小学生体质量指数对执行功能的影响

探讨体质量指数(BMI)与小学生执行功能的关系,为非正常范围BMI小学生执行功能的早期干预提供参考依据.方法 采用BMI测试与执行功能的Flanker,1-back,More-odd shifting任务对从湖北省荆州市和江苏省常州市分层抽取的1 086名小学生的身高、体重以及执行功能各子功能进行测量.结果 在控制性别与年级后,在抑制功能均值上,超重肥胖与正常体重小学生之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),超重肥胖(6.16 ms)>正常体重(-1.46 ms);在刷新功能均值上,超重肥胖与低体重、正常体重小学生之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),超重肥胖(1 071.31 ms)>低体重(942.12 ms)与正常体重(935.62 ms);在转换功能均值上,超重肥胖与正常体重、低体重小学生之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),超重肥胖(401.07 ms)>正常体重(362.11 ms)与低体重(341.97ms);在抑制、刷新与转换功能均值上,低体重与正常体重小学生之间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 超重肥胖小学生抑制功能差于正常体重小学生,超重肥胖小学生的刷新与转换功能差于正常体重与低体重小学生;低体重与正常体重小学生执行功能差异不明显.     

中学生体质量指数及减肥行为与体重认知错误的关系

了解无锡市青少年体质量指数状况及减肥行为与体重认知错误之间的相关关系,为保障身心健康发展提供支持.方法 在无锡市方便抽取4所中学的960名中学生进行问卷及身高、体重的测试,分析体重认知错误与减肥行为之间的关系.结果 无锡市中学生体型消瘦的比例为6.77%,超重肥胖的比例为26.77%.中学生高估自身体重的报告率为29.58%,低估的报告率为33.33%,认知正确的报告率为37.08%.男生高估体重的报告率为18.01%,女生为41.53%,差异有统计学意义(x2=63.57,P<0.01);男生低估体重的报告率为45.08%,女生为21.19%,差异有统计学意义(x2=61.65,P<0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,认为超重肥胖的中学生无论客观体重如何,与自认为体重正常的学生相比发生减肥行为的可能性高达109.75倍(P<0.01).对自身体重高估的中学生比正确认知体重学生更容易发生减肥行为[OR值(OR值95%CI)=10.44(7.01~15.55),P<0.01],并且男生和女生存在同样的趋势.结论 应对无锡市中学生的体重观进行干预和引导,以形成正确的体重观念,保障身心健康发展.     

太原市高三学生体质量指数与血压的关系

近年来,儿童青少年高血压发病率不断上升,且青少年的血压水平发展呈现年龄趋向性和“轨迹”现象,已引起国内外广泛重视[1].有研究表明,成年期高血压的发生从儿童青少年时期就已开始[2-3].高三学生已接近成年,血压测定值比儿童期稳定,同时面对着紧张的生活节奏及升学压力.为进一步了解该时期学生血压水平,为预防成年后高血压的发生提供科学依据,本文对太原市3 884名高三学生体质量指数与血压的关系进行了横断面调查.报道如下.     

苏州大学学生体质量指数和饮食相关行为调查

目的了解苏州大学学生体质量指数和饮食相关行为现状,为采取相应营养教育措施提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对苏州大学学生进行饮食相关行为问卷调查,采用体质量指数评价营养状况。结果被调查学生体重过低占17.4%,超重和肥胖占5.8%。不同体质量指数学生不良饮食行为存在显著差别,超重和肥胖者不吃早餐、爱吃路边摊和爱喝饮料的比例较高,而体重过低者偏食比例较高。体重自我评价正确率较低,为53.1%,女生采取措施控制体重的人数多于男生。结论不良饮食行为和对自身体重的错误评价可能是导致大学生体质量指数异常的原因。应对大学生进行有关饮食行为和体重控制的营养教育。     

唐山市中小学生体质量指数与血压关系分析

了解唐山市中小学生体质量指数和高血压患病率的基本情况,为开展学生乃至全民高血压的早期预防提供科学依据.方法 从唐山市所辖区县的中小学校采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取3 746名学生,测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压和舒张压.结果 正常体重、超重、肥胖学生高血压患病率分别为1.54%,7.61%,34.31%,差异有统计学意义(x2=651.80,P<0.05);城市学生高血压患病率和超重肥胖率分别为7.77%,10.87%,农村分别为1.85%,5.38%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为71.05,37.60,P值均<0.05);男生高血压患病率为6.41%,女生为2.90%,差异有统计学意义(x2 =24.74,P<0.05),而超重肥胖率性别间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.78,P>0.05).结论 唐山市中小学生高血压患病率与体质量指数呈正相关,提示应把超重肥胖学生作为一级预防的重点人群.     

深圳市中小学生血压与体质量指数的关系

探讨深圳市中小学生血压与体质量指数(BMI)的关系,为高血压的早期预防提供参考.方法 抽取深圳市小学、初中、高中各10所共40 989名学生为研究对象,对学生身高、体重和血压数据进行测量和分析.结果 高血压检出率达12.49%,高收缩压和高舒张压检出率分别为9.07%和5.70%.不同营养状况学生高血压、高收缩压、高舒张压检出率差异均有统计学意义(X2值分别为340.630,668.535,101.548,P值均<0.01),肥胖学生高血压、高收缩压和高舒张压检出率均最高,分别为23.79%,19.72%和9.61%;营养正常学生高血压、高收缩压和高舒张压检出率分别为10.67%,7.38%和5.15%.相关性分析显示,不同性别学段学生收缩压、舒张压均与BMI呈正相关(P值均<0.01).结论 深圳市中小学生血压状况不容乐观,血压与BMI存在正相关,应多关注超重肥胖儿童的血压状况.     

7~18岁学生体质量指数与身体素质的关系

探索7~18岁学生体质量指数(BMI)与5项身体素质指标的关系,为相关研究提供理论和数据支持.方法 从2014年河南省学生体质与健康调研资料中抽取7~18岁学生共43 665名,依据各性别年龄组的BMI百分位数将受试对象划分为非常低、低、正常、高、非常高5组,利用5个身体素质测量指标计算身体素质指数(PFI).结果 男生表现为在BMI正常的情况下身体素质最好(PFI=0.45),在BMI低(PFI=0.28)和非常低(PFI=-0.31)的情况下次之,在BMI高(PFI=-1.50)和非常高(PFI =-3.56)的情况下最差;女生表现为在BMI正常(PFI=0.24)、低(PFI=0.28)、非常低(PFI=0.21)的情况下身体素质较好,在BMI高(PFI=-0.90)和非常高(PFI=-2.04)的情况下较差.PFI为因变量、BMI为自变量的非线性关系表现为开口向下的抛物线,回归方程式分别为男生7~10岁:y=-0.023x2 +0.532x-2.183,11 ~ 12岁:y=-0.008x2-0.02x+3.417,13~ 15岁:y=-0.036x2+1.372x-12.680,16~18岁:y=-0.049x2+1.974x-19.463;女生7~10岁:y=-0.013x2+ 0.263x-0.622,11~12岁:y=-0.01 6x2 +0.41 1x-2.092,13~ 15岁:y=-0.017x2+0.575x-4.295,16~ 18岁:y=-0.013x2 +0.414x-2.948.结论 身体素质在BMI正常时最好,在BMI低和非常低时次之,高和非常高时最差;BMI与PFI之间的关系为菲线性,且从少年到青春期根据年龄的差异而不同,多数情况下该关系呈现抛物线形.     

通辽市大学生饮食行为与体质量指数分析

目的 了解通辽市大学生饮食习惯、膳食结构和体质状况,为改进学校膳食管理和培养学生良好的饮食习惯提供依据.方法 随机抽取内蒙古民族大学和通辽职业学院2006级大学生113名,采用问卷调盘、24 h膳食回顾和体质量指数计算相结合的方法进行膳食状况调查和身高、体重测量.结果 通辽市男、女大学生不常吃早餐的比例分别为18.4%和17.2%,50.0%以上的学生坚持常喝牛奶,女生常常晚餐节食的比例高达46.9%.男、女大学生谷类、畜禽肉类摄入量均明显高于建议量,摄入量与建议量的比值男生分别为157.1%和118.7%,女生分别为116.7%和122.0%;水产品、水果、蛋类、蔬菜、豆类及豆制品摄入量均低于建议量,其中男、女生水产品摄入量仅为建议量的16.0%和14.7%.男、女生平均体质量指数均在正常范围之内,但超重或肥胖以及消瘦或营养不良均占有一定的比例,且后者比例高于前者.结论 男、女大学生的膳食结构、膳食习惯和体质状况均仔在一定的问题,需要学校有关部门和学生共同采取措施予以解决.     

河南大学生体质量指数与身体素质的关系

探索大学生体质量指数(BMI)与身体素质指数(PFI)之间的关系,为改善大学生体质提供参考.方法 对参加2014年全国学生体质健康调研的河南省大学生,依据各性别年龄组的BMI百分位数划分为非常高(BMI≥P95)、高(P85≤BMI相似文献   

深圳市小学一年级学生膳食模式与体质量指数的关联

分析深圳市小学一年级学生的膳食模式及其与体质量指数(BMI)的关联,为指导学生科学膳食行为提供参考.方法 按照随机整群抽样原则,于2016年7-10月在深圳市抽取33所小学,以抽中学校的全部一年级学生共6 089名为调查对象.采用家长自填问卷的方式进行膳食调查,共调查14种食物的摄入频率,分析学生的膳食行为模式.采用有序Logistic回归模型分析不同膳食行为与儿童BMI的关联.结果 小学一年级学生中超重率为9.9%(605名),肥胖率为12.2%(742名);其中男生超重率为10.8%(360名),肥胖率为15.1%(489名);女生超重率为8.9%(345名),肥胖率为9.1%(253名).男生超重、肥胖率均高于女生(x2值分别为6.587,43.747,P值均<0.01).共提取了高糖高脂饮食、相对均衡饮食、高蛋白饮食、蔬菜水果饮食、补品饮食5种膳食模式,方差贡献率分别为0.245,0.170,0.076,0.070,0.069,累计方差贡献率为0.630.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高糖高脂饮食会增加超重肥胖的风险(OR=1.069),相对均衡饮食则是超重肥胖的保护因素(OR=0.912).结论 深圳市不同性别小学一年级学生有不同的饮食模式和特点,高糖高脂饮食是主要的饮食行为,且与肥胖相关,应采取积极措施进行早期干预.     

Prevention of mildly overweight children from development of more overweight condition

BACKGROUND: A follow-up study has reported that not only highly obese but also mildly obese children are becoming heavier during the elementary school children. Then we determined the effect of programs for the screening and treatment of overweight elementary school children whether the programs prevented mildly overweight children from development of more overweight condition. METHODS: Subjects were 40 overweight children who participated in both screening and treatment programs. As controls, only 240 children who participated in the screening program were used. The mean observation periods of the subjects and controls were 14 and 12 months, respectively. RESULTS: In both groups, older and heavier children significantly decreased their indices of overweight (percent relative body weight; %RBW), indicating that mildly obese children worsened their %RBW. However, the incidence of children who worsened their %RBW was significantly lower in the subjects (5 of 40) than in the controls (133 of 240) (P < 0.0001). Finally, the subjects significantly reduced their mean %RBW (P < 0.0001) and the controls significantly worsened it (P = 0.0093). CONCLUSION: The treatment program was found important because it prevents mildly overweight children who may worsen their overweight indices without the program from developing more overweight condition.     

Risk factors for overweight in children from Southern Brazil

Risk factors for overweight were investigated in a cross-sectional survey of children aged 12-59 months in the Southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre (n = 2,660). Odds ratios (OR) for overweight, defined by weight/height > 2 z-scores of the NCHS standards, were estimated for socioeconomic and demographic conditions, social environment, and childhood health events. Prevalence of overweight was 6.5%. In the multivariate model, the odds of overweight were positively associated with maternal education (schooling > 12 years, OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.21-4.60; 9-11 years, OR = 2.07; 95%CI: 1.16-3.70) and family income per capita > 2 times the minimum wage (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.13-3.08) and negatively associated with maternal work (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.52-0.99). Odds were higher for children born large-for-gestational-age (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.36-3.85) and lower for children born small (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.33-0.99), as compared to those born with adequate birth weight for gestational age. Paternal schooling, parental occupation, and maternal age at the child's birth were associated with overweight in the unadjusted model only. Programs are needed to prevent overweight during childhood, with special attention to families and children at increased risk.     

Chronic constipation in overweight children

BACKGROUND: Obesity and functional constipation seem to share a common biopsychosocial model of causation. Though chronic constipation can significantly affect the quality of life of an overweight child, this association has not been highlighted in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the proportion of overweight children among children with chronic constipation with a control group of children with normal bowel habits. METHODS: Retrospective chart review with a control population. One hundred one consecutive children 5-18 years of age referred to the Subspecialty Clinic for functional constipation were the study group. The control group consisted of 100 consecutive children from the general pediatric practice seen for physicals and minor illnesses. Children with a body mass index (BMI) of >85 percentile from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2000 chart were classified as overweight. RESULTS: The control and study groups were statistically comparable in mean age (10.97 +/- 3.83 years and 8.07 +/- 2.56 years, respectively) and gender ratio (58 males in each group). Thirty children in the control group and 44 in the study population were overweight (p < .05). Among children with chronic constipation, the group of overweight children was male predominant (70.45% vs 47.36%, p < .05), had increased incidence of psychological/behavioral problems (45.45% vs 22.8%, p < .05), and was more likely to fail treatment (40.9% vs 21.05%, p < .05). There was no significant difference in the clinical profile of constipation, such as mean duration of constipation before presentation, sex ratio, incidence of painful defecation, and soiling and frequency of defecation between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be an association between chronic severe constipation and being overweight. Children with constipation are more likely to be overweight when compared with controls. Among children with chronic constipation, overweight individuals seem to constitute a distinct clinical group. This group is male predominant, has increased incidence of psychological/behavioral disorders, and is more likely to fail treatment.     

超重肥胖中小学生生活质量的饮食及相关行为干预效果评价

探讨“5-1-1-0”干预模式对超重、肥胖中小学生生活质量的作用,为儿童肥胖的预防提供技术支持.方法 选取北京市某远郊县的4所小学二~六年级和4所初中七~八年级的超重肥胖儿童,干预校和对照校分别包括2所小学和2所初中,分别有129名、79名学生.对干预校进行为期3个月的5-1-1-0健康生活方式干预,对照校开展正常的健康课和体育课.结果 干预组干预前后生活质量总分分别为(145.45±17.77),(148.26±20.00),差异无统计学意义;对照组干预前后生活质量总分分别为(144.96±16.64),(146.75±19.20),差异无统计学意义.干预后干预组学生同伴关系、生活质量满意度、自我满意度和其他方面的得分均高于对照组(P值均<0.05).干预组干预后学生的活动机会性、运动能力和生活环境得分均较干预前明显升高(P值均<0.05),对照组干预前后各维度因子得分以及总分、标准T分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).干预前与干预后两组生活质量等级分布差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 5-1-1-0行为干预模式能有效改善超重肥胖中小学生生活质量.     

南昌市近郊区超重与肥胖儿童血清双酚A水平调查

目的了解南昌市近郊区儿童血清双酚A(BPA)水平与超重或肥胖的关系。方法于2014年调查南昌市近郊3所小学的7~11岁儿童176名,由家长统一填写调查表问卷,按照中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)制定的标准筛查超重与肥胖。采用间接竞争酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测定血清BPA含量,采用直接化学发光法测定血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)含量,比较体重正常与超重或肥胖儿童的血清BPA及性激素水平。结果 176名调查儿童中,超重率为13.1%,肥胖率为2.9%,血清BPA检出率为68.0%,BPA中位数为2.16 ng/ml。BPA与各激素水平的关联均无统计学意义(P0.05)。调整混杂因素后,多因素logistic回归分析显示,BPA水平是超重或肥胖的危险因素(OR=2.150,95%CI:1.215~3.804),各性激素对超重或肥胖的影响均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与血清BPA水平较低(2.16 ng/ml)的儿童相比,BPA较高水平(2.16~6.13 ng/ml)的儿童发生超重或肥胖的风险为4.727倍,BPA更高水平(6.13 ng/ml)的儿童发生超重或肥胖的风险为3.595倍。结论南昌市近郊区儿童存在BPA暴露,且BPA暴露可能是儿童超重与肥胖的重要危险因素之一。     

The influence of a behavioral weight management program on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in children with overweight

Background

Behavioral interventions targeting children with overweight have been successful in facilitating weight loss; however, there is concern that these programs produce disordered eating attitudes among youth.

Objective

The purpose of this research was to determine whether youth with overweight receiving one of two behavioral interventions were more likely to report an increase in disordered eating attitudes over time compared to a waitlist control and to determine psychosocial predictors of eating-disordered attitudes at 6-month follow-up.

Design

Participants were randomized to one of two behavioral lifestyle interventions or a waitlist control. Data were collected at baseline, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up.

Participants/setting

Participants were 68 youths with overweight, aged 8 to 13 years, and their parent(s) who lived in rural north central Florida. The project ran from January 2006 to January 2008.

Intervention

Each treatment condition consisted of 12 group sessions over 16 weeks.

Main outcome measures

Parents completed a demographic form and the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Children completed the Children's Eating Attitudes Test, Schwartz Peer Victimization Scale, and Children's Body Image Scale.

Statistical analyses performed

Mixed 2×2 analyses of variance were used to examine the effect of treatment on eating attitudes. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess whether baseline levels of psychosocial variables predicted disordered eating attitudes at follow-up, controlling for baseline eating attitudes and treatment condition.

Results

Youth who participated in the behavioral interventions did not report significant increases in disordered eating attitudes over time compared to the waitlist control. Across all conditions, higher levels of body dissatisfaction, peer victimization, parent restrictive feeding practices, and concern for child weight at baseline predicted higher levels of disordered eating attitudes at follow-up.

Conclusions

These findings do not provide evidence that behavioral interventions lead to an increase in unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors. Future research should examine the effects of incorporating eating disorder prevention in pediatric weight management programs.     

Interventions to prevent overweight in children

There are only few controlled studies on prevention of overweight in children and adolescence. These studies differ with respect to strategy, setting, duration, focus, variables of outcome and statistical power. Universal and school-based interventions show some improvement of health knowledge and health-related behaviours but they have only minor or no effects on nutritional status. However they reduce the incidence of overweight. The effects seem to be more pronounced in girls than in boys. Children of middle and high class as well as children with intact families benefit better from intervention than children with low socioeconomic status. Selected prevention in overweight children was most successful when children were treated together with their parents. However there are social barriers limiting the success. Simple interventions in a single area are unlikely to work on their own. The development of effective preventive interventions likely require strategies that affect multiple settings simultaneously. At present there is no concerted action but many strategies are followed in isolation. There is need for national campaigns and action plans on childhood overweight and obesity. It is tempting to speculate that this will also increase the effects of isolated approaches.     

Enhanced behavioral inhibition in restrained eaters

Lack of inhibitory control has been found to play a decisive role in disordered eating behavior. Behavioral and self-report measures show impulsive tendencies to even occur in non-clinical samples, e.g. restrained eaters. In restrained eaters, these traits interact with high reactivity to food-related cues leading to overeating. The aim of the present study was to investigate if restrained eaters would show this behavioral disinhibition specifically in response to food cues. Participants performed a Go/No-Go-task with stimuli encircled by pictures of high caloric foods or neutral objects. In contrast to our hypotheses, restrained eaters made less commission errors than unrestrained eaters independent of the picture type. Restrained eaters had higher reaction time as compared to unrestrained eaters solely when confronted with food pictures, indicating an attentional bias toward these stimuli. We interpret our results such that the lack of inhibitory control in restrained eaters is situation specific rather than general. We further speculate that exposure to food cues might have increased their behavioral inhibition as in real life situation when they succeed in maintaining their goal of restrained food intake.     

Self-perception in overweight and obese children: a cross-sectional study

Aim   The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and self-esteem in children in relation to specific domains of their self-perception, and further to explore the extent to which this may vary by gender and economic circumstances.
Method   A total of 211 children aged 8–9 years drawn from both advantaged and disadvantaged areas of Belfast completed the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children and measures of body mass index were obtained.
Results   Overweight, impoverished children had significantly reduced social acceptance and physical competence scores. Boys had significantly lower scores than girls in the behavioural conduct domain. Girls had significantly lower scores than boys for the athletic competence.
Conclusion   These results suggest that risk factors of increased weight and impoverished backgrounds have a combined negative effect, placing some children at increased risk of having lower self-perceptions in some, but not all domains. Health interventions for childhood obesity should consider the likelihood of specific relationships between physical and psychosocial factors.