距腓前韧带重建联合踝关节镜术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳

[目的]介绍用第三腓骨肌腱转位解剖重建距腓前韧带联合踝关节镜下微骨折术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳合并距骨骨软骨损伤的手术技术。[方法] 2015年12月～2017年5月25例(25踝)慢性踝关节外侧不稳合并距骨软骨损伤患者行手术治疗,所有患者均采取第三腓骨肌腱转位解剖重建距腓前韧带,踝关节镜下微骨折术治疗距骨骨软骨损伤。记录术后切口愈合情况及并发症发生情况,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价踝关节疼痛程度,采用美国足踝外科协会后足与踝关节评分(AOFAS HA score)评价踝关节功能,并行影像评估。[结果]所有患者术后切口I期愈合,无神经损伤等并发症发生,术后均获得随访,随访时间12～30个月,平均(17.53±5.24)个月。末次随访时踝关节MRI显示重建距腓前韧带良好,修复的距骨软骨均较术前影像改善,VAS由术前的(4.15±0.93)分降低至术后的(0.99±0.80)分,AOFAS HA评分由术前的(55.60±4.21)分提高至末次随访时的(90.32±7.62)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]应用第三腓骨肌腱转位解剖重建距腓前韧带联合踝关节镜下微骨折术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳合并距骨骨软骨损伤创伤小、并发症少、效果确切。     

踝关节骨折并距骨骨软骨损伤的关节镜治疗

目的 探讨关节镜技术在踝关节骨折并距骨骨软骨损伤治疗中的应用及效果.方法 对23例踝关节骨折合并距骨骨软骨损伤的患者,在切开复位骨折内固定的同时行关节镜下取出软骨碎片、关节面修整及钻孔.结果 本组随访6～25个月,平均13.5个月.笔者按Must和Teipner评分标准:优18例,良3例,可1例,差1例.结论 关节镜下...     

踝关节骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的实验及临床研究

目的　探讨踝关节骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的规律及治疗。方法　通过应用踝关节骨骼标本及距骨模型 ,观察在模拟踝关节骨折各种外力作用下距骨模型受力及关节面压缩情况 ,并对 42例踝关节骨折在关节镜辅助下手术所见及关节镜图像进行分析。结果　踝部骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的部位、程度与损伤时足位置及外力、关节类型密切相关 ,有一定的规律可循。结论　此规律有利于踝关节镜入路的选择和手术步骤的制定 ,遵循其规律可做到踝关节镜手术操作准确 ,避免漏诊 ,减少意外损伤 ,并提高临床治疗效果     

踝关节骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的实验及临床研究

目的：探讨踝关节骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的规律及治疗。方法：通过应用踝关节骨骼标本及距骨模型，观察在模拟踝关节骨折各种外力应用下距骨模型受力及关节面压缩情况，并对42例踝关节骨折在关节镜辅助下手术所见及关节镜图像进行分析。结果：踝部骨折伴距骨软骨损伤的部位、程度与损伤时足位置及外力、关节类型密切相关，有一定的规律可循。结论：此规律有利于踝关节镜入路的选择和手术步骤的制定，遵循其规律可做到踝关节镜手术操作准确，避免漏诊，减少意外损伤，并提高临床治疗效果。     

踝关节骨折

1踝关节局部解剖 1．1骨性结构 踝关节的骨性结构由胫骨远端关节面穹窿部、内外踩与距骨组成。主要包括距骨体马鞍形顶与胫骨远端关节面所构成的关节和下胫腓间的关节,另外距骨体两侧的关节面还与相应的内、外踝构成关节。胫骨远端关节面外侧宽,内侧略窄,后侧比前侧略低。外侧面为凹面,与腓骨相关节,有前后结节,前结节为下胫腓前韧带止点,后结节为下胫腓后韧带止点。胫骨远端内侧面向内下方延伸至内踝,内踝由前后丘组成,前丘较大,后丘较小,且该处有向内下走行的斜沟,内有胫后肌腱。距骨体几乎均被软骨覆盖,前宽后窄,外侧前后径比内侧长,容纳于内外踝所形成的踝穴中。踝关节背伸活动时,距骨体外旋,其前部进入踝穴,同时,腓骨外旋、后外侧移动以适应距骨的运动。而在踝关节跖屈活动时,距骨体内旋后部进入踝穴。     

关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗踝关节骨折的临床观察

目的：探讨Lauge-HansenⅣ度踝关节骨折关节镜辅助下手术治疗的临床效结果。方法：自2008年1月至2009年12月,对42例踝关节骨折采用关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗。骨折按Lauge-Hansen分类法：旋后外旋型Ⅳ度26例,女11例,男15例,平均年龄（36.8±11.7）岁;旋前外旋型Ⅳ度16例,女6例,男10例,平均年龄（37.6±11.2）岁。所有患者在关节镜辅助下行骨折切开复位内固定,镜下观察韧带及软骨损伤情况,下胫腓联合分离患者行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,软骨损伤按Cheng-Ferkel分期进行治疗。临床疗效采用AOFAS评分系统进行评价。结果：42例均获随访,时间1年。术后AOFAS评分为（92.00±9.32）分,临床疗效优28例,良11例,可3例,其中31例存在不同程度的软骨损伤。无软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于软骨损伤患者,C级以下软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于C级以上软骨损伤患者,无软骨损伤患者的AOFAS评分高于C级以上软骨损伤患者。下胫腓联合固定患者AOFAS评分低于未固定组患者。结论：Lauge-HansenⅣ度踝关节骨折常合并有关节内软骨及周围韧带损伤,其中下胫腓联合损伤及C级以上的软骨损伤是导致踝关节功能恢复欠佳的重要因素,关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗不仅利于关节面的解剖复位,同时可以对合并的软骨和韧带损伤进行更好的诊治,从而提高手术的临床效果。     

踝关节镜检在治疗急性踝关节骨折中的作用

目的探讨应用关节镜探查急性踝关节骨折时关节内合并病变,并辅助进行踝关节骨折的复位及固定的可能性及优缺点。 方法回顾性分析中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院骨科2016年3月至2017年11月诊断为"急性踝关节骨折"的患者,共78例。所有患者在行踝关节镜检＋切开复位内固定,记录关节镜下软骨损伤、三角韧带损伤、下胫腓联合损伤及游离碎片,采用卡方检验分析关节内病变与骨折类型的相关性。 结果在所有患者中,Weber A型骨折6例,Weber B型骨折45例,Weber C型骨折27例。骨软骨损伤共51例,其中Weber A/B/C分别0/33/18例;胫腓联合损伤39例,其中Weber A/B/C分别0/18/21例;三角韧带损伤27例,其中Weber A/B/C分别0/21/6例;关节腔游离碎片7例,其中Weber A/B/C分别0/4/3例。Weber B型骨折与Weber C骨折距骨软骨损伤发生无统计学差异(χ²＝0.363,P >0.05),但软骨损伤程度,Weber B型骨折更重(Fisher确切检验,P ＝0.007)。胫腓联合损伤,Weber B型骨折与Weber C骨折两组之间相比无统计学差异(χ²＝ 2.4 ,P >0.05);在Weber C骨折中,后踝骨折与胫腓联合不稳明显相关(Fisher确切检验,P ＝0.02)。三角韧带损伤,Weber B型骨折与Weber C骨折两组之间相比有统计学差异(χ²＝4.302, P<0.05);但当将内踝骨折与三角韧带损伤定义为内侧不稳时,两组之间无统计学差异(Fisher确切检验,P ＝0.07)。 结论在急性踝关节骨折时,关节镜探查可同时发现并处理合并的踝关节内病变,并辅助进行踝关节骨折的复位及固定,是提高切开内固定手术疗效的有益辅助工具。     

内踝或外踝截骨手术治疗距骨体骨折并踝关节、距下关节脱位

目的探讨距骨体骨折并踝关节、距下关节脱位的损伤发生机制与手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析自2009-02—2017-06采用内踝或外踝截骨手术治疗的23例距骨体骨折并踝关节、距下关节脱位。术前予以跟骨牵引,进行冷敷、消肿对症治疗,待肿胀消退后选择内外侧双切口手术治疗。12例合并内踝骨折术中无需内踝截骨,8例术中进行内踝截骨,3例术中进行外踝截骨。结果 23例均获得随访,随访时间平均16.3(8~51)个月。3例术后4个月时出现距骨体密度轻度增高,行CT三维重建检查未见明确骨坏死。1例出现距下关节创伤性关节炎。骨折愈合时间平均11.3(9~15)周。末次随访时疼痛VAS评分平均0.6(0~3)分,AOFAS踝与后足评分平均88.2(76~100)分。结论距骨体骨折并踝关节、距下关节脱位需早期手术治疗,术前应进行CT三维重建了解骨折特征,制定合理的截骨方案;术中解剖复位骨折脱位,加压坚强内固定,保护距骨体部血运,尽可能降低术后距骨缺血性坏死发生率。     

Scranton Ⅰ、Ⅱ度踝关节软组织撞击综合征的关节镜下治疗

目的 评估关节镜下治疗Scranton Ⅰ、Ⅱ度踝关节软组织撞击综合征的方法与疗效.方法 采用关节镜下治疗Scranton Ⅰ、Ⅱ度踝关节软组织撞击综合征17例,镜下刨削切除撞击组织,修整关节软骨,1例为距骨前外侧软骨Ⅳ度损伤,行软骨下骨微骨折术.结果 本组随访12～30个月,应用改良Mcguire踝关节评分,由术前平均60分提高至术后平均91分(P＜0.05).术后按Liu等踝关节功能分级标准:0级15例,1级1例,2级1例（即软骨Ⅳ度损伤患者）.结论 关节镜辅助治疗ScrantonⅠ、Ⅱ度踝关节软组织撞击综合征创伤小、恢复快,是一种有效的方法.     

合并下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折的治疗

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗合并下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折的疗效。方法 54例合并下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折的患者分别接受切开复位、闭合复位治疗,术后定期随访,测量胫腓间隙宽度、内踝与距骨间隙宽度、后踝骨折块移位程度等。按Olerud评分、Tegner评分、疼痛评分系统评价术后踝关节的主观感受、日常生活功能及疼痛状况。结果手术组患者术后胫腓间隙宽度、后踝骨折块移位程度及Olerud评分、Tegner评分、疼痛评分与闭合复位组比较,效果较好（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义;内踝与距骨间隙宽度效果相似,差异无统计学意义。结论手术组术后踝关节解剖位置和患者主观功能感受均较闭合复位组好,切开复位内固定是治疗合并下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折的一种有效方法。     

Incidence of Chondral and Osteochondral Lesions in Ankle Fracture Patients Identified With Ankle Arthroscopy Following Rotational Ankle Fracture: A Systematic Review

A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses guidelines on May 20, 2019. The keywords used were: ankle, distal tibia, distal fibula, fracture, arthroscopic, cartilage, and chondral. The objective of this study is to systematically review the characterization of intra-articular chondral injuries of the talus, tibial plafond, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus in patients who undergo ankle arthroscopy following ankle fracture. Studies evaluating the incidence of chondral lesions at the time of arthroscopy for ankle fractures within any timeframe were included. The incidence of intra-articular chondral lesions was recorded, the location within the ankle, ankle fracture type, time of arthroscopy, characterization of chondral injury, complications, and outcome if available. Fifteen studies with 1355 ankle fractures were included. About 738 demonstrated evidence of chondral or osteochondral lesion (54.5%). Statistical analyses were carried out with statistical software package SPSS 24.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). We compared incidence rates of chondral injury based on Weber classification, malleolar fracture type, and Lauge-Hansen classification, using Pearson chi-square test. For all analyses, p < .05 was considered statistically significant. We found a high incidence of intra-articular chondral lesion in the setting of ankle fractures as demonstrated by arthroscopy.     

Competence of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar ankle fractures after medial malleolar fixation

BACKGROUND: The stability of the ankle joint is provided by the medial and lateral malleoli and ligaments. Recent studies of cadaveric ankles have demonstrated that injury to the medial structures of the ankle is necessary to allow lateral subluxation of the talus after fracture. However, cadaveric models are limited by the fracture pattern chosen for the model. We sought to investigate the competency of the deltoid ligament in vivo in patients with an operatively treated bimalleolar ankle fracture. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with a bimalleolar ankle fracture were evaluated. In each patient, the medial malleolus was anatomically reduced and fixed. A radiograph of the ankle was then made with application of an external rotation load to the joint. All lateral malleolar injuries were then reduced and fixed. The radiographs were evaluated for restoration of the competence of the deltoid ligament according to established criteria. RESULTS: Seven (26 percent) of the twenty-seven patients had radiographically evident incompetence of the deltoid ligament after medial malleolar fixation. This finding was associated with a small medial malleolar fragment. CONCLUSIONS: In bimalleolar fractures, the medial injury may be an osseous avulsion, leaving the deltoid intact on the displaced fragment, or it may be a combination of ligamentous and osseous injury with disruption of the deep portion of the deltoid ligament.     

经胫后肌腱鞘建立踝关节镜后方共轴入路的解剖学研究

目的进行经胫后肌腱鞘建立踝关节镜后方共轴入路的解剖学研究。方法在20具踝关节标本上以克氏针建立共轴入路,测量克氏针与后方重要神经、肌腱、血管的距离。在5具新鲜踝关节标本上,以2.7mm30°关节镜建立共轴入路,镜下观察并测量以上距离。结果内侧关节镜入路的体表标志为内踝尖上方5～12mm(平均8mm),外侧入路的体表标志为外踝尖上方8～24mm(平均15mm)。经过胫后肌腱鞘、腓骨后缘建立共轴入路,不但把关节镜、镜下器械与后方重要神经血管结构与后关节囊隔开,同时增加了它们之间的距离。经过此入路可以观察到距骨关节面的后1/2～2/3、外侧踝关节间隙、内侧踝关节间隙、后关节囊、胫距关节间隙,能清楚地看到踝穴与距骨的动态关系。可以通过后外侧入路进入手术器械进行镜下手术。结论经胫后肌腱鞘的踝关节镜后方共轴入路,具有操作简便、安全性好、镜下视野清楚、操作空间大的优点。     

胫骨pilon骨折受伤机制的有限元分析

目的 探讨胫骨pilon骨折发生过程中胫腓骨及远端关节面的应力分布规律。方法 选择1名健康男性志愿者建立胫腓骨及距骨的三维有限元模型,根据骨折发生特点设定工况,在中立位、背伸、跖屈、内翻、外翻5种不同工况下从距骨远端向近端进行静力加载,并将模型与地面进行碰撞。结果 在静载荷下,中立位应力主要分布于踝间线以前的内踝、胫骨踝穴顶前缘及外踝,背仲位应力主要分布于外踝及胫骨踝穴顶前部,跖屈位应力分布于胫骨踝穴顶后部,内翻位应力主要分布于外踝关节面及胫骨踝穴顶外侧部,外翻位应力主要分布于外踝关节面。在碰撞情况下,中立位应力分布与静载荷下一致,背伸立应力主要分布于踝间线以前,跖屈位应力主要分布于胫骨踝穴顶之踝间线后部及外踝关节面,内翻立应力主要分布于胫骨踝穴顶外部及外踝,外翻位应力主要分布于内踝、外踝及踝间线前部。腓骨关节面存静载荷作用下均处于高应力分布状态,在碰撞过程中亦最早接受应力分布。结论 腓骨是胫骨pilon骨折发生中最早受累且受累较重的部位。胫腓骨远端关节面在骨折发生中存在4个主要应力分布区,此4个应力区向近端延伸为内、外、前、后4个柱。     

Posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle associated with external rotation-abduction injuries. Results with and without internal fixation

Thirty-eight patients in whom a fracture of the posterior malleolus was shown to comprise 25 per cent or more of the articular surface on the lateral radiograph were followed for an average of forty-four months (range, twenty-four to ninety-nine months). All injuries were judged to be a result of external rotation or abduction of the talus. Fifteen patients had fixation of the posterior malleolus, and twenty-three did not. Open reduction and internal fixation was carried out on all associated fractures of the medial and lateral malleoli. Satisfactory reduction of the posterior malleolus was often achieved when the fibula was reduced, and frequently this was maintained despite the absence of fixation. No posterior subluxation of the talus occurred in either group. No statistically significant difference was noted between the clinical results with and without fixation.     

Cadaveric Analysis of Exposure of the Talar Articular Surface Through the Posteromedial Approach

The purpose of this cadaveric study is to assess the talar articular surface visible through a modified posterior medial approach to the ankle joint for talar osteochondral defects. Ten fresh frozen cadaveric specimens were included. The talar surface area was outlined utilizing a marker. The talus was removed to measure the medial to lateral length and posterior to anterior length using a flexible ruler. A skin incision was made posterior to the medial malleolus. The incision was deepened through the flexor retinaculum. Dissection was carried between the posterior tibial and flexor digitorum longus tendons through the posterior tibial tendon sheath in order to access the posteromedial ankle joint. The posterior tibiofibular ligament should remain intact. A Hintermann distractor was then inserted to distract the ankle joint. The average articular cartilage visible from medial to lateral was 1.90 (68.6%) centimeters, while from posterior to anterior was 2.00 (43.6%) centimeters. Medial malleolar osteotomy is often required to visualize posteromedial talar osteochondral defects that are difficult to visualize with standard anterior ankle arthroscopy. Our study suggests that the modified posteromedial approach between the posterior tibial and flexor digitorum longus tendons and utilizing a Hintermann distractor allows for visualization of common posterior and central-medial lesions. When considering the anatomic 9-zone grid scheme proposed by Raikin et al, zone 4, 7, and 8 lesions can be assessed with this approach. A clinical study should be undertaken to evaluate the morbidity of this approach.     

内外踝联合手术治疗严重踝关节骨折

目的:探讨内外踝联合手术治疗严重踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2007年5月至2011年1月行手术治疗且有完整随访资料的89例严重踝关节骨折患者,男66例,女23例;年龄26～62岁,平均30.9岁。致伤原因:车祸伤52例,摔倒扭伤17例,施工损伤16例,其他损伤4例。按照Denis-WeberAO分型:A型13例,B型24例,C型52例。手术方法:选择内外踝双切口,先复位外踝骨折,一般用1/3管形钢板或重建钛板固定,内踝视骨折块大小选择1枚或2枚空心螺钉固定;如果腓骨骨折是多块粉碎骨折,可多段固定。后踝骨折不超过关节面的1/3或移位不大者一般不予处理,若超过关节面1/3或移位超过3mm者,给予复位后拉力螺钉固定,固定方向可从后向前,也可从前向后。术后3d指导患者进行床上功能锻炼,6周左右部分负重。结果:89例均获得随访,时间6～24个月,平均16个月。骨折愈合时间为10～12周。根据Baird-Jackson评分系统进行疗效评定:优68例,良18例,可3例。结论:严重踝关节骨折的手术疗效满意,手术应根据骨折类型进行正确的选择,同时也要考虑周围韧带结构的损伤程度,进行有效处理。     

Premature closure of distal fibular growth plate: a case of longitudinal syndesmosis instability

Post-traumatic premature closure of distal fibular growth plate is a rare entity and results in shortened lateral malleolus. This can lead to lateral wedging of distal tibial epiphysis, valgus ankle and medial ankle instability. Ramsey and Hamilton noted experimentally that loss of fibular length caused a dramatic lateral shift in tibiotalar surfaces. Even a displacement of as little as 1 mm will distort the areas of tibiotalar contact and lead to early joint degeneration. Colton believed it is due to the oblique articular surface of the malleolus is no longer closely applied to the talus. We present a case of premature closure of distal fibular physis with lateral malleolar shortening. Ankle arthroscopy demonstrated syndesmosis instability resulted from shortened lateral malleolus and stability restored after fibular lengthening.     

关节镜辅助下微创治疗踝部骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下微创治疗踝部骨折的方法和疗效。方法对18例踝部骨折患者在关节镜辅助下进行软骨损伤、滑膜炎、韧带撕裂修复、清理、骨折复位和固定。结果 18例均获随访,时间3个月～2年。根据Mazur踝关节评价分级系统评分:优15例,良2例,可1例。结论关节镜辅助下微创治疗踝部骨折应重视关节软骨及韧带损伤的治疗,并确保关节面的解剖复位。其切口小,术后恢复快,可减少术后创伤性关节炎的发生率。     

Arthroscopic findings in Maisonneuve fractures

Background A Maisonneuve fracture consists of a proximal fibular fracture with associated syndesmotic ligament disruption and injury to the medial ankle structures. The treatment outcome is good in most cases, although poor results have also been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate intra-articular lesions in Maisonneuve fractures. Methods The subjects consisted of four patients (four ankle joints) who had suffered a Maisonneuve fracture and had undergone surgical treatment between June 2005 and November 2005. The mean age was 24. 2 years. At the time of surgery, we performed ankle arthroscopy and determined the presence of tibiofibular syndesmosis disruption, cartilaginous damage, and ligament damage. Lesions of the articular cartilage were graded by depth as determined by inspection and probing. Results All four of the cases had cartilaginous damage to the medial section of the talar dome. Lateral lesions were not observed. Chondral debris and hemarthrosis were noted in virtually all cases, and each ankle had a tear on the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and interosseous tibiofibular ligament. No patients had a tear of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. Conclusions Arthroscopy was useful in identifying associated intra-articular lesions in Maisonneuve fractures.