冬季成人急性呼吸道疾病住院患者肺炎支原体抗体检测及分析

目的 了解冬季住院既往体健和有慢性肺部基础疾病患者急性呼吸道疾病的肺炎支原体感染情况.方法 选择2008年12月中旬至2009年3月北京军区总医院呼吸内科收治的急性呼吸道疾病患者73例,应用被动明胶颗粒凝集试验检测患者血清中肺炎支原体抗体滴度,以抗体滴度≥1:160判为阳性.结果 既往体健组的肺炎支原体感染率为48.3%,慢性肺部基础疾病组肺炎支原体感染率为22.7%,两组之间感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).既往体健组的年龄明显小于有基础性肺部疾病组(P<0.05),而且MP的感染率与性别无关(P>0.05).结论 既往体健的急性呼吸道感染青壮年患者肺炎支原体感染率明显高于有慢性肺部基础疾病的患者.     

肺炎支原体的实验室检测技术研究进展

肺炎支原体是引起呼吸道感染的重要病原体之一。近年来,我国肺炎支原体发病率呈不断上升趋势,占小儿肺部疾病发病率的30%。肺炎支原体感染后早期临床症状不典型,并且对作用于细胞壁的抗生素不敏感,所以早期实验室检测对肺炎支原体的治疗具有重要意义。因此,本文就关于肺炎支原体检测的实验研究进展及展望进行简要综述。     

老年呼吸道感染者血清肺炎支原体抗体检测及临床意义

本文应用间接血凝法对１２５例老年呼吸道感染患者，９７例老年对照组及９２例非老年呼吸道感染患者进行血清肺炎支原体抗体的检测。结果发现老年呼吸道感染组血清肺炎支原体抗体阳性率明显高于老年对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。与非老年呼吸道感染组相比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明肺炎支原体已成为老年呼吸道感染的常见病原体之一。     

肺炎支原体及流感病毒致患者呼吸道感染流行病学特征分析

目的探讨肺炎支原体及流感病毒致呼吸道感染的流行病学特点,为疾病诊疗提供依据。方法医院就诊患者722例,收集血清,采用间接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道病原体。结果 722例患者中呼吸道感染229例,感染率31.72%。肺炎支原体、流感病毒、肺炎支原体合并流感病毒感染149、58和22例,感染率分别为20.64%、8.03%和3.05%。16、16~、30~、50岁患者感染数分别为93、56、51和29例,感染率分别为40.26%、43.08%、30.91%和14.80%,其中肺炎支原体感染率分别为21.21%、29.23%、24.85%和10.71%,流感病毒感染率分别为14.29%、9.23%、5.45%和2.04%,肺炎支原体合并流感病毒感染率分别为4.76%、4.62%、0.61%和2.04%;男性患者感染101例,感染率为26.04%,其中肺炎支原体、流感病毒、合并感染的感染率分别为17.71%、7.03%和1.56%;女性患者感染128例,感染率为35.50%,感染率分别为23.96%、9.17%和4.73%。春季、夏季、秋季、冬季呼吸道感染患者分别为49、82、29和69例,感染率分别为33.33%、33.47%、23.77%和33.17%;肺炎支原体感染率分别为23.13%、18.37%、15.57%和24.52%,流感病毒感染率分别为8.84%、10.61%、5.74%和5.77%,合并感染率分别为1.36%、4.49%、2.46%和2.88%。结论 16~30岁的女性患者病原体感染率较高,以肺炎支原体感染为主,冬季肺炎支原体的感染率较高。     

老年社区获得性肺炎病原学分析

目的研究老年社区获得性肺炎患者的病原体分布。方法收集2005年6月-2008年5月在我院住院的128例老年CAP患者,留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养,分离鉴定细菌并进行药物敏感性试验,同时检测患者急性期和恢复期肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌血清抗体。结果 128例CAP患者60例（46.9%）病原学检查阳性,病原菌45株,其中主要为流感嗜血杆菌14株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌12株,肺炎链球菌10株。非典型病原阳性18例,主要为肺炎支原体13例,肺炎衣原体4例,3例为混合感染。流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率为14.3%;肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感率为30%,对阿齐霉素耐药率为60%;肺炎克雷伯菌产酶率16.7%,对含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复方抗生素制剂和亚胺培南敏感。结论老年患者肺炎以革兰阴性菌为优势菌株,对喹诺酮类和第3代头孢菌素具有不同程度的耐药性,对革兰阴性菌选用含有酶抑制剂的复方抗生素制剂或亚胺培南,非典型病原体的感染也占重要地位。     

青海省急性呼吸道感染病原学分析

目的了解青海省急性呼吸道感染常见病原,探讨高原地区发热呼吸道症候群的病原谱构成。方法采集急性呼吸道感染患者的呼吸道分泌物、血液和尿液标本,用多重RT-PCR方法对标本进行9种细菌(支原体、衣原体)和7种病毒核酸检测。结果受检患者329例,细菌(支原体、衣原体)阳性率为5.86%(19/324),病毒阳性率为14.94%(46/308),差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.08,P<0.01)。检出的细菌主要为肺炎链球菌(占47.37%),其次为肺炎克雷伯菌(占31.58%);检出的病毒主要为人腺病毒(占31.25%),其次为人副流感病毒(占27.08%)。男性患者病原体核酸阳性率为21.26%(44/207),女性患者为13.93%(17/122),差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.72,P>0.05)。结论青海高原地区急性呼吸道感染病原主要为人腺病毒、副流感病毒、流感病毒、肺炎链球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,且病毒性呼吸道疾病所占比例较大,提示高原地区发热呼吸道感染病原以病毒为主。     

老年呼吸道感染患者肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体感染情况分析

目的了解我院老年呼吸道感染患者肺炎衣原体(CP)和肺炎支原体(MP)感染状况,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据。方法采用胶体金法定性对263例老年呼吸道感染患者进行CP和MP及其血清抗体Ig G、Ig M检测。结果 263例老年呼吸道感染患者中,CP阳性52例,阳性率为19.8%;MP抗体阳性69例,阳性率为26.2%;MP阳性率略高于CP阳性率,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CP和MP阳性患者共121例,阳性率为46.0%。在52例CP阳性患者中,CP-Ig G阳性33例,阳性率为63.5%;CP-Ig M阳性19例,阳性率为36.5%;CP-Ig G阳性率显著高于CP-Ig M阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。在69例MP阳性患者中,MP-Ig G阳性43例,阳性率为62.9%;MP-Ig M阳性26例,阳性率为37.7%;MP-Ig G阳性率显著高于MP-Ig M阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论老年呼吸道感染患者中CP抗体和MP抗体阳性率较高,CP、MP阳性患者的Ig G阳性率高于Ig M阳性率,对于老年呼吸道感染患者,在进行痰细菌培养检测的同时应进行肺炎衣原体、支原体Ig G、Ig M的检测,才能做到早发现、早诊断,对患者进行正确的治疗。     

老年呼吸道感染患者9项呼吸道病原体感染状况分析

目的探讨黄石市中心医院住院老年肺部感染患者呼吸道9项病原体的感染情况,为临床诊断治疗提供依据。方法收集2011年5月至2014年5月黄石市中心医院收治的3032例住院的老年呼吸道感染患者住院当天的血清,采用间接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道感染9项病原体的Ig M抗体。结果 9项呼吸道病原体检出阳性者共1166例,占38.46%(1166/3032),其中单项呼吸道病原体感染1151例,占98.71%。阳性患者中感染肺炎支原体(MP)占70.28%(809/1151),腺病毒(ADV)占10.69%(123/1151),乙型流感病毒(Flu B)占6.95%(80/1151),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和副流感病毒(PIV)分别占6.60%(76/1151)及3.56%(41/1151),甲型流感病毒(Flu A)仅占1.91%(22/1151)。未发现Q热立克次体(COX)、嗜肺军团菌(LP)和肺炎衣原体(CP)感染者。结论 MP、ADV为黄石地区老年肺部感染患者呼吸道非细菌性病原体感染的主要致病原。对疑难病例早期进行9项呼吸道病原体联合检测,可以为临床提供病原学诊断,使患者得到及时治疗。     

呼吸系统疾患新生犊牛支原体感染监测

目的检测呼吸系统疾患新生牛犊支原体感染情况,研究犊牛呼吸系统支原体感染与母牛生殖道支原体感染的关系。方法利用培养基法、显微镜检查法、套式PCR等,对出生后有明显呼吸系统疾病症状的20头犊牛气管及肺内支原体感染情况进行检测,并以5头健康犊牛做作对照。结果 20头患病犊牛呼吸道内支原体检出率为70%,50%存在呼吸道黏膜细胞胞内感染;分离的支原体经鉴定为牛支原体、精氨酸支原体和人型支原体。结论呼吸系统疾患新生牛犊感染的支原体种类,与文献报道的从母体泌尿生殖道分离到的部分支原体相似,新生犊牛呼吸系统支原体感染与母牛泌尿生殖道支原体感染有密切关系。     

老年社区获得性肺炎的病原菌及药敏分析

目的分析老年社区获得性肺炎病原菌分布及抗菌药物敏感性特征。方法分析我院2009～3至2011～3收治102例老年CAP患者,采集呼吸道标本和血标本,进行细菌、肺炎支原体和肺炎衣原体检测。结果 102例CAP患者中,病原学检测阳性56例(54.9%),病原菌68株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌占57.2%,革兰氏阳性球菌占25.1%,真菌及其它占17.7%,革兰氏阴性杆菌前三位为肺炎克雷伯、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌。结论老年社区获得性肺炎感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主,药敏显示对喹诺酮类及三代头孢菌素有高的耐药性,对含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合抗生素及亚安培南敏感性高。     

Clinical analysis of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features, etiology, and outcome of patients over 65 years old hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PATIENTS: Eighty-four patients (50 males, 34 females) hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Hospital between April 1998 and March 2000. RESULTS: Most of the patients had respiratory symptoms or signs, but over one-third also had atypical symptoms of pneumonia such as dyspnea, consciousness disturbance, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The causative microorganisms were identified in 48% of these patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%), respiratory viruses (13%), Haemophilus influenzae (8%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (8%) were frequently identified, but Mycoplasma pneumoniae was less frequently noted in the elderly. Double infection was recognized in 19 % and a combination of some virus and bacteria in 13%. Treatment consisted of the administration of second or third generation cephalosporin antibiotics intravenously, because antibiotics had already been preadministered in 39%. The prognosis was poor (mortality rate 9%) for the elderly with community-acquired pneumonia despite mechanical ventilation in 8%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the range of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia differed slightly from that in previous reports; namely, lower frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, it is suggested that the initial antibiotic treatment should always cover S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. In addition, since a prevalence of virus infections related to the increase in community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly was found in this study, the routine use of influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccines in the elderly is recommended to reduce the high mortality rate.     

Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections

Two hundred children hospitalized for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) were investigated for Mycoplasma pneumoniae employing serological tests and a P1 adhesin gene-based polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) on nasopharyngeal aspirates. Serological evidence of M. pneumoniae infection was observed in 68 (34%) patients and PCR was positive in 20 (10%) children. Together PCR and/or enzyme immuno assay detected M. pneumoniae in 71(35.5%) children. Our data underline the role of M. pneumoniae in Indian children with community-acquired LRTIs even in children aged < 24 months.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections among hospitalized children: diagnosis by real time PCR

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila are increasingly recognized as important agents of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been also recognized as a cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rapid diagnosis of these infections among hospitalized children with community-acquired LRTI. During 2001, 65 children were prospectively studied. Microbiological investigation consisted of capillary PCR with a LightCycler for M. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila in induced sputum or throat swab specimens, IgM enzyme immunoassay for M. pneumoniae and immunofluorescence for L. pneumophila in paired sera. Serology testing showed acute M. pneumoniae infection in 18 (27.5%) patients and L. pneumophila in 1 (1.5%). M. pneumoniae was also detected in sputum specimen by capillary PCR in 9 (50%) serologically diagnosed cases, including 4 (22%) with non-diagnostic IgM levels in the acute phase. Capillary PCR and IgM enzyme immunoassay diagnosed together 15 (83%) M. pneumoniae cases in the acute phase. It is concluded that M. pneumoniae is an important cause of LRTI necessitating hospitalization among children in Greece. Capillary PCR in sputum may diagnose M. pneumoniae LRTI in the acute setting and direct therapy and isolation of patients.     

First report on clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Vietnamese children

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children, but there has been no clinical report on M. pneumoniae infections in Vietnamese children. We investigated the clinical features of M. pneumoniae infection when the pathogen was detected in the respiratory tract in hospitalized children aged 1-15 years due to lower respiratory tract infections or CAP in Vietnamese children. Throat swabs from 47 patients (18.6%) of 252 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CAP were PCR positive (male, 34; female, 13), and 21 throat swabs (8.3%) showed culture positive for M. pneumoniae. The M. pneumoniae pathogen could be detected by PCR and/or culture in 52 patients (male, 36; female, 16). The major clinical signs in the 52 patients were fever (>38 degrees C) in 100%, pharyngitis in 100%, tachypnea in 94%, dry cough in 86.5%, and rough breathing in 83% of patients. The average term of illness prior to hospitalization was 7.5+/-4.1 days, and the average number of hospitalized days was 7.9+/-3.5 days. Beta-lactam group antibiotics, which were ineffective against M. pneumoniae infection, were used in 37 cases (71%).     

Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: serological results of a paediatric survey

Serological methods are routinely used in the diagnosis of viral and atypical bacterial respiratory infections. Recently, they have also been applied to typical bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The aim of this study was to determine the aetiology of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in both ambulatory and hospitalized patients, by using antibody assays. During a 15-month prospective surveillance, paired sera were studied for antibodies to 14 microbes in 101 children with symptoms of acute infection and infiltrates compatible with pneumonia on chest radiographs. A potential causative agent was detected in 66 (65%) patients. Evidence of bacterial, viral and mixed viral-bacterial infection was demonstrated in 44%, 42% and 20% of the CAP cases, respectively. The most commonly found agents included Mycoplasma pneumoniae (27%), Pneumococcus (18%) and respiratory syncytial virus (17%). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was detected in 5 (5%) children. Pneumococcal infections were evenly distributed among the age groups studied. Our results confirm the role of S. pneumoniae in paediatric CAP at all ages, those of M. pneumoniae at >2 y of age and emphasize the emerging role of hMPV. The high proportion of mixed viral-bacterial infections highlights the need to treat all children with CAP with antibiotics.     

北京地区成人社区获得性肺炎非典型病原体流行病学调查

目的　对引起社区获得性肺炎 (CAP)的病原体进行流行病学调查 ,加强对非典型致病原重要性的认识。方法　收集 2 0 0 1年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 6月CAP患者共 10 3例。分别检测患者急性期及恢复期肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、肺炎衣原体血清抗体。应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)分别扩增肺炎支原体P1黏附蛋白基因及肺炎衣原体 16SrRNA基因。应用酶免疫测定 (EIA)方法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原。取患者急性期痰标本进行细菌培养 ,应用常规方法分离鉴定细菌。结果　 10 3例CAP患者 ,病原体检出率为 48.5%。 2 3例 (2 2 .3 % )检出肺炎支原体 ,3例 (2 .9% )检出嗜肺军团菌 ,2例 (1.9% )检出肺炎衣原体。 12例分离出肺炎链球菌 (11.7% )、9例分离出流感嗜血杆菌 (8.7% )、7例分离出肺炎克雷伯菌 (6.8% )。 6例患者存在混合感染 (5.8% ) ,其中 5例为肺炎支原体混合其他病原体。结论　非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在CAP中占据重要地位 ;肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌仍为常见的致病细菌 ;混合感染不容忽视     

Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with lower respiratory tract infections

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known to be a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children. We studied 75 children who had been hospitalized for community-acquired LRTIs for the detection of M. pneumoniae by serological analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 277-base pair region of 16S rDNA gene of M. pneumoniae applied to throat swab specimens. Serological and/or PCR positive results diagnosed M. pneumoniae infection in 23 (30.7%) patients.