超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损封堵中的作用

目的:研究超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵中的作用,并与X线左室造影结果比较。方法:入选病例包括嵴内型VSD患者13例。二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图于胸骨旁左室长轴、大血管短轴及心尖五腔观测量缺损大小及其距主动脉右冠瓣、肺动脉瓣及三尖瓣的距离;术中行X线左室造影观测缺损口大小、距主动脉右冠瓣距离。封堵器释放后测量其腰部的直径。结果:二维超声心动图与彩色多普勒血流图除2例部分切面难以判断缺损口大小外,其余病例均显示缺损口大小及距各瓣的距离,大部分病例超声术前测量的缺损口大小与释放后封堵器的腰径相似。X线左室造影5例因造影角度不佳无法显示分流口大小,仅显示右室内存在分流;显示分流口的病例中部分明显小于释放后封堵器腰径。本组病例中1例封堵后出现少量主动脉瓣返流,1例术后出现封堵器移位,并出现残余分流。结论:超声心动图对嵴内型VSD封堵的术前选择优于X线左室造影。适合于嵴内型VSD封堵的患者缺损口不宜大于8mm,并无主动脉瓣脱垂。如缺损口过大可能出现术后主动脉瓣返流或封堵器移位。     

经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 :经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部室间隔缺损 (perimembranousventricularseptaldefect,PMVSD) ,并对其疗效进行初步分析。方法 :18例室间隔缺损 (VSD)中男性 8例 ,女性 10例 ,平均年龄 7 6岁 ,平均体重 2 6 9kg。局麻下行右心导管检查 ,左室造影测量室缺大小 ,经VSD建立股动脉 股静脉轨道 ,封堵器沿传送装置送至左室 ,打开左侧伞并确认铂金标记 (MARK)位于 6点位 ,指向心尖 ,在室间隔右室侧打开右侧伞 ,经超声心动图和左室造影确认封堵器位置良好 ,无残余分流 ,无三尖瓣及主动脉瓣关闭不全后释放封堵器。结果 :18例VSD患者封堵手术均获成功。VSD平均大小 3 9mm ,所选封堵器平均大小 7 1mm ,放射线观察MARK均在 6点位置。封堵效果良好 ,术后 2 4h左室舒张末径明显缩小 ;术后 2 4h仅 2例有微量残余分流 ,无 1例出现主动脉瓣关闭不全 ,无其它严重并发症 ,平均住院3 5d。结论 :经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部VSD封堵效果好 ,恢复快 ,免除开胸创伤及体外循环等高风险 ,值得进一步推广。     

室间隔缺损并发主动脉瓣脱垂的介入治疗及评价

目的:探讨室间隔缺损(VSD)并发轻度主动脉瓣脱垂(AVP)的介入治疗的可行性,并评价其近中期疗效。方法:采用国产新型VSD封堵器对27例并发AVP的VSD患者进行封堵治疗,经胸超声心动图显示VSD的直径。所有患者术后进行定期随访。结果:27例患者中,嵴内型VSD10例,膜周部VSD17例,皆不伴主动脉瓣关闭不全,其中右冠瓣脱垂20例,左冠瓣脱垂6例,右冠瓣脱垂并无冠瓣脱垂1例;左心室造影显示缺损直径2～12(4.54±1.93)mm,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣0～1(0.35±0.25)mm。27例患者封堵成功22例,成功率81.5%。封堵成功的22例患者术后即刻左心室造影及心脏超声检查无分流、无主动脉瓣及三尖瓣反流。术后随访6～30(平均18)个月,未发生主动脉瓣穿孔或反流,亦无二尖瓣和三尖瓣关闭不全,未出现新发心律失常。结论:国产VSD封堵器可以成功封堵并发轻度AVP的VSD,近中期疗效佳,远期疗效需要进一步随访观察。     

国产封堵器治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损的临床研究

目的:报道使用国产封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(VSD)的体会.方法:嵴内型VSD患者15例,行介入封堵治疗,根据缺损上缘距主动脉右冠瓣距离分:≥0～＜1 mm(A组)、≥1～＜2 mm(B组)、≥2～≤3mm(C组),依此制定封堵策略,选择封堵器和封堵方式.结果:①15例患者封堵成功率100%,无并发症发生;②15例嵴内型VSD患者A组3例,B组8例,C组4例;③根据缺损口大小及分组分别使用零偏心型、偏心型、对称型封堵器均封堵成功;④改良猪尾导管在嵴内型VSD封堵术中效果显著.结论:国产封堵器介入封堵嵴内型VSD安全、有效、并发症少、费用低,可作为有封堵适应证VSD患者的首选.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在主动脉窦瘤破裂封堵术中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）在主动脉窦瘤破裂（RASA）封堵术中的价值。方法应用CDE筛选15例RASA适应证实施封堵术,封堵术中应用CDE监测,封堵术后应用CDE判断疗效并跟踪随访。结果根据CDE图像特征表现对15例RASA中的主动脉哪个窦破入到哪个心腔及合并畸形全部做出正确诊断,CDE筛选的15例RASA实施封堵术全部获得成功。结论 CDE在RASA封堵术中具有重要临床价值,术前应明确指出主动脉哪个窦破入到哪个心腔、破口直径及除外合并室间隔缺损是封堵成功的关键;术中监测和术后判断封堵器位置是否正常,有无过破口处残余分流束血流信号以及封堵器是否影响主动脉瓣的功能很重要。     

经食管超声心动图在微创室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用

目的 评价经食管超声心动图(transoesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在微创外科室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的临床价值.方法 经胸超声心动图检查粗筛27例室间隔缺损(VSD)患者,拟行微创外科非体外循环下封堵治疗.术前行TEE,根据VSD位置、类型、大小选择合适的封堵器;术中TEE引导封堵器放置,评价即刻封堵效果;术后1周内复查.结果 3例患者术前TEE剔除,20例患者封堵成功,TEE显示19例无残余分流,1例微量残余分流;4例患者转体外循环进行VSD修补,其中2例有残余分流,2例出现主动脉瓣反流;20例微创封堵成功患者术后1周内超声随访,均见封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,左心室重构改善,三尖瓣反流程度减轻,肺动脉压力下降.结论 TEE对选择适合行微创封堵的VSD患者、选择封堵器大小、协助封堵器的释放、评价疗效均有重要作用.微创VSD封堵安全、有效.     

流出道型肌部室间隔缺损介入治疗的临床研究

目的:探讨流出道型肌部室间隔缺损(VSD)介入治疗适应证的选择,评价其近期疗效。方法:采用国产新型零偏心VSD封堵器对51例流出道型肌部VSD患者进行封堵治疗。经胸超声心动图显示VSD的直径2~10(5.2±2.3)mm。所有患者在透视及超声监测下建立股动、静脉轨道,经右心系统释放封堵器,并分别于术后1、3、6、12个月通过经胸超声心动图检查、12导联心电图检查等,从残余分流、瓣膜功能、心功能、心电图及封堵器直径变化率5方面进行随访评价。结果:45例患者封堵器置入成功,技术成功率88.2%。6例未成功者分别为:3例伴轻微主动脉瓣脱垂者,3例超声判断误差。40例患者接受了1~12(平均8.6)个月的随访,所有随访病例中,无新增加的三尖瓣关闭不全,无主动脉瓣穿孔,2例出现少量主动脉反流者,其中1例为封堵器出现微移位。无其他严重并发症发生。封堵器置入即刻及随访6个月,左室舒张末径进行性缩小,而右室舒张末前后径及射血分数未见明显变化。封堵器置入24h,封堵器腰部直径较置入即刻发生轻微变化,随访1、3、6、12个月无明显变化。结论:缺损直径在10mm以内且无主动脉反流的流出道型肌部VSD可以选择介入治疗,其近期效果良好。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在中老年动脉导管未闭介入治疗中的价值

目的探寻彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)在中老年动脉导管未闭(PDA)介入治疗中的价值。方法应用CDE筛选155例中老年PDA,用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)估测PDA肺动脉端直径与心血管造影测量PDA肺动脉端直径进行统计学相关检验,观察CDFI估测PDA直径的准确性,所有患者均行经皮穿刺封堵术介入治疗,术后再用CDE观察介入治疗效果。结果根据CDE特征对所有中老年PDA患者全部做出正确诊断,根据CDE筛选155例中老年PDA实施介入治疗全部获得成功。中老年PDA的CDE特征和规律性明显:(1)M型超声和二维超声心动图显示左心房(93.5%)、左心室(51.6%)内径不同程度增大,室间隔与左室后壁运动幅度增大。(2)所有患者CDFI均显示过动脉导管左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号。(3)根据CDFI测量PDA肺动脉端分流束血流信号宽度判断PDA肺动脉端直径与心血管造影对照,二者呈显著正相关(r=0.73,P<0.001)。(4)中老年PDA合并心脏瓣膜关闭不全明显增多,其中二尖瓣关闭不全(78.7%)、主动脉瓣关闭不全(61.3%)、三尖瓣关闭不全(34.8%)、肺动脉瓣关闭不全(30.3%)。(5)中老年PDA合并肺动脉高压明显增多(46.5%)。(6)中老年PDA患者女性(83.9%)明显多于男性(16.1%)。结论中老年PDA的CDE特征和规律性明显,CDE在中老年PDA介入治疗中具有重要价值。     

经胸超声心动图在室间隔缺损经导管封堵术中的应用价值

目的：探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在室间隔缺损(VSD)经导管封堵术中的应用价值。方法：12例VSD患者，膜周部缺损11例，肌部缺损1例。TIE明确VSD最大伸展径，VSD边缘距周围瓣膜(主动脉瓣、三尖瓣)根部的距离，选择合适型号的封堵器(国产双盘状封堵器)，封堵器型号比VSD伸展径大1～2mm。结果：在TIE和X线引导下，12例VSD成功封堵。术后即刻穿隔血流消失，术后24h、1周及3月复查TIE显示封堵器呈“H”状夹闭VSD，     

室间隔缺损封堵术后并发心尖部室壁瘤形成一例

患男,5岁。2003年5月因“膜部室间隔缺损（VSD）,室水平左向右分流”行VSD封堵术,VSD直径10．2mm,距主动脉右冠状动脉瓣2．5mm,使用Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器,直径14mm。成功封堵室间隔缺损后,即刻、48h内、术后1个月均行超声心动图检查,结果：封堵器位置固定,左向右分流消失,未发现主动脉瓣反流,未见三尖瓣微量反流有增加表现。右心室回缩较明显,左心室前后径舒张末期为40mm,较术前无明显改变（术前仅见外院报告左心室舒张末内径为39．0mm,未见测量图）。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.