早期非小细胞肺癌外科治疗进展

 外科手术是早期肺癌治疗的首选。肺癌的标准术式是肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫。但淋巴结清扫对肺癌的治疗作用尚存争议。近年来以胸腔镜为代表的微创胸外科技术在临床广泛开展,胸腔镜肺叶切除的安全性已得到认可,但用于肺癌的外科治疗是否能达到如同开胸手术一样的功效,尚未达成共识。医学影像技术进步使更多的早期肺癌得以被发现,对于直径小于2 cm的周围型肺癌,肺段切除或楔形切除能否取代肺叶切除成为此类型肺癌的标准手术方式,还有待新的证据出现。     

Thoracoscopic lobectomy for the management of non-small cell lung cancer

Surgical resection is the primary treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While open thoracotomy is the most frequently performed approach for lobectomy, minimally invasive surgical resection is a safe and viable alternative. Thoracoscopic lobectomy, also termed video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy, is defined as the anatomic resection of an entire lobe of the lung—including mediastinal lymph node dissection—using a thoracoscope and an access incision without using a mechanical retractor and spreading of the ribs. As the procedure has evolved and been studied, thoracoscopic lobectomy has been demonstrated to be a safe and oncologically effective strategy in the surgical management of patients with stage I or II NSCLC, as well as selected patients with stage III NSCLC after induction therapy. Advantages of this approach include less postoperative pain, shorter chest tube duration and subsequent length of stay, fewer overall complications, better compliance with adjuvant chemotherapy, faster return to full activity, and greater preservation of pulmonary function.     

Pulmonary Lobectomy Combined with Pulmonary Arterioplasty by Complete Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery in Patients with Lung Cancer

Objective: To explore the feasibility of pulmonary lobectomy combined with pulmonary arterioplasty bycomplete video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in patients with lung cancer, and summarize its surgical methods.Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with lung cancer in Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to CapitalMedical University from Feb., 2010 to Jun., 2013 were selected, males and females accounting for 15 and 6 cases,respectively. Ten underwent right upper lobectomy, 5 right lower lobectomy, 4 left upper lobectomy (in whichleft upper sleeve lobectomy was conducted for 2) and 2 left lower lobectomy. At the same time, local resectionof pulmonary arterioplasty was performed for 12 patients, and sleeve resection of pulmonary arterioplasty for9. Results: Twenty-one patients recovered well after surgery. Thoracic drainage tube was maintained for 3-8days, with an average of 4.9 days, and hospital stays were 8-15 days, with an average of 11 days. There wereno deaths in the perioperative period, and the complications like pulmonary embolism, bronchopleural fistula,chest infection and pulmonary atelectasis did not occur after surgery. Conclusions: Performance of pulmonarylobectomy and pulmonary arterioplasty together by complete VATS is a safe and effective surgical method, whichcan expand the indications of patients with lung cancer undergoing thoracoscopic pulmonary lobectomy, andmake more patients profit from such minimally invasive treatment.     

肺动脉成形肺叶切除治疗非小细胞肺癌

目的　总结肺动脉成形肺叶切除在非小细胞肺癌的治疗经验 ,了解该术式的治疗应用价值。方法　 12例非小细胞肺癌施行了肺动脉成形肺叶切除术 ,回顾治疗及病理特征。结果　所有手术病人无早期死亡 ,1年、3年、5年生存率分别为 83.3% ,5 0 .1% ,35 .2 %。结论　本组资料表明 ,肺动脉成形肺叶切除术与常规手术相比无明显不同 ,只要解剖条件允许可减少全肺切除 ,保留肺功能。     

电视胸腔镜辅助下小切口肺癌手术的临床研究

背景与目的：在世界范围内，胸腔镜下行肺叶切除术治疗肺癌的相关经验正在逐渐积累。很多医学中心可在胸腔镜下完成解剖学上彻底的肺叶切除和淋巴结清扫。一些胸外科医师关注该类手术方式治疗肺癌的安全性、益处和根治性。我们的研究旨在探讨电视胸腔镜辅助小切口根治性肺癌切除的可行性。方法：电视胸腔镜辅助小切口下实施肺叶切除合并淋巴结清扫治疗原发性非小细胞肺癌32例，运用常规开胸手术器械及胸腔镜用器械切除肺叶，结合特殊的淋巴结摘除钳完成淋巴结清扫，并与同期40例肺癌常规开胸手术进行比较研究。结果：胸腔镜组32例肺癌手术顺利，出血少，均无输血，无严重并发症，术后恢复快。与常规组比较在手术时间、术后拔管时间和淋巴结清扫数量、范围无显著差异；术中出血量、术后住院天数胸腔镜组明显优于常规组。结论：电视胸腔镜辅助小切口下肺癌手术安全可行，创伤小，符合肺癌手术原则，长期疗效有待随访观察。     

The surgical management of stage I and stage II lung cancer

There have been recent advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgical resection remains the cornerstone in the treatment of patients with stages I and II NSCLC. Anatomic lobectomy combined with hilar and mediastinal lymphadenectomy constitutes the oncologic basis of surgical resection. The surgical data favor video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy over open lobectomy and have established VATS lobectomy as a gold standard in the surgical resection of early-stage NSCLC. However, the role of sublobar pulmonary resection, either anatomic segmentectomy or nonanatomic wedge resection, in patients with subcentimeter nodules may become important.     

Surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer accounts for 28.2% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States. Most patients present with advanced-stage disease, with only 15% having disease confined to the lung. Surgical resection is the optimal treatment for Stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Pre-resection staging includes various radiographic modalities, including PET scan and mediastinoscopy. Survival and local recurrence statistics favor full anatomic lobar resection over sublobar resection, although cases must be judged individually. Lobectomy via thoracoscopic approach appears to have equivalent outcome as lobectomy via thoracotomy. Characteristics of the counseling physician and the hospital volume at which the surgery is performed can also influence outcome. After surgical resection, stage IA patients have about 70% 5-year survival, but this falls below 50% for stage IIB patients. Methods that identify early-stage lung cancer patients at greatest risk for recurrence are needed to identify patients who may benefit from additional therapies.     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的扩大手术治疗

目的探讨局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的外科手术治疗方法及其疗效.方法对4例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌分别施行肺叶袖状切除、肺叶袖状切除 肺动脉袖状切除(部分心包切除)、肺叶袖状切除 肺动脉袖状切除 上腔静脉部分切除、人造血管置换术.结果 4例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌均施行完全性手术切除(R0),无一例发生围手术期并发症及死亡,手术后随访期间未发现肿瘤局部复发和(或)转移.讨论非小细胞肺癌患者确诊时多数已属局部晚期病变,对该类患者施行袖状肺叶切除术、袖状肺叶切除 肺动脉袖状切除术[包括心包和(或)心房部分切除术]是较全肺切除术更为安全的手术治疗方式.对于合并上腔静脉综合征的患者,亦有可能手术治疗.诱导治疗及肺外科手术技巧的发展,使完整切除肺病变及受累的邻近结构(上腔静脉,肺动脉等)已成为可能.     

Advances and controversies in the management of early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Complete resection continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. The landmark Lung Cancer Study Group trial in 1995 established lobectomy as the minimum intervention necessary for the management of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, as it was associated with lower recurrence and metastasis rates than sublobar resection and lower postoperative morbidity and mortality than pneumonectomy. There is a growing tendency to perform sublobar resection in selected cases, as, depending on factors such as tumor size, histologic subtype, lymph node involvement, and resection margins, it can produce similar oncological results to lobectomy. Alternative treatments such as stereotactic body radiotherapy and radiofrequency ablation can also produce good outcomes in inoperable patients or patients who refuse surgery.     

Procedure-Specific Risk Prediction for Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Lobectomy or Sublobar Resection for Small (≤2 cm) Lung Adenocarcinoma: An International Cohort Analysis

Introduction

This work was performed to develop and validate procedure-specific risk prediction for recurrence following resection for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and investigate risk prediction utility in identifying patients who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT).

I期肺腺癌VATS肺叶切除与亚肺叶切除预后比较

背景与目的美国国立综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN）指南推荐,大部分可手术切除的肺癌首选电视辅助胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS）解剖性肺叶切除。而研究证实肺段切除I期肺癌对肺功能的保护优于肺叶切除。目前,临床上对I期肺腺癌VATS亚肺叶切除能否获得与肺叶切除同等疗效仍未确定,现分析两种手术方式治疗I期肺腺癌预后的比较。方法回顾性研究2009年1月-2011年12月广州医科大学附属第一医院收治的I期肺腺癌患者,其中VATS肺叶切除222例,亚肺叶切除36例;对两组患者使用倾向评分匹配（propensity score matching, PSM）,比较两组患者的临床病理特征及生存预后。结果两组匹配患者35例,匹配后VATS肺叶切除组与亚肺叶切除组的术后无病生存期（disease free survival, DFS）分别为49.3个月、42.7个月,差异无统计学意义（P=0.137）;两组术后总生存期（overall survival, OS）分别为50.3个月、49.0个月,差异无统计学意义（P=0.122）。分期分层结果示,Ia期肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除两组术后DFS差异无统计学意义;而Ib期肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除两组术后DFS差异有统计学意义。结论 Ia期肺腺癌VATS亚肺叶切除的生存预后不亚于肺叶切除,Ib期肺腺癌建议选择VATS肺叶切除治疗。     

Non-small cell lung cancer: When to offer sublobar resection

Sublobar resection for lung cancer – whether non-anatomic wedge resection or anatomic segmentectomy – has emerged as a credible alternative to lobectomy for the surgical treatment of selected patients with lung cancer. Sublobar resection promises to cause less pulmonary compromise in such patients. Emerging evidence suggests that sublobar resection may offer survival outcomes approaching that of lobectomy for lung cancer patients whose disease meets the following criteria: stage IA disease only; tumor up to 2–3 cm diameter; peripheral location of tumor in the lung; and predominantly ground-glass (non-solid) appearance on CT imaging. The best results are obtained with segmentectomy (as opposed to wedge resection) and complete lymph node dissection.     

隆凸切除、支气管袖状肺叶切除治疗中央型肺癌105例

目的 总结1991年11月至2001年11月采用隆凸切除、支气管袖状切除、双袖状切除术治疗105例中央型肺癌的经验。方法 全组105例，其中施行隆凸切除气道重建术19例，左、右各式支气管袖状肺叶切除术81例，双袖状肺叶切除5例。结果 本组无手术死亡。术后并发症发生率为10.5%。术后1、3、5年生存率为89.9%、60.0%和47.2%。结论 支气管袖状／双袖状肺叶切除治疗中央型肺癌，既能最大限度地切除肺肿瘤，又能最大限度地保留健康肺组织。隆凸切除气道重建术能进一步扩大手术适应证。     

Surgical management of primary lung cancer

Despite advancements in systemic treatment and the understanding of tumor biology, the mainstay for the treatment of lung cancer remains its resection. All patients with lung cancer should be considered surgical candidates until they are proven to have contraindications to resection. This article reviews preoperative assessment and the operative technique for the surgical treatment of lung cancer. As with other surgical specialties, thoracic surgery is moving towards minimally invasive techniques that are reducing morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. This advance is allowing patients an earlier recovery from major pulmonary surgery.     

电视胸腔镜在胸部肿瘤中的应用

电视胸腔镜外科（ＶＡＴＳ）在胸部肿瘤的临床应用尚存争议。自１９９６年１０月～１９９７年８月，我科共行胸腔镜手术１６例：肺癌切除２例，纵隔肿瘤切除３例，恶性胸水行胸膜固定术２例，恶性心包积液行心包开窗术４例，常规开胸术前诊断性探查５例，初期结果较为满意。结论：ＶＡＴＳ创伤较小，安全有效。可选择性地用于胸部良恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗。     

Sublobar versus lobar resection: current status

Currently, lobectomy is the preferred treatment for early-stage, non-small cell lung cancer primarily because of the increased local recurrence rate that has been reported with sublobar resection. Sublobar resection is typically used for high-risk, but still operable, patients with lung cancer. Several recent studies have demonstrated comparable recurrence and survival rates between lobectomy and sublobar resection for small, stage I lung cancers. In particular, attention to technical details such as performing a segmentectomy or a wide wedge resection (rather than a simple wedge resection), or the addition of brachytherapy, can result in improved outcomes. Also, the potential for better preservation of pulmonary function with sublobar resection has fueled the debate arguing for sublobar resections even for patients who are considered to be "good risk" and able to tolerate a lobectomy. This article reviews the current status of sublobar resection for early-stage lung cancer, with particular attention to issues such as tumor size, type of sublobar resection, use of adjuvant brachytherapy, and preservation of pulmonary function.     

ⅠA期肺腺癌手术方式的研究进展

目前,早期肺癌的标准术式以各类指南推荐的解剖性肺叶切除联合系统性淋巴结清扫术为主。随着人们健康意识的提高以及低剂量螺旋CT(low-dose computed tomography,LDCT)的普及,越来越多的外周型小结节被发现,这些结节的病理组织学多为肺腺癌。近年来,外科治疗技术不断向精准化、微创化方向发展。针对外周型小结节,外科手术方式也在不断发展,其目的在于保留更多肺组织和肺功能的同时,达到对肿瘤的精准切除。本文针对ⅠA期肺腺癌术前影像学、手术方式、淋巴结清扫方式、术中冰冻、病理亚型及新的病理分级系统对ⅠA期肺腺癌的诊断、治疗及预后影响进行综述。     

Indication and role of the video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for the primary lung cancer

With advances in diagnostic technology, small peripheral lung cancer can be readily detected. Currently, the technique of endoscopic-surgery has become available for the treatment, and also video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has proved useful for the treatment or diagnosis of early lung cancer. We report here our experience in surgical therapy with VATS and summarize recent reports which have focused on VATS for NSCLC. In the field of diagnosis, needle aspiration cytology or partial resection by VATS is available for small peripheral lesions. Either can play a significant role in staging for lung cancer or clarifying an unknown pleural effusion. VATS segmentectomy or partial resection with curability is applied to select cases. VATS lobectomy in NSCLC at clinical stage I could well be acceptable based on many recent reports and our result. This may be a valuable approach and a promising treatment for clinical stage II in the near future.     

Experience in the surgical treatment of 748 patients with lung cancer

A series of 748 patients with lung cancer as treated by surgery from 1961 to 1984 is reported. Regular lobectomy was done in 445 (74%) patients, bronchoplastic lobectomy in 67 (11.2%), segmental or wedge excision in 15 (2.5%) and pneumonectomy in 74 (12.3%) in which the ratio of left to right pneumonectomy was 2.9:1. Overall resection rate was 80.4% (601/748) and resection mortality was 1.2% (7/601) (death within 30 days of operation). Overall 5 year survival rate was 42% (169/402). The 5 year survival rate was 35.3% for pneumonectomy, 54.1% for bronchoplastic lobectomy, 42.3% for regular lobectomy and 16.7% for segmental or wedge excision. In this analysis, emphasis is laid to the therapeutic validity of the different modes of surgery. Statistical data show that only when the indication of different surgical interventions are strictly adhered to and the reasonable procedures are carried out, could better results be obtained. In surgical treatment of lung cancer, it is an important principle to eradicate the tumor and its metastatic foci as thorough as possible and to conserve the respiratory function as much as possible. Regular lobectomy has now become the "standard" and first choice operation. Pneumonectomy should be reserved for the patients with absolute necessity due to the extent of the lesion, adequate cardiopulmonary function and possibility of a permanent cure. Pneumonectomy is substituted by bronchoplastic lobectomy to a certain degree, preserving more of the lung function and improving the living quality after operation and long term results. Extensive practice of this surgical modality is advised.     

Lung cancer stage is an independent risk factor for surgical mortality

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To study surgical mortality and evaluate major risk factors, with specific focus on the role of pathological stage in patients undergoing lung cancer resection. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Age, gender, comorbidity, resection volume, experience of the hospital and surgical team have been reported as variables related to postoperative morbidity and mortality in lung cancer. The role of pathological tumor stage on postoperative mortality has never been fully evaluated. The study included 1418 consecutive lung cancer resections performed from 1998 to 2002 in two institutions. The effect of age, gender, comorbidity, resection volume, pathological stage and induction therapies on postoperative mortality was assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality was 1.8% overall, 3.7% (9/243) for pneumonectomy, 1.7% (17/1016) for lobectomy, and null (0/159) for sublobar resections (P = 0.020). At multivariable analysis, cardiovascular comorbidity (P = 0.008), resection volume (P = 0.036) and pathological stage (P = 0.027) emerged as significant predictors of surgical mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Early stage lung cancer resection has a favorable effect on surgical mortality, not only by preventing the need for pneumonectomy, but also by reducing mortality after lobectomy.