.MethodsProspective single-center cohort of post-anoxic comatose patients admitted to the intensive care unit of an academic medical center between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018 and receiving continuous EEG monitoring (CEEG). Reactivity was assessed using standardized definitions and standardized sequence of stimuli: auditory (mild noise and loud noise), tactile (shaking), nociceptive (nostril tickling, trapezius muscle squeezing, endotracheal tube suctioning), and visual (passive eye opening). Gwet’s AC1 and percent agreement (PA) were used to measure inter-rater agreement (IRA). Ability to predict favorable neurological outcome (defined as a Cerebral Performance Category of 1 to 2: no disability to moderate disability) was measured with sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), accuracy, and odds ratio [OR]. These were calculated for each stimulus type and at the level of the entire sequence comprising all the stimuli.ResultsOne-hundred and fifteen patients were included and 242 EEG epochs were analyzed. Loud noise, shaking and trapezius muscle squeezing most frequently elicited EEG reactivity (42%, 38% and 38%, respectively) but were all inferior to the entire sequence, which elicited reactivity in 58% cases. The IRA for reactivity to individual stimuli varied from moderate to good (AC1:58–69%; PA:56–68%) and was the highest for loud noise (AC1:69%; PA:68%), trapezius muscle squeezing (AC1:67%; PA:65%) and passive eye opening (AC1:68%; PA:64%). Mild (odds ratio [OR]:11.0; Se:70% and Sp:86%) and loud noises (OR:27.0; Se:73% and Sp:75%), and trapezius muscle squeezing (OR:15.3; Se:76% and Sp:83%) during hypothermia had the best predictive value for favorable neurological outcome, although each was inferior to the whole sequence (OR:60.2; Se:91% and Sp:73%). A simplified sequence of loud noise, shaking and trapezius muscle squeezing had the same performance for predicting neurological outcome as the entire sequence. Hypothermia did not significantly affect the effectiveness of stimulation, but IRA was slightly better during hypothermia, for all stimuli. Similarly, the predictive value was higher during hypothermia than during normothermia.ConclusionsDespite a standardized stimulation protocol and standardized definitions, the IRA of EEG reactivity testing in post-anoxic comatose patients was only good at best (AC1 < 70%), and its predictive value for neurological outcome remained imperfect, in particular with Sp values < 90%. While no single stimulus appeared superior to others, a full sequence using all stimuli or a simplified sequence comprising loud noise, shaking and trapezius muscle squeezing had the best combination of IRA and predictive value.SignificanceThis study stresses the necessity to use multiple stimulus types to improve the predictive value of reactivity testing in post-anoxic coma and confirms that it is not affected by hypothermia.     

Neuroprotective role of Batroxobin in cardiopulmonary resuscitation rabbits

BACKGROUND: Batroxobin has been found to have protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the common cause of global brain ischemia-reperfusion. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Batroxobin on the morphological results of cerebral cortex and hippocampus in rabbit models of CPR, and the changes of serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) after CPR. DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation. SETTING: Laboratory of the Department of Burns, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: Thirty healthy New Zealand rabbits of 2.5–3.0 kg, either male or female, were used. Kits for TNF-α determination were provided by LIFEKEY BioMeditech Company (USA). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of Department of Burns, Changhai Hospital from February 2001 to January 2002. The 32 rabbits were randomly divided into sham-operated group (n=8), conventional resuscitation group (n=12) and Batroxobin-treated group (n=12). The animals in the conventional resuscitation group and Batroxobin-treated group were anesthetized, then induced into modified Pittsburg's model of mechanical ventricular fibrillation. Sham-operated group was discharged on the chest wall, which did not cause ventricular fibrillation. Conventional resuscitation group and Batroxobin-treated group were exposed to 6 minutes of cardiac arrest induced by ventricular fibrillation, then the resuscitation began. A dosage of 0.3 Bu/kg of Batroxobin was administered to the rabbits in the Batroxobin-treated group at the beginning of resuscitation. Blood sample was collected at 4 and 12 hours after CPR to determine the concentration of TNF-α in serum. After the second blood collection, brain tissue was taken out immediately, and the forms of nerve cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 region were observed under light microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① TNF-αconcentration in serum at 4 and 12 hours after CPR; ② Forms of nerve cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA1 region at 12 hours after CPR. RESULTS: All the 31 New Zealand rabbits were involved in the analysis of results. ①TNF-α concentration in serum: At 4 hours after CPR, the TNF-α concentrations in serum in the conventional resuscitation group and Batroxobin-treated group [(5.947±2.366), (5.122±2.521) ng/L] were significantly higher than that in the sham-operated group [(2.604±1.623) ng/L, P < 0.05]. At 12 hours after CPR, the TNF-α concentration in serum in the conventional resuscitation group was (7.770±3.121) ng/L, it was significantly higher than that at 4 hours (P < 0.05), also significantly higher than that in the Batroxobin-treated group [(5.425±2.280) ng/L, P < 0.05]. ② Forms of nerve cells: In the sham-operated group, no abnormality was found in the hippocampal CA1 region and cerebral cortex. In the conventional resuscitation group, the pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region were lined up in disorders, and edema, puff, vacuolization, nucleus concentration and anachromasis were also observed appeared; Edema of nerve cells, vacuole, pyknosis appeared in cerebral cortex; microthrombosis appeared in some blood capillaries. As compared with the conventional resuscitation group, cellular edema was relieved and pyknosis of nerve cells were obviously reduced, and no microthrombosis was found in hippocampal CA1 region and cerebral cortex in the Batroxobin-treated group. CONCLUSION: Batroxobin have neuroprotective effect on CPR rabbits, and may inhibit the excessive increase of TNF-α concentration in serum.     

The revised Cerebral Recovery Index improves predictions of neurological outcome after cardiac arrest

Objective

Analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) background pattern helps predicting neurological outcome of comatose patients after cardiac arrest (CA). Visual analysis may not extract all discriminative information. We present predictive values of the revised Cerebral Recovery Index (rCRI), based on continuous extraction and combination of a large set of evolving quantitative EEG (qEEG) features and machine learning techniques.

Functional MRI study of the primary somatosensory cortex in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest

It is difficult to assess cerebral function in comatose patients. Because earlier functional neuroimaging studies demonstrate associations between cerebral metabolism and levels of consciousness, fMRI in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest could provide further insight into cerebral function during coma. Using fMRI, cerebral activation to somatosensory stimulation to the palm of the hand was measured in 19 comatose survivors of cardiac arrest and in 10 healthy control subjects and was compared to somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) testing of the median nerve. Changes in the blood oxygenation-level dependent signal (BOLD) in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) contralateral to the stimulated hand were quantified. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months post-cardiac arrest. Five out of 19 patients were alive at 3 months. Patients who survived cardiac arrest showed greater BOLD in S1 contralateral to somatosensory stimulation of the hand compared to patients who eventually did not. Greater BOLD was also seen in S1 of patients who retained their SSEP N20 waveforms. There were also positive correlations between BOLD in S1 with both levels of consciousness and measures of outcome at 3 months. In summary, this study demonstrates that BOLD in the S1 contralateral to somatosensory stimulation of the hand varies with clinical measures of the level of consciousness during coma.     

Methyl isobutyl amiloride alters regional brain reperfusion after resuscitation from cardiac arrest in rats

In a rat model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation, [(14)C]-iodoantipyrene (IAP) autoradiography was used to measure the regional variations in cerebral blood flow 15 and 60 min after reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the inhibition of the Na+/H+ antiporter with methyl isobutyl amiloride (MIA) would decrease postischemic pericapillary cytotoxic edema and, therefore, improve vascular perfusion dynamics. Vehicle-treated rats responded to cardiac arrest and resuscitation as expected with initial hyperemia after 15 min of reperfusion, except for thalamic and midbrain structures which were hypoperfused. All brain structures were perfused at half the baseline blood flow at 60 min after resuscitation, and the residual blood flow in each region was proportional to the baseline flow of each region. MIA treatment was associated with decreased blood flow in every region examined at both 15 min and 60 min of reperfusion. No hyperemia was observed at 15 min in any region after MIA treatment. Sixty minutes after resuscitation in MIA-treated rats, all structures were hypoperfused (to 25+/-7% of baseline, 48+/-8% of vehicle-treated rats). These effects are unlikely to be due to prevention of cytotoxic edema, but may be due to MIA protection of capillary endothelium by prevention of neutrophil activation.     

Views of elderly patients on cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and after treatment for depression

OBJECTIVE: To investigate elderly patients decision to accept cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before and after treatment for depression. METHODS: A Prospective cohort study set within a specialist psychiatrist hospital for the elderly. The subjects were 50 consecutively admitted day and in-patients with depression. Changes in the acceptability of CPR between baseline and end of treatment for depression together with patient characteristics were measured and compared. RESULTS: 49 patients completed the study; all but one of the 17 patients who initially declined CPR accepted once recovered and none who initially accepted later changed their minds (p=0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that depressed elderly people frequently decline CPR but accept after recovery from depression. The presence of depression should be specifically considered if an elderly person unexpectedly declines CPR.     

Measuring global impairment of cerebral perfusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted imaging in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors: A prospective preliminary study

Background and purposeThis study aimed to assess the global impairment and prognostic performance of cerebral perfusions (CP) measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted imaging (DSC-PWI) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients after sustained restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).Materials and methodsThis is a single-centre, prospective observational study. OHCA patients performed DSC-PWI within 8 h after ROSC were enrolled. We quantified the CP parameters, such as cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP), and time to maximum of the residue function (Tmax) either by normalization or arterial input function (AIF). The primary and secondary outcomes were survival to discharge and comparison of prognostic performance between CP parameters and serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and sensitivity values.ResultsThirty-one patients were included in this study. CBV and TTP quantified by normalization, and MTT and Tmax quantified by AIF showed significantly higher CP values in the non-survival group (p = 0.02, 0.03, 0.02, and <0.01, respectively). Their AUROCs and 100% specific sensitivities were 0.74/25.0%, 0.60/33.3%, 0.75/56.3%, and 0.79/43.8%, respectively. MTT quantified by AIF showed sensitivity in predicting mortality at an early stage of PCA care, comparable with NSE.ConclusionHyperaemia and delayed CP were generally observed in OHCA patients regardless of outcomes. MTT and Tmax quantified by AIF have prognostic performance in predicting mortality, comparable with NSE. Further prospective multicentre studies are required to confirm our results.     

合并癫痫的病人心跳骤停复苏后亚低温治疗对预后的影响

目的：评价癫痫病人对于心跳骤停复苏后接受亚低温治疗对预后的影响。方法：回顾首都医科大学大兴医院重症医学科于2012年1月～2014年1月收治的心脏骤停复苏成功后给予亚低温治疗并进行连续脑电监测的成年患者42例。其中男性22例（52％）,女性20例（48％）,年龄31～62岁,平均47岁。既往有癫痫病史的4例（10％）。通过医院电子病历信息系统查阅病历资料收集所需数据信息。结果：在纳入的42例患者中,有15例（36％,95％置信区间为21％～50％）发生了癫痫,其中7例（17％）发生在亚低温治疗过程中;34例（81％）死亡,其中26例死于医院内,8例存活出院但仍在心脏骤停发生后的28d内死亡。15例发生癫痫的患者均死亡,其中13例（87％）死于院内,2例（13％）存活出院但28d内死亡;未发生癫痫的27例患者中有11例（41％）死亡,16例（59％）存活超过28d。发生癫痫组的患者死亡率显著高于未发生癫痫者（P〈0．001）。结论：提示有癫痫发作症状的患者心肺复苏后接受亚低温治疗预后不良。应用连续脑电监测技术可能有利于早期发现癫痫并采取有效的措施改善患者预后。     

NSE含量与心肺复苏后脑功能预后的关系

目的探测评估心肺复苏(CPR)后神经功能预后的NSE临界值,分析NSE含量与GPC评分相关性,探讨两种指标联合监测对评估CPR后神经功能预后评估的价值。方法收集2009年1月~2010年6月本院神经内科和中心ICU收治的心肺复苏后恢复自主循环仍处昏迷状态的患者,共60例。根据预后将患者分为生存组和病死组,对两组患者行GPC评分,并在心肺复苏后48h行血清NSE检测,采用SPSS10.0统计学软件分析组间各指标的差异性,绘制ROC曲线,评估血清NSE的最优截断点(Cutoff值)。结果病死组GPC评分和血NSE含量水平均高于生存组,两组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。根据ROC曲线计算得出,以血清NSE水平来预测患者病死率,其Cutoff值为56.50ng/ml,其诊断灵敏度为80.8%,特异度为65.6%。以Cutoff值为界将患者分为<56.50ng/ml组和≥56.50ng/ml组,两组在GPC评分及实际病死率方面均有显著性差异(P均<0.05)。结论 NSE评估心肺复苏后脑功能预后的Cutoff值为56.50ng/ml,其可与GPC联合应用于病情严重程度的评估以及预测死亡危险度。     

Association between somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG in comatose patients after cardiac arrest

ObjectiveTo analyze the association between SSEP results and EEG results in comatose patients after cardiac arrest, including the added value of repeated SSEP measurements.MethodsContinuous EEG was measured in 619 patients during the first 3–5 days after cardiac arrest. SSEPs were recorded daily in the first 55 patients, and on indication in later patients. EEGs were visually classified at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after cardiac arrest, and at the time of SSEP. Outcome at 6 m was dichotomized as good (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2) or poor (CPC 3–5). SSEP and EEG results were related to outcome. Additionally, SSEP results were related to the EEG patterns at the time of SSEP.ResultsAbsent SSEP responses and suppressed or synchronous EEG on suppressed background ≥24 h after cardiac arrest were invariably associated with poor outcome. SSEP and EEG identified different patients with poor outcome (joint sensitivity 39% at specificity 100%). N20 responses were always preserved in continuous traces at >8 Hz. Absent SSEPs did not re-emerge during the first five days.ConclusionsSSEP and EEG results may diverge after cardiac arrest.SignificanceSSEP and EEG together identify more patients without chance of recovery than one of these alone.     

Electroencephalographic characteristics of status epilepticus after cardiac arrest

Objective

To describe the electrophysiological characteristics and pathophysiological significance of electrographic status epilepticus (ESE) after cardiac arrest and specifically compare patients with unequivocal ESE to patients with rhythmic or periodic borderline patterns defined as possible ESE.

心脏骤停大鼠复苏后心脑ICAM-1和MMP-9的变化及药物治疗研究

目的 探讨窒息至心脏骤停大鼠复苏后心脑ICAM-1和MMP-9的变化及血必净对其影响.方法 采用呼气末夹闭气管窒息法建立大鼠心脏骤停模型,并心肺复苏成功后生存24h,将50只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为5组,分别为模型组、正常对照组、小剂量血必净组、中剂量血必净组、大剂量血必净组.复苏24h后处死大鼠,取心、脑组织标本,电镜下观察心、脑组织的病理改变.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测心、脑组织中的ICAM-1和MMP-9含量变化.结果 心、脑组织病理观察显示,与对照组相比其他组心脑细胞超微结构出现损伤性改变,其中模型组损伤最重,大剂量血必净组损伤性改变轻微;心、脑中ICAM-1和MMP-9含量变化,与对照组相比模型组心、脑ICAM-1和MMP-9含量明显升高,与模型组相比血必净治疗组心、脑ICAM-1和MMP-9含量明显下降;治疗组中,大、中剂量较小剂量下降更为明显.结论 心跳骤停复苏后大鼠心、脑组织内ICAM-1和MMP-9等细胞因子含量增多,血必净可明显抑制心、脑组织中的细胞因子,而且存在明显量-效关系,从而缓解心跳骤停大鼠复苏中缺氧及再灌注后炎性因子所带来的损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To observe changes of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 ) , matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the effects of Xuebijing during cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in rats. Methods The animal model of cardiac arrest (CA) was made by clamping endotracheal tube at expiration, and kept alive twent-four hours after cardiopulmonary resuscitation( CPR). Fifty healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,little dose of Xuebijing group, middle dose of Xuebijing group, high dose of Xuebijing group. The rats were killed after twenty-four hours. The cortex of the brain and the heart was taken out immediately to observe the ultrastructure changes. The levels of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 were determined by ELISA. Results Compared with control group, the ultrstructure of brains and hearts was damadged in the other groups;compared with control group the level of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 was increased significantly in the brains and hearts of model group, compare with model group, the level of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 reduced significantly in the brains and hearts of drug group. In the drug groups,compared with little dose group, the level of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 reduced significantly in the high and middle dose group. Conclusion Quantitation of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 expression after cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation rats increases;Xuebijing significantly inhibits the increase of ICAM-1 and MMP-9 expression of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation rats,with dose-dependent characteristics,and reduces the damage led by ischemia/reperfusion from cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation rats.     

Histopathological and behavioral characterization of a novel model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mice

Cardiac arrest is associated with high mortality and poor neurological outcome. We characterized functional and histological outcome in a novel mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in order to study neuroprotective mechanisms. Cardiac arrest was induced in male C57Bl/6 and 129SVEV mice by i.v. injection of KCl. After 10 min cardiac standstill, CPR was initiated by administration of epinephrine, ventilation with 100% oxygen and chest compressions. Twenty-four hours before and 3 or 7 days after CPR, mice were subjected to behavioral testing using a passive avoidance task, locomotor activity in an open field, and spontaneous alternation in a T-maze. Hippocampal and caudoputamen injury was quantified 3 or 7 days after CPR. At both time points, caudoputamen injury was worse in 129SVEV mice. Post-ischemic mice of both strains showed a reduced number of correct choices in the T-maze up to 7 days after CPR, and were temporarily impaired in learning the passive avoidance task with a retention deficit on day 3 but not on day 7. Locomotor activity showed strain differences with C57Bl/6 mice being more active, but little ischemia-related effects. A dissociation between functional and histological outcome was found emphasizing the importance of combining both outcome measures for evaluation of neuroprotective strategies.     

Hemorrhagic infarct of basal ganglia in cardiac arrest. CT and MRI findings. 2 cases

We report the CT and MRI findings in two cases of hemorrhagic infarct of the basal ganglia (BG), following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA).In case 1, Brain-CT realized at day 2 showed bilateral and almost symmetric hemorrhagic infarct of the BG and infarct of the tectum of the mesencephalon. In case 2, MRI realized at day 6 showed hemorrhagic infarct of both lenticular nuclei on T2 GE images.In both cases there was no medical history and the cardiovascular and the coagulation profile were normal.In these cases, the lesions are observed earlier than reported in a few previous radiological cases. Similar lesions have been reported in pathological studies.These lesions seem occur early after CA. Reperfusion is probably responsible for the hemorrhagic transformation. The reason why some patients present either BG or brainstem infarct or both remains unclear.Bilateral and symmetric hemorrhagic infarct of the BG, especially of the Lenticular nuclei, and infarct of the dorsal pons and mesencephalic tegmentum seem to be a characteristic feature of profound and prolonged hypotension or of CA.