Autografting of previously denervated muscles in rabbits

Whole gastrocnemius muscles of rabbits were grafted after preliminary denervation. At the time of grafting (60 days after denervation) the muscles were in a state of advanced atrophy, accompanied by degenerative changes. The autografts survived at the site of transplantation and underwent structural, changes which led to the progressive development of the muscle tissue preserved in the graft, the spreading out of the tissue, and the formation of definitive muscle fibers supplied with nerve endings. Meanwhile, after a certain time secondary degeneration was observed in the muscle, leading to its replacement by connective tissue. The results confirm the writer's earlier hypothesis that free grafting of previously denervated whole muscles is possible. However, advanced denervation atrophy is evidently reflected in the late results of transplantation.Laboratory of Evolutionary Histology, A. N. Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 67–70, January, 1978.     

Effect of denervation on acetylcholine synthesizing activity and nicotine-like binding sites in rat hind limb muscles

The acetylcholine synthesizing (ACh-s) activity and the binding of the nicotinic ligands ³H-α-bungarotoxin (α-Btx) and ³H-d-tubocurarine (d-TC) were analysed in rat hind limb muscles 1–32 days after denervation. Muscles of the contralateral leg served as controls. ACh-s activity was considerably lower in tibialis anterior as compared to the extensor digitorum longus and the peroneus longus muscles. After denervation there was a rapid decrease in ACh-s activity in parallel to a considerable increase in α-Btx binding. The binding of d-TC was essentially unchanged following denervation indicating the special characteristics of the newly formed receptors. ACh-s activity can be differentiated into one specific (choline acetyltransferase) and one unspecific component.     

基于体力劳动能力的Heath-Carter体型的分析评价

目的:探讨高水平体力劳动能力(PWC_(170))的Heath-Carter法体型分类。方法:对某全训部队418名男战士,按GJB1337 92规定,采用两级台阶运动负荷试验间接测定法,进行PWC_(170)的测定;按国际通用的Heath-Carter方法测量体型。结果:男战士PWC_(170)均值为(1 355.8±331.1)kg·m·min~(-1),总体评价为优秀;PWC_(170)优秀者215人,占51.4%,均值为(1 620.2±225.0)kg·m·min~(-1),体型均值为2.3±0.7-5.1±3.8-2.4±0.9,SAM为1.7,优秀者中有193人体型集中于中胚层体型,占89.8%;优良(含优秀)者285人,占68.1%,PWC_(170)均值为(1 522.4±260.9)kg·m·min~(-1),体型均值为2.3±0.7-5.0±3.3-2.4±0.9,SAM为1.7,优良者中有255人的体型集中于中胚层体型,占89.5%;内、中、外三因子是影响PWC_(170)成绩的主要因素,PWC_(170)成绩越好,内、外因子值越小,而中因子值越大。结论:高水平PWC_(170)的体型分类高度集中于中胚层体型。PWC_(170)与中因子值呈显著正相关。     

Submaximal working capacity,heart size and body size in boys 8–18 years

Heart diameters, heart volume (HV), PWC ₁₃₀, O₂ at 130 heart rate, and cardiorespiratory reactions during work at 3 kgm·s^–1 were obtained in 237 boys ranging in age from 8–18 years. Results indicate that heart size, PWC ₁₃₀, O₁₃₀, and exercise HR, O₂/HR, and SBP change significantly with age. On the other hand, HV·kg^–1 and work O₂, _E and _E/ O₂ remain rather stable throughout the growth period.Correlation analysis indicates that about 85% of the observed variation in the size of the heart during growth can be accounted for by body weight, while about 70% of the variation in light submaximal working capacity ( O₁₃₀) can be explained by HV alone. Holding age, height and body weight constant by partial correlation procedures yields significant relationships between HV and O₁₃₀ (r = 0.461), and between HV·kg^–1 and O₁₃₀ (r = 0.414). Age, height, weight and size of the heart correlated simultaneously against O₁₃₀ account for 75% of the variance in the dependent variable.It would seem important to suggest the need for study of the interactions between age, size and maturity, in addition to indicators of size and efficiency of the oxygen delivery system, and indices of muscle oxygen utilization efficiency. Such an approach will permit a more definite partitioning of the variance in submaximal aerobic capacity during growth, and would probably yield a more conservative estimate of the relationship between the size of the heart and submaximal working capacity during growth.Abbreviations used HV heart volume - HV·kg^–1 heart volume per kg of body weight - PWC ₁₃₀ physical working capacity in kgm·s^–1 of work at a heart rate of 130·min^–1 - O₁₃₀ oxygen consumption per min at a heart rate of 130·min^–1 - O₂, , _E, _E/ O₂, HR, O₂/HR, SBP oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, expiratory volume, respiratory equivalent, heart rate, oxygen pulse, systolic blood pressure in the third minute of work at 3 kgm·s^–1 - CA chronological age Partially supported by grants from the Kuratorium für die Sportmedizinische Forschung, Federal Republic of Germany and Laval University, Quebec, Canada     

Method of studying the effect of drugs on working capacity of animals in hypobaric hypoxia

Department of Pharmacology, Volgograd Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR D. A. Kharkevich.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 110, No. 8, pp. 164–166, August, 1990.     

Effect of denervation of the heart on its function in asphyxia

Central Research Laboratory, N. A. Semashko Moscow Medical Stomatologic Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, A. D. Ado.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 112, No. 8, pp. 128–130, August, 1991.     

Maximal working capacity of two professional groups in North Sumatra (Indonesia)

Summary Two groups of male students from the medical school and sports academy and two groups of tricycle drivers performed maximally on two occassions on a brake type ergometer against a load sustainable between 2–6 min according to Tornvall. In the students the difference in work performance between the medical and sports academy students, maybe due to difference in their training condition, shown by the increment and decrement of pulse rate respectively on starting and stopping the test, since all their anthropometric measurements are the same. A comparison of the maximum working capacity between the tricycle drivers to study the effect of a potion called jamu showed no difference (N₁=11, X₁=1523 m·kp·min^–1, N₂=10, X₂=1,664 m·kp·min^–1, p>0.05). The maximum working capacity of the tricycle drivers was found to be the same as the students from the sports academy (N₁=21, X₁=1,587 m·kp·min^–1, N₂=9, X₂=1,524 m·kp·min^–1, p>0.05). Maximal heart rate between the medical students and the sports academy students differ significantly (N₁=22, X₁=186 min^–1, N₂=9, X₂=175 min^–1, p<0.01), but not significantly different between the sports academy students and the beca drivers (N₁=9, X₁=175 min^–1, N₂=21, X₂=180 min^–1, p>0.05).     

Time course of changes in EMG activity of fast muscles after partial denervation

After partial denervation, the remaining motor units (MUs) of adult fast extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) expand their peripheral field. The time course of this event was studied using tension measurement and recordings of electromyographic (EMG) activity. The results show that after section of the L4 spinal nerve, when only 5.3 ± 0.63 of the 40 MUs normally supplying EDL muscle remain, the force of individual motor units starts to increase between the 1st and 2nd week after the operation and continues to do so for a further week. The drastic reduction of the number of motoneurones supplying the fast EDL leads to an increase in activity of the remaining MUs. In the 1st week after partial denervation, there was a sharp increase in the EMG activity of remaining motor units. During the next 12 days, this increase became less marked, but EMG activity remained nevertheless significantly higher than that of the unoperated EDL muscle. Many MUs became tonically active during posture. The EMG activity pattern during locomotion was also altered, so that the burst duration was positively correlated with the step cycle duration. Moreover, shortly after partial denervation, the interlimb coordination was disturbed but returned to its original symmetrical use 1–2 weeks later. Received: 17 September 1996 / Accepted: 3 November 1997     

State anxiety reduces working memory capacity but does not impact filtering cost for neutral distracters

Current theories propose that anxiety adversely impacts working memory (WM) by restricting WM capacity and interfering with efficient filtering of task-irrelevant information. The current study investigated the effect of shock-induced state anxiety on WM capacity and the ability to filter task-irrelevant neutral stimuli. We measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an event-related potential that indexes the number of items maintained in WM, while participants completed a lateralized change detection task. The task included low and high WM loads, as well as a low load plus distracter condition. This design was used to assess WM capacity for low and high loads and investigate an individual's ability to filter neutral task-irrelevant stimuli. Participants completed the task under two conditions, threat of shock and safe. We observed a reduced CDA in the threat compared to the safe condition that was specific for high memory load. However, we did not find any differences in CDA filtering cost between threat and safe conditions. In addition, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance between the threat and safe conditions. These findings suggest that being in an anxious state reduces the neural representation for large amounts of information in WM, but have little effect on the filtering of neutral distracters.     

In the human,true myocutaneous junctions of skeletal muscle fibers are limited to the face

Within the panniculus carnosus-associated skeletal muscles in the human, the palmaris brevis and the platysma showed myotendinous/myofascial junctions with clear distance to the corium and the specific connection collagen type XXII. The orbicularis oris muscle, in contrast, contained bundles of striated muscle fibers reaching the corium at two distinct levels: the predominant inner ending was connected to the elastic network of the inner corium and the outer ending was within the more superficial collagen network. At both locations, the striated muscle fibers showed brush-like cytoplasmic protrusions connecting a network which was not oriented toward the muscle fibers. Collagen type XXII was not present.     

Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on the ammonia content in rat muscles during physical exertion

In experiments on rats forced to swim while carrying a load, sodium hydroxybutyrate was found to have a normalizing effect on the ammonia content in the striated muscles, a biochemical indicator of physical fatigue. Whereas in control rats not receiving hydroxybutyrate swimming led to a marked (more than twofold) increase in the ammonia content in muscle tissue, in animals receiving prophylactic sodium hydroxybutyrate (one only or as a 2-week course) ammonia did not accumulate. It is suggested that by preventing the toxic effect of one of the end products of nitrogen metabolism, sodium hydroxybutyrate may alleviate the after-effects of muscular fatigue.Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Nervous System, Institute, of Pharmacology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 25–27, January, 1980.     

The relationship of level of habitual activity to measures of leanness-fatness,physical working capacity,strength and motor ability in 17 and 18 year-old males

Summary The relationships between physical working capacity (PWC), level of habitual activity, relative leanness-fatness, isometric strength and motor ability have been examined in 85 17 and 18 year-old school boys. Level of habitual activity was found to be significantly related to PWC and to the strength and motor ability scores, whilst relative leanness-fatness was not significantly related to any of the other variables studied. Some of the apparent association between PWC and the strength and motor ability scores was due to a common dependence on body size, but the relationship between PWC and four performance variables remained significant when the influence of differences in size of the subjects was removed. It is suggested that differences in the level of habitual activity of post adolescent male school boys influence the physical working capacity but not relative leanness-fatness. The association between level of habitual activity and strength and motor ability scores suggests that the latter variables may possibly influence the level of habitual activity in this type of subject.This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Ireland     

Renal denervation as an option for the management of hypertension

Hypertension is a multifactorial condition which makes the development of treatment approaches difficult.The vast majority of patients are treated with lifestyle measures either alone or in combination with antihypertensive drugs,and this approach is largely successful in controlling blood pressure.However,for a subgroup of patients,control of blood pressure remains resistant to this approach and therefore the development of new strategies is imperative.The sympathetic nervous system has been known to be implicated in hypertension for many decades,and evidence from studies in the past has revealed the benefit of reducing sympathetic nerve activity in the control of blood pressure albeit with severe side effects.Recent technological advances have allowed for specific targeting of the renal sympathetic nerves by catheter ablation.The Symplicity HTN-1 and HTN-2 trials have provided strong evidence for renal denervation giving rise to considerable blood pressure reductions in treatment-resistant hypertensives and,due to the high incidence of hypertension worldwide,this carries the promise of further reducing the global burden of hypertension and its attendant complications.Here we review the evidence for renal denervation in the management of hypertension.     

肾交感神经去除术对心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化的影响

 目的:观察肾交感神经去除术（renal sympathetic denervation, RDN）对心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:选用12周龄的健康SD雄性大鼠60只,随机分为假手术组、假手术+RDN组、主动脉缩窄组、主动脉缩窄+RDN组,8周后用介入生理记录仪检测血流动力学和心功能指标,HE染色、苦味酸-天狼星红染色分别观察心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化情况,放射免疫分析法测量血浆肾上腺素浓度、肾素活性、血管紧张素II浓度及心脏血管紧张素II含量。结果:与主动脉缩窄组相比,RDN可显著改善主动脉缩窄大鼠心脏舒张功能［左室舒张末期压力（LVEDP）：(8.03±1.66) mmHg vs(15.77±2.14) mmHg;等容舒张期左室压力下降最大速率（-dp/dt）：(7 793±587) mmHg/s vs(6 353±475) mmHg/s;P＜0.01］、防止其心肌肥厚和纤维化［左心室重量指数：3.340±0.121 vs4.244±0.102;心肌细胞面积：(332.9±28.9) μm2 vs(401.6±33.2) μm2;胶原容积分数：7.76%±0.85% vs12.48%±1.82%;P＜0.01］。然而,RDN不能降低主动脉缩窄大鼠的血压（P＞0.05）。RDN导致主动脉缩窄大鼠的血浆肾上腺素浓度、肾素活性、血管紧张素II浓度及心脏血管紧张素II含量均明显减少（P＜0.01）。结论: RDN可以通过降低交感和肾素-血管紧张素系统活性直接抑制心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化,从而改善心脏功能。     

Changes in vascular permeability in the microcirculatory system of skeletal muscles during working hyperemia

Vascular permeability of the microcirculation in the quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles of albino rats at rest and during working hyperemia was studied by intravital luminescence microscopy. Bovine globulin labeled with fluorescein (FITC) was used as the indicator of permeability. Quantitative luminescence analysis was carried out with a microspectrofluorometer. During working hyperemia the FITC concentration in the muscle was 40–45% higher than at rest, evidence of an increase in transendothelial transport of materials. Experiments to measure the FITC concentration around a single capillary gave results suggesting that under the conditions of working hyperemia the permeability of the vessels of the microcirculation is increased.Research Institute of Child and Adolescent Physiology, Academy of Pedagogic Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. M. Chernukh.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 369–371, April, 1979.     

Effect of blocking neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of bioamines on the adrenosensitizing action of tricyclic antidepressants

Experiments on isolated intact, and also denervated, vasa deferentia of rats showed that tricyclic antidepressants (melpiramine, noveril, azaphen), in low concentrations (1·10^–9 g/ml), like cocaine (1·10^–5 g/ml), have an aminopotentiating action. Denervation followed by blocking of extraneuronal uptake of the amine by deoxycorticosterone (1·10^–5 g/ml) did not change the position, shape, or slope of the concentration-effect curves of noradrenalin obtained in the presence of noveril and cocaine. It is postulated that the mechanism of the adrenosensitizing action of tricyclic antidepressants on smooth-muscle organs is predominantly postsynaptic.Department of Pharmacology, Medical Institute, Donetsk. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 556–558, May, 1976.