靛玉红紫草素对角质形成细胞株凋亡的影响

目的　观察靛玉红、紫草素对体外角质形成细胞株凋亡的影响 ,初步探讨其治疗银屑病的机制。方法　以PI法和Annexin Ⅴ法在流式细胞仪上检测靛玉红、紫草素对体外角质形成细胞凋亡的影响。结果　靛玉红在 0 .10 ,0 .2 5 ,0 .5mol/L时细胞凋亡率分别为 7.5 2 %± 0 .73 % ,19.2 2 %± 4.13 % ,3 0 .62 %± 2 .68% ;紫草素在相同浓度时分别为6.72 %± 0 .73 % ,12 .5 9%± 2 .0 5 % ,3 6.47%± 3 .11%。结论　靛玉红、紫草素可以诱导细胞凋亡 ,从而达到治疗银屑病的目的。     

凉血活血胶囊对皮肤角质形成细胞凋亡的研究

目的 观察凉血活血胶囊对体外角质形成细胞株凋亡的影响,初步探讨其治疗银屑病的机制。方法 以TUNEL法检测银屑病患者皮损细胞凋亡、PCNA检测增殖细胞核抗原,并以碘化丙啶法和膜联蛋白V法在流式细胞仪上检测凉血活血胶囊对体外角质形成细胞凋亡作用的影响。结果 银屑病皮损中基底层和棘细胞中下层角质形成细胞增殖和凋亡较正常皮肤均有所增加。凉血活血胶囊可诱导培养的角质形成细胞凋亡,在1、5、10 mg/mL时分别为24.67±5.07、50.33±10.04、66.20±6.91,随着浓度增加,细胞凋亡率增加,与正常对照组比较差异有显著性,与试验对照复方青黛胶囊组比较差异无显著性。结论 银屑病皮损中角质形成细胞增殖和凋亡发生紊乱,两者在较高水平保持相对平衡。凉血活血胶囊可以诱导细胞凋亡,从而达到治疗银屑病的目的。     

凉血活血复方对体外培养HaCaT细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的观察中药凉血活血复方水醇粗提液对人永生化表皮细胞(HaCaT)的增殖抑制效应和诱导细胞凋亡作用的影响,探讨该复方治疗银屑病的可能机制。方法将不同浓度的凉血活血复方水醇粗提液分别作用于体外培养的HaCaT细胞,采用MTT法检测凉血活血复方水醇粗提液对细胞的增殖抑制作用以及药物的有效浓度;采用倒置显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察细胞处理前后的形态学改变:流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化及凋亡比率。结果凉血活血复方以时间和浓度依赖性方式抑制HaCaT细胞增殖,作用24、48、72h其IC50分别为155.83 mg/mL、71.57mg/mL,41.27 mg/mL。细胞形态学和流式细胞仪检测发现药物以浓度依赖性的方式干扰细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡,细胞分裂周期阻皆滞于G2/M期。结论凉血活血复方可能通过抑制角质形成细胞的增殖、诱导其凋亡而治疗银屑病。     

消银解毒饮及拆方对角质形成细胞COLO-16凋亡的调控作用

本研究以角质形成细胞株COLO-16为研究对象,用流式细胞仪分析了消银解毒饮及其拆方后的凉血、解毒和祛风除湿等三组主要成份含药血清对其凋亡的诱导作用.结果表明消银解毒饮能诱导COLO-16细胞的凋亡,诱导角质形成细胞的凋亡可能是其治疗银屑病的机制之一.     

靛玉红对角质形成细胞中促炎细胞因子表达水平的影响

目的:探讨靛玉红对人类永生化角质形成细胞株(HaCaT细胞)中促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平的影响,初步阐明青黛膏治疗银屑病的机制.方法:以人类永生化角质形成细胞株HaCaT细胞作为研究对象,观察不同浓度靛玉红处理后HaCaT细胞中促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平的变化,采用E...     

凉血活血胶囊治疗血热型银屑病的临床观察及外周血淋巴细胞亚群检测

目的　观察凉血活血胶囊治疗血热型银屑病的疗效并探讨其可能机理。方法　治疗组口服凉血活血胶囊 ,对照组口服复方青黛胶囊。并对治疗组 2 5例患者进行治疗前后淋巴细胞亚群检测。结果　治疗组有效率为 62 .5 % ,对照组为 46.2 % ,两组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。治疗组皮损及部分症状的改善优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。治疗组治疗前NK细胞数较正常人降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,治疗后NK细胞数有上升趋势 ,但与治疗前比较差异无显著性。结论　凉血活血胶囊为治疗血热型银屑病的有效方剂 ,恢复免疫失衡状态可能为凉血活血胶囊治疗银屑病的机制之一。     

不同剂量凉血活血复方对小鼠上皮细胞增殖、表皮细胞分化、血浆内皮素1及血清可溶性E-选择素的影响

目的 探索中药凉血活血复方治疗银屑病的可能机制及考察量效关系，为临床应用提供实验依据。方法 用小鼠实验模型观察不同剂量凉血活血复方对小鼠阴道上皮有丝分裂、鼠尾鳞片表皮颗粒层形成、血浆内皮素1(ET-1)和血清可溶性E-选择素(sE—selectin)的影响。结果 中、高剂量凉血活血复方对表皮增殖、分化及血浆ET-1和血清sE-selectin均有明显调节作用。低剂量组仅对表皮增殖有抑制作用。结论 凉血活血复方可能通过阻断多个发病环节起到治疗银屑病的作用，这种作用与剂量有关。     

氧化苦参碱诱导角质形成细胞凋亡研究

目的 探讨苦参治疗银屑病的机制。方法 采用流式细胞仪测定亚二倍体细胞含量、ＤＮＡ片段化分析和ＡｎｎｅｘＶ（膜联蛋白Ｖ）凋亡检测法，观察氧化苦参碱９ＯＭＴ）对角质形成细胞凋亡的影响。结果 ＯＭＴ使角质形成细胞的亚二倍体细胞、ＤＮＡ片段化率及磷脂酰丝氨酸（ＰＳ）膜外化细胞含量明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），首次发现一定浓度的ＯＭＴ可诱导角质形成细胞凋亡。结论 ＯＭＴ诱发角质形成细胞凋亡，这可能是苦参治疗银屑病的主要机制之一。     

凉血活血胶囊治疗血热型银屑病的临床研究

目的观察凉血活血胶囊治疗血热型银屑病的临床疗效。方法采用随机、单盲、对照法。结果凉血活血胶囊可显著改善患者皮损体征,并在一定程度上优于复方青黛胶囊。凉血活血胶囊组总有效率为62.5%,虽优于复方青黛胶囊组,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。同时,凉血活血胶囊可显著改善患者皮肤瘙痒、口干舌燥、心烦易怒、大小便异常等临床伴随症状,并在一定程度上优于复方青黛胶囊。结论凉血活血胶囊治疗血热型银屑病有较好的疗效。     

紫草素对糠秕马拉色菌作用下HaCaT细胞增殖的影响及其对缺氧诱导因子1α表达的调控

目的:观察紫草素对糠秕马拉色菌作用下角质形成细胞增殖的作用及其对缺氧诱导因子1α（hypoxic-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）蛋白及mRNA的作用,探讨紫草素通过抑制低浓度糠秕马拉色菌上调皮肤角质细胞的增殖与HIF-1α信号在银屑病中的可能机制。方法：培养人永生化角质形成细胞（HaCaT）细胞及糠秕马拉色菌,适合浓度糠秕马拉色菌诱导HaCaT细胞增殖,CCK-8法观察细胞增殖、蛋白免疫印迹法（Western Blotting）及实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法分别检测HIF-1α的蛋白及mRNA表达情况。结果：低浓度糠秕马拉色菌浓度依赖性促进HaCaT细胞增殖（P<0.01）;紫草素抑制低浓度糠秕马拉色菌对HaCaT细胞的促增殖作用（P<0.01）;紫草素抑制低浓度糠秕马拉色菌对HaCaT细胞HIF-1α蛋白及mRNA表达的作用（P<0.01）。结论：低浓度糠秕马拉色菌通过HIF-1α信号通路上调皮肤角质形成细胞的增殖能力;紫草素拮抗低浓度糠秕马拉色菌上调皮肤角质形成细胞的增殖可能与抑制HIF-1α信号通路有关。     

C2-ceramide induces apoptosis in a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that synthetic cell-permeable analogues of ceramide promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation of keratinocytes, and that the vitamin D3 inducible sphingomyelin cycle generates ceramide in keratinocytes. Although it has been suggested that exogenous ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocytes, which is similar to their effect on other cell types, such as leukaemia cells, only a few studies have reported ceramide-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocytes, we used the synthetic ceramide analogue, C2-ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine) and a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, HSC-I. METHODS: We treated HSC-I cells with C2-ceramide, followed by a viability assay, morphological observations, nick end-labelling (TUNEL), DNA electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: In the viability assay, C2-ceramide was toxic to HSC-I cells in a dose-dependent manner. Manifestations of apoptotic morphology occurred in the ceramide-treated cells, whereas these morphological changes did not occur in cells treated with dihydroceramide (N-acetylsphinganine). TUNEL revealed that many of the ceramide-treated cells showed positive reactivity. DNA electrophoresis demonstrated that C2-ceramide caused internucleosomal fragmentation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Electron microscopy revealed that the ceramide-treated cells manifested morphological characteristics typical of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that C2-ceramide induces apoptosis of transformed human keratinocytes, whereas C2-dihydroceramide does not have such an effect. The fact that ceramide induces apoptosis of keratinocyctes raises the possibility that intracellular ceramide, which is increased with differentiation of the epidermis, might be involved in terminal differentiation, a specialized form of apoptosis of keratinocytes.     

Cystatin A suppresses ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes

BACKGROUND: Cystatin A is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor abundantly expressed in keratinocytes. Although cystatin A is one of the cornified cell envelope constituents and expressed in the upper epidermis, its precise function is still unknown. Ultraviolet B irradiation (UVB) induces apoptosis accompanied with the activation of cysteine proteinases, caspases. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of cystatin A on UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. METHODS: We assessed the caspase activities and apoptotic cell numbers induced by UVB ittadiation in cystatin A gene transfected keratinocytes. RESULTS: UVB-induced pro-caspase 3 cleavage and caspase 3 activation were suppressed in cystatin A expression vector-transfected SV40-transformed human keratinocytes (SVHK). Furthermore, the transfected SVHK cells were resistant to UVB-induced apoptosis. In contrast neither caspase 8 nor caspase 9 activities were affected by UVB irradiation in cystatin A-transfected SVHK cells. The effects were also observed in cystatin A expression adenovirus vector-transfected cultured normal human keratinocytes (NHK). Conversely knockdown of cystatin A by si-RNA induced marked apoptosis of NHK cells following UVB irradiation accompanied with increased caspase 3 activity. In order to confirm the antiapoptotic effect of cystatin A in vivo UVB irradiation was performed on cystatin A transgenic mice (cystatin A-tg). The epidermis from cystatin A-tg was resistant to UVB-induced apoptosis compared to control mice epidermis. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that cystatin A suppresses UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes by the inhibition of caspase 3 activation.     

Roxithromycin decreases ultraviolet B irradiation-induced reactive oxygen intermediates production and apoptosis of keratinocytes

BACKGROUND: In addition to their antimicrobial action, roxithromycin (RXM), a new 14-membrane macrolide antibiotics, have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induces reactive oxygen intermediates and apoptosis of keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effect of RXM on UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. METHODS: UVB-induced apoptosis was determined by cell death assay using crystal violet staining, and DNA fragmentation assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and calatase activities were measured in UVB-irradiated SV40-trasnformed human keratinocytes (SVHK cells). Detection of superoxide was performed histologically using hydroethidine and colorimetric quantitative assay using ferrous irons. H(2)O(2) was measured by colorimetrical assay. RESULTS: RXM suppressed UVB-induced apoptosis of SVHK cells. UVB-irradiated SVHK cells showed decreased SOD, GPx, GR, and catalase activities. RXM pretreatment suppressed the decrease in these enzyme activities with the maximal effect detected at 10microM of RXM. The effect was associated with suppression of UVB-induced superoxide and H(2)O(2) production. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that RXM has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects against UVB-irradiated keratinocytes.     

存活素反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的探讨存活素反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法以脂质体介导存活素反义寡核苷酸转染体外培养的角质形成细胞。采用MTT方法观察存活素反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞生长曲线的影响;采用RT-PCR方法观察存活素反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞存活素表达水平的影响;采用流式细胞仪检测存活素反义寡核苷酸对角质形成细胞细胞周期和凋亡的影响。结果存活素反义寡核苷酸作用于角质形成细胞后,细胞增殖受到明显抑制,存活素mRNA表达水平明显下降,细胞出现明显的凋亡现象。结论存活素反义寡核苷核酸能够抑制角质形成细胞增殖,促进角质形成细胞凋亡。提示存活素可能会成为一个新的治疗银屑病的靶分子。     

Comparison of indirubin concentrations in indigo naturalis ointment for psoriasis treatment: a randomized,double‐blind,dosage‐controlled trial

Corticosteroids are commonly used topical (applied to the skin) therapies in psoriasis; although beneficial, there are concerns about their prolonged use and there is a need for effective alternatives. Many herbal remedies have been used topically, although evidence for their benefit is often limited. Indigo naturalis has been used for several years in Chinese traditional medicine; unfortunately, when taken by mouth it can cause gastro‐intestinal side effects or liver damage. Previous studies have shown it may be effective, as a crude ointment or a refined preparation, containing the active ingredient indirubin, which causes less skin staining than the crude preparation. Indirubin has anti‐inflammatory properties and reduces the excessive turnover of cells called keratinocytes in the outermost layer of skin, the epidermis, which is seen in psoriasis. The authors, based in Taiwan, aimed to find the optimal concentration of indirubin in a topical preparation. They recruited 109 adults with psoriasis affecting less than 20% body surface area. The subjects received different concentrations of indirubin (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/g) for an 8 week treatment period, followed by a further 12 week monitoring period. The researchers measured the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) before and after treatment, which is a measurement of how severe a person's psoriasis is. 200 μg/g was the most effective concentration: in this group 56.5% of patients achieved a 75% improvement and 30.4% a 90% improvement in PASI score, with a reduction of itching. The improvement was maintained after discontinuing treatment. No major side effects were observed, although skin irritation occurred in some patients, even on the lowest dose. Clearly this study needs confirmation, but the authors propose that topical indirubin is beneficial in psoriasis, with an efficacy between that of a topical medicine called calcipotriol and the combination of calcipotriol with a potent corticosteroid, but with less toxicity than the latter.     

Subphysiological concentrations of extracellular calcium sensitize normal human keratinocytes to UVB-induced apoptosis

Abstract Normal human keratinocytes are stimulated to proliferate in serum-free medium containing subphysiological concentrations of calcium (0.09 mM, low calcium). In this study, we examined the effect of increased levels of extracellular calcium (2.0 mM, normal calcium) on UVB-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was assessed by changes in cellular morphology, annexind V-FITC flow cytometry, and the formation of internucleosomal DNA ladders. High doses of UVB induced keratinocytes grown in low calcium medium to undergo apoptosis. In contrast, keratinocytes grown for 72 h in normal calcium medium were completely resistant to UVB-induced apoptosis. No apoptosis was observed even at UVB doses as high as 1200 J/m². However, despite the lack of UVB-induced cell death, keratinocytes grown in normal calcium medium lost the ability to proliferate following high levels of UVB irradiation. High doses of UVB also increased the expression of the differentiation-specific proteins involucrin and cytokeratin 10 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, growth in normal calcium medium lowered the UVB-induced stimulation of the p53 protein and altered the normal subcellular localization pattern of p53. UVB irradiation of human keratinocytes grown in normal calcium medium may be inducing further cell differentiation in the absence of overt cell death. Received: 16 April 1998 / Received after revision: 31 August 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998     

1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects human keratinocytes from apoptosis by the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate.

Owing to its ability to induce growth arrest and differentiation of keratinocytes, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs are useful for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris. It has been implicated that the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of keratinocytes is mediated, at least in part, by the formation of ceramides; however, ceramides have also been identified to induce apoptosis in many cells, including keratinocytes. Therefore, it was of interest to investigate the influence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on apoptosis in keratinocytes. Most interestingly, physiological concentrations of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 did not induce apoptosis in keratinocytes, despite the formation of ceramides. Moreover, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 appeared cytoprotective and made keratinocytes resistant to apoptosis induced by ceramides, ultraviolet irradiation, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The cytoprotective effect was accompanied by the formation of the sphingolipid breakdown product sphingosine-1-phosphate, which prevented apoptosis in analogy to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The effect of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was specific as the almost inactive precursor cholecalciferol neither induced sphingosine-1-phosphate formation nor prevented cells from apoptosis. Besides this, the cytoprotective aptitude of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was completely abolished by the sphingosine kinase inhibitor N,N-dimethylsphingosine, which blocked sphingosine-1-phosphate formation. Moreover, sphingosine-1-phosphate was able to restore the cytoprotective effect of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the presence of N,N-dimethylsphingosine. Taken together, here we report for the first time that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects keratinocytes from apoptosis and additionally this cytoprotection is mediated via the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate.     

Retinoids induce apoptosis in cultured keratinocytes

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process linked to growth and differentiation, involving specific molecular and cellular events activated as a result of a variety of internal and external stimuli. OBJECTIVES: To examine the ability of physiological and synthetic retinoids to induce apoptosis in the BALB/MK mouse keratinocyte cell line. METHODS: Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry, various staining techniques and the TUNEL method. RESULTS: When keratinocytes were simultaneously exposed to retinoids and stimulated to differentiate at a high (1.5 mmol L(-1))extracellular Ca(2+) concentration over 48 h, apoptosis was induced. Of the retinoids tested, 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid and 3-methyl-tetrahydro-tetramethyl-naphthylenyl-propenyl benzoic acid were more potent than the others. In this system, the apoptosis induced by retinoids could not be correlated to the expression of tissue transglutaminase or epidermal transglutaminase. Furthermore, expression of antiapoptotic bcl-2 or proapoptotic Bax did not change significantly under the experimental conditions used, indicating that the regulation of apoptosis is complex and may be influenced by different factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that retinoids activating either retinoic acid receptors or retinoid X receptors can induce apoptosis in cultured keratinocytes. Moreover, the well-established inhibitory effect of retinoids on keratinocyte differentiation implies that the apoptotic programme represents a distinct biological process.