18例Pilon骨折的诊治体会

目的：分析采用不同方法治疗不同类型Pilon骨折的效果，探讨Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择。方法：对18例pilon骨折，采用Ruedi--Allgower法进行分类，I型骨折以克氏针或松质骨螺钉固定，Ⅱ型骨折以“T”钢板固定，I型骨折以跨关节外固定架固定。结果：平均随访3年7个月，骨折全部达骨性愈合，按Mazur评价标准，优6例，良7例，可4例，差1例。结论：Pilon骨折的治疗方法应根据其骨折类型来决定。     

特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨一种特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折的诊断和手术治疗方法与技巧,以提高髋臼骨折的诊疗水平。方法：对2例髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折行术前CT平扫和三维重建确定骨折类型和制定手术方案,选择髋臼后入路进行骨折复位,以骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉固定。结果：2例髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折分别得到1年和1．5年的随访,按Matta的疗效标准2例均为优,2例均发生坐骨神经损伤,1例恢复。结论：髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折是一种特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折,X线平片对该种骨折诊断困难,CT平扫和三维重建可以发现这种 损伤,手术是治疗该种骨折的有效和可靠的方法。由于解剖位置的关系,此种骨折极易引起坐骨神经损伤,要特别加以注意。     

合并椎间盘损伤的Hangman骨折的外科治疗

目的：探讨合并椎间盘损伤的Hangman骨折的外科治疗方法及机理。方法：39例Hangman骨折伴颈2、3椎间盘损伤，行颈椎前路C2、C3椎间隙融合，Zephir颈前路钛板固定术，8例植入Syn Cage。结果：35例颈痛症状消失，4例残留轻度颈痛症状，未出现神经症状加重、植骨块移位、吸收和切口感染等并发症，术后3-6个月C2、C3获得骨性融合。随访2-6年，平均3年7个月，均不影响工作。结论：合并椎间盘损伤的Hangman骨折是一种特殊的骨折类型，颈椎前路融合术符合其病理生理特点。     

有移位髋臼骨折手术复位不良的原因分析

髓臼骨折系关节内严重创伤，常需手术治疗，但若复位不良，可影响预后。作所在医院1990年2月王1998年1月手术治疗有移位髓臼骨折23例，其中6例复位不良。分析原因为：①延退手术增加复位难度；②对损伤程度估计不足；③未按骨折类型合理选择手术进路；④对处理复杂骨折经验不足，复位方法不当。特提出讨论，以总结经验，提高复位质量，改善治疗效果。     

髌骨下极骨折改良克氏针张力带手术治疗

髌骨下极骨折为髌骨骨折中较特殊类型的关节内骨折，自1998年4月～2001年11月，我们设计双十字克氏针张力带钢丝方法，经临床12例应用，通过提高内固定的稳定性和牢固性，有效的恢复髌骨外形，避免了髌骨的部分切除，不失为一种治疗髌骨下极骨折的安全有效方法。     

屈曲型胫骨平台骨折诊断与治疗

自1998年11月～2002年1月收治的41例胫骨平台骨折中有13例属特殊类型，均在膝屈曲位中受伤，表现为胫骨平台后侧冠状劈裂骨折，初时因未认识仍按常规手术入路，使复位和固定操作困难。经分析探讨认识其特殊性后，采用膝后内侧切口，取得了良好的疗效。报告如下。     

特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折的诊断与治疗

目的探讨一种特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折的诊断和手术治疗方法与技巧,以提高髋臼骨折的诊疗水平.方法对2例髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折行术前CT平扫和三维重建确定骨折类型和制定手术方案,选择髋臼后入路进行骨折复位,以骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉固定.结果2例髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折分别得到1年和1.5年的随访,按Matta的疗效标准2例均为优,2例均发生坐骨神经损伤,1例恢复.结论髋臼后壁加后柱冠状位纵行劈裂骨折是一种特殊类型复杂髋臼后部骨折,X线平片对该种骨折诊断困难,CT平扫和三维重建可以发现这种损伤,手术是治疗该种骨折的有效和可靠的方法.由于解剖位置的关系,此种骨折极易引起坐骨神经损伤,要特别加以注意.     

Hoffa骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨内固定治疗Hoffa骨折的方法及疗效。方法对2005年10月至2012年9月,收治9例Hoffa骨折进行回顾性分析。Letenneur分型：I型6例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型2例。全部为闭合性骨折。根据骨折类型、受累髁部位选择手术人路,采用螺钉内固定。结果9例全部随访,时间11-36个月,平均18个月,4～7个月骨折均获骨性愈合,平均5．5个月。根据Letenneur术后功能评估系统评价：9例患者中优良5例,可3例,差1例。结论手术治疗Hoffa骨折是一种安全有效的方法,但要根据骨折类型及骨折的具体状况选择切口及固定的方式。     

老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的治疗

目的：探讨老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的治疗方法。方法：1997年1月-2006年8月共收治33例老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者，男13例，女20例，年龄65—89岁，平均78岁。12例采用保守治疗（牵引、颈围、头颈胸石膏固定），9例采取前路单枚螺钉固定，12例采用后路C1-C2融合技术。评价保守治疗、前路手术、后路手术的治疗效果。结果：手术期间无患者死亡，随访11-47个月，平均26个月，保守治疗7例不愈合，前路螺钉固定3例不愈合，后路融合2例不愈合。12例患者随访期间死于其他疾病。结论：对于老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折应优先考虑手术治疗，对于采用前路手术还是后路手术，需结合患者齿状突具体形态、骨折类型来决定，单纯前路单枚螺钉固定效果并不可靠。     

复杂髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的：回顾分析复杂髋臼骨折的临床特点及治疗方法。方法：44例髋臼骨折患者，根据不同骨折类型选择不同手术入路，行开放复位内固定手术。结果：37例获得平均4．5年随访，移位的髋臼骨折复位后与股骨头对应关系满意，骨折平均愈合时间10—12周，优良率达81％。结论：复杂的髋臼损伤具有分类上的多样性和复杂性，治疗上应积极开放复位内固定，以获得一个稳定、无痛、活动和负重良好的髋关节。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.