中医骨伤科学的现代化是可持续发展的必由之路

21世纪，现代科学和现代医学高速发展，中医面临着机遇与挑战。随着人类对健康需求的不断增强和深化，中医已成为世界范围内医学发展关注的热点。而在国内，随着经济体制和社会保障改革的深化，中医产业化也被纳入到国家经济发展规划当中，可以说，新世纪中医飞速发展的大气候已经形成。当前乃至今后，中医的发展必将是国际化的。中医骨伤科学是中医学中一个颇具特色和优势的分支，其发展也必将是国际化的。     

Kelfiprim,a new sulpha-trimethoprim combination,versus cotrimoxazole,in the treatment of urinary tract infections: A multicentre,double-blind trial

Summary A new combination of trimethoprim with a sulphonamide, named Kelfiprim, differs from cotrimoxazole in that: a) the sulpha drug is sulphamethopyrazine instead of sulphamethoxazole; b) the trimethoprim to sulpha ratio is 5:4 instead of 1:5;c) the presence of a long-acting sulphonamide allows the administration of a daily dose of one capsule, following an initial loading dose of two capsules; d) a reduced amount of trimethoprim is given, as compared to cotrimoxazole, without any decrease of efficacy. Kelfiprim [KP] was compared to contrimoxazole [Co] in a multicentre double blind trial. Sixty four patients suffering from acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower urinary tract entered the study. Urine sterilisation and clinical improvement without relapses showed no differences from the two treatment groups. Tolerance was excellent except in two patients, one treated with KP and the other treated with Co, who showed a transient exanthema.     

Time-dependent hexaminolaevulinate induced protoporphyrin IX distribution after topical application in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A fluorescence microscopy study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compared to the conventional management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) the potential advantage of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of cervical human papilloma virus (HPV)-related disease encompasses a minimal invasive procedure with reduced risk of profuse bleeding as a consequence of conization, and possibly more favorable long-term results avoiding cervical stenosis. At present little is known about the precise time-dependent distribution and histological localization of hexaminolaevulinate (HAL) induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence in healthy tissue and in CIN. The aim of this study was to use ex vivo fluorescence microscopy to determine whether PPIX is selectively induced by neoplastic cells of the cervical epithelium at various times after topical application. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cold cream containing 0.5% HAL was applied by means of cervical cap over various periods of time. We analyzed 52 healthy cervical mucosa and 84 CINs. RESULTS: At time delay 100 (+/-10) minutes, high epithelial fluorescence and a significant selectivity between epithelium and underlying lamina propria was found. By contrast, no significant difference between healthy and neoplastic tissues, or between low and high-grade epithelial dysplasia (P > or = 0.05), was observed at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Application of HAL 0.5% cream to the cervix induced selective fluorescence in epithelial cells. The optimal ratio with a homogeneous PPIX distribution was obtained after 100 ( +/- 10) minutes cream application, which should be evaluated further for PDT.     

脉冲电磁场对带血供周围神经移植修复脊髓损伤的作用

目的：探讨脉冲电磁场对带血供周围神经移植修复脊髓损伤的作用。方法：将４０只雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ成年鼠分为Ａ、Ｂ２组,Ａ组为单纯用带血供的正中神经移植修复脊髓损伤,Ｂ组为带血供正中神经移植后给予脉冲电磁场治疗,术后６０ｄ进行大体、组织学（光、电镜）观察、电生理检测及移植神经内再生轴突形态计量分析。结果：在组织学,神经传于单纯带血供周围神经移植的Ａ组。结论：带血供周围神经是修复脊髓损伤较为理想的移植材料,     

内毒素诱导Kupffer细胞所致肝脏损害及S-腺苷蛋氨酸的保护机制

S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)是一种存在于人体所有组织和体液中的生理活性分子,参与体内多种重要的生化反应,对调节肝细胞再生、分化以及肝细胞对各种损伤的敏感程度都是非常重要的.SAM对肝脏的这些作用是通过多种途径实现的,现已证实S-腺苷蛋氨酸及其代谢物methyhhioade-nosine(MTA)能阻断脂多糖(LPS)诱导的kupffer细胞中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的表达从而对肝脏起到保护作用.S-腺苷蛋氨酸的这些作用可能有益于LPS诱导的肝损伤的临床治疗.     

Intensivmedizinische Besonderheiten beim toxischen Schocksyndrom ("toxic-shock-syndrome", TSS)

Zusammenfassung Das toxische Schocksyndrom ("toxic-shock-syndrome", TSS) ist eine potentiell tödlich verlaufende Erkrankung mit einer Inzidenz von 0,5 pro 100.000 Einwohner und einer Letalität von 2–11%. Auslöser sind zumeist staphylogene Toxine wie das Toxic-Shock-Syndrome-Toxin-1 (TSST-1) sowie andere Endo- und Enterotoxine. Das TSS ist gekennzeichnet durch die Leitsymptome Fieber, Hypotension und Exanthem. Man unterscheidet das menstruelle TSS in Assoziation mit Tamponbenutzung vom nichtmenstruellen Toxic-Shock-Syndrome im Zusammenhang mit staphylokokkenbedingten Erkrankungen insbesondere der Haut und des Respirationstraktes. Die Superantigenwirkung der bakteriellen Toxine aktiviert das lymphozytäre Immunsystem, das Gerinnungs- und Komplementsystem sowie eine Reihe weiterer Mediatorenkaskaden. Dadurch sind fulminante Krankheitsverläufe mit Störungen multipler Organsysteme ("multiple organe dysfunction syndrome", MODS) bis hin zum Multiorganversagen ("multiple organe failure", MOF) mit letalem Ausgang möglich.     

Discrepancies in Serum Albumin Measurements Vary by Dialysis Modality

Background.?Serum albumin level is an important prognostic marker in patients with chronic renal failure. However there are discrepancies in the methods of estimation of serum albumin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of the discrepancy in the serum albumin levels as measured by Bromcresol Green (BCG) and Bromcresol Purple (BCP) dye methods in patients on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) and to ascertain the clinical determinants of the discrepancy (ΔSA = BCG-BCP; g/dL) in each of the modalities. Method.?We measured serum and plasma albumin levels by BCG and BCP methods in 19 adult HD patients and 18 adult PD patients treated in the dialysis units of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Similar measurements were performed in 10 normal adult subjects. In all groups, paired blood samples were taken to estimate the albumin in both serum and plasma. Nephelometry (NM) was subsequently performed on the serum of 13 of the HD patients, 14 of the PD patients, and each of the 10 normal subjects. Results.?We found that for both the dye methods serum and plasma albumin levels are almost identical in each of the three subject groups. In the normal subjects serum albumin estimated by BCP is in good agreement with NM values but BCG overestimates the albumin levels. In the PD group the discrepancy between the BCG and BCP (ΔSA) is statistically significant with the BCG averaging 0.59 ± 0.12 g/dL more than the BCP. The BCG values are closer to those obtained by the “gold standard”, NM. In the HD group the ΔSA is significantly (p<0.001) less than in the PD group (0.34 ± 0.11 g/dL). As for PD, BCG values are closer to NM values. Increasing age, female gender, and higher dialysis adequacy are associated with higher ΔSA in the HD but not in the PD group. Utilizing linear regression analysis we developed equations for each dialysis modality to convert albumin measurements from one method to the other. Conclusion.?We confirm that a discrepancy exists between the commonly used dye methods (BCG and BCP) for serum albumin estimation. This discrepancy is significantly lower in HD patients than in PD patients. Nephrologists should be aware of this discrepancy and appropriate corrections should be made during quality improvement analysis.     

Hyperbaric Oxygen and N-Acetylcysteine Treatment in L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats

ABSTRACT

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Methods: Experiments were performed in 50 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups (N = 10 for each group). The first group received normal saline (0.9% NaCl) intraperitoneal and served as the control group. In the second group, acute pancreatitis was induced by 3.2-g/kg body weight L-arginine intraperitoneal twice at an interval of 1 hr, which has been shown previously to produce severe necrotizing acute pancreatitis. In the third group, NAC treatment (1000 mg/kg) was given after 1 hr of the induction of acute pancreatitis twice 24 hr apart. In the fourth group, animals received HBO, 6 hr after the induction of pancreatitis twice 12 hr apart. In the fifth group, animals received together NAC as in Group 3 and HBO treatment as in Group 4. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were left under normal atmospheric pressures. Twelve hours after last treatment, the animals were killed by exsanguinations. Blood samples were studied for amylase, calcium, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pancreatic histology, pancreatic tissue malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels. Results: Acute pancreatitis is reduced by the treatment of NAC, HBO, NAC + HBO. HBO + NAC groups performed statistically the best in preventing L-arginine-induced acute necrotising pancreatitis. Conclusions: NAC especially combined with HBO, decreases oxidative stress parameters, serum amylase, calcium, and LDH levels, as well as histopathologic score.     

Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

In this study, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were determinated in the erythrocytes (RBC) from patients with chronic renal failure. The study included healthy subjects (n = 7), patients on hemodialysis (HD) using polyacrylonitrile-type dialysis membrane (before and after HD) (n = 10), patients on HD using cuprophane-type dialysis membrane (before and after HD) (n = 6), and patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (n = 11). A significant decrease in SOD activity was found in HD groups using polyacrylonitrile- or cuprophane-type dialysis membrane. SOD activity was found to increase in patients undergoing CAPD. We have found that CAT activity is higher in all the CRF groups in respect to the control: with polyacrylonitrile-type dialysis membrane, with cuprophane-type dialysis membrane, and in CAPD treatment.     

Once Daily Calcineurin Inhibitor Monotherapy in Pediatric Liver Transplantation

This report describes a group of pediatric liver transplant recipients who have undergone once daily calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) monotherapy at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, between January 1, 2001 and November 30, 2008. We defined success as normal liver enzymes at 1 year after dose change, with normal enzymes throughout all follow‐up. Patients who did not meet the set criteria or had lost an organ to chronic rejection were not considered for this therapeutic strategy. There were 147 patients in our organ transplant tracking record (OTTR) who were ≥ 5 years post liver transplant. Of these, 56 underwent reduced dose, once daily CNI monotherapy. Patients who met the set criteria were placed on once daily calcineurin inhibitor at half their previous dose. Fifty patients successfully achieved this dose change, while six patients failed at a mean of 3.7 ± 3.2 months following the dosing change. The mean interval from transplant was significantly longer in those patients who were successful compared to those who failed dose change (p < 0.05). Importantly, there have been no graft losses. Reduced dose, once daily CNI monotherapy is safe in carefully selected recipients, with a longer interval post liver transplantation increasing the likelihood of success.     

Prevention and management of post prostatectomy erectile dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction is common in patients with prostate cancer (PC) following radical prostatectomy (RP). Review the available literature concerning prevention and management strategies for post-RP erectile function (EF) impairment in terms of preoperative patient characteristics, intra and postoperative factors that may influence EF recovery, and postoperative treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED). A literature search was performed using Google and PubMed database for English-language original and review articles, either published or e-published up to July 2013. The literature still demonstrates a great inconsistency in the definition of what is considered normal EF both before and after RP. Thus, using validated psychometric instruments with recognized cut-offs for normalcy and severity during the pre- and post-operative evaluation should be routinely considered. Therefore, a comprehensive discussion with the patient about the true prevalence of postoperative ED, the concept of spontaneous or pharmacologically-assisted erections, and the difference between “back to baseline” EF and “erections adequate enough to have successful intercourse” clearly emerge as key issues in the eventual understanding of post-RP ED prevention and promotion of satisfactory EF recovery. Patient factors (including age, baseline EF, comorbid conditions status), cancer selection (non- vs. uni- vs. bilateral nerve-sparing), type of surgery (i.e., intra vs. inter vs. extrafascial surgeries), surgical techniques (i.e., open, laparoscopic and robotically-assisted RP), and surgeon factors (i.e., surgical volume and surgical skill) represent the key significant contributors to EF recovery. A number of preclinical and clinical data show that rehabilitation and treatment in due time are undoubtedly better than leaving the erectile tissue to its unassisted postoperative fate. The role of postoperative ED treatment for those patients who received a non-nerve-sparing RP was also extensively discussed. Optimal outcomes are achieved mainly by the careful choice of the correct patient for the correct type of surgery. Despite a plethora of potential rehabilitative approaches, they should be only considered as “strategies”, since incontrovertible evidence of their effectiveness for improving natural EF recovery is limited. Conversely, numerous effective therapeutic options are available for treating post-RP ED.     

Delayed Hemothorax and Pericardial Tamponade Secondary to Stab Wounds to the Internal Mammary Artery

Abstract Background: Massive delayed hemothorax as a consequence of stab wounds to the internal mammary artery has been reported in only one study in the western literature. Case Study: A review of patients who sustained injuries to the parasternal region with internal mammary artery injuries is discussed. Three patients with injuries to this structure that developed delayed a hemothorax were identified. One of the patients had a combination of a delayed hemothorax and pericardial tamponade. All three patients were treated with emergency anterolateral thoracotomies. Conclusion: Internal mammary artery injuries had a high risk for the development of a delayed hemothorax. Patients with parasternal injuries should be admitted to a telemetry unit, where thoracostomy tube outputs and vital signs can be monitored continuously. The addition of sonography to identify blood in the pericardial sac and a lateral chest X–ray view to rule out an extrapleural hematoma are useful and should be considered in the management of these patients.     

硝普钠阴茎海绵体内注射治疗阳萎的临床研究

本研究选择４２例阳萎患者，采用硝普钠进行阴茎海绵体注射（ＩＣＩ），并选择罂粟碱／酚妥拉明进行对照，结果表明，硝普钠ＩＣＩ后：（１）阴茎外形性状（长度、周径等）明显改变。（２）Ｖｉｒａｇ硬度计点表明硝普钠与罂粟碱／酚妥拉明效果之间无明显差别。（３）所有测试患者无一例出现低血压或局部不适等副反应，与罂粟碱／酚妥拉明相比各有优劣，但总体差异不大，这充分表明，硝普钠作为一种ＮＯ供体可导致阴茎平滑肌松弛，血窦充盈阴茎勃起，其副反应较小，有其临床应用之价值。     

乌司他丁联合谷氨酰胺对重症急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤的防治作用

目的探讨乌司他丁联合谷氨酰胺在治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)时对急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤(acute pancreatitis associated lung injury,APALI)的预防和治疗作用。方法我院收治的60例SAP患者随机分为两组,对照组30例行常规+乌司他丁治疗;研究组30例在对照组基础上加用谷氨酰胺治疗。分别于治疗后第0,3,7,10天分析患者动脉血气,以血Pa O_2与吸氧浓度比值(Pa O_2/Fi O_2)、呼吸频率和肺部X线检查等为观察指标,同时抽取静脉血以检测患者血清TNF-α、IL-8及DAO水平的变化,观察研究组和对照组之间肺损伤发生率和对肺损伤疗效的差异。结果研究组APALI的发生率为33.3%,对照组为57.1%,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗7 d后,研究组肺损伤程度较对照组显著减轻,且血清中TNF-α、IL-8及DAO的数值较对照组明显下降(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁联合谷氨酰胺在治疗SAP时具有协同作用,对急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤有显著预防和治疗作用。