盆腔四野钟摆外照射治疗宫颈癌

目前我国放射治疗宫颈癌的常规方法是腔内配合体外放射。其中腔内放射主要针对宫颈、宫体、阴道及其邻近的宫旁组织(即病变原发区)。但如果病变已属晚期(膀胱及直肠侵犯或已有远处转移);或有严重心、肝、肾等疾患;或患者解剖结构异常(阴道狭窄或畸形、子宫脱垂、宫颈残端癌、宫颈癌手术不彻底或术后复发等),则不宜采用     

全盆腔外照射加腔内后装治疗宫颈癌临床疗效分析

目的:回顾分析全盆腔外照射加腔内后装治疗宫颈癌的疗效、并发症及死亡原因.方法:1993年4月至1998年5月收治宫颈癌23例,先用60Co远距离治疗机全盆腔外照射,剂量4000cGy～4800cGy,腔内后装治疗用HZJ-I高剂量率60Co后装治疗机,A点剂量700cGy～850cGy/周×3周.结果:本组病例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期的5年生存率为67%,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期的5年生存率为25%,总的5年生存率为52%;病变未控5例,盆腔内复发2例,死因不明1例,失访3例;远期并发症为放射性肠炎2例.结论:宫颈癌全盆腔外照射后再行腔内后装治疗操作便利,剂量计算准确,5年生存率与文献报导其它放疗方案的结果相似.     

全盆腔外照射加腔内后装治疗宫颈癌临床疗效分析

目的:回顾分析全盆腔外照射加腔内后装治疗宫颈癌的疗效。并发症及死亡原因。方法:1993年4月至1998年5月收治宫颈癌23例,先用~(60)Co远距离治疗机全盆腔外照射,剂量4000cGy～4800cGy,腔内后装治疗用HZJ-I高剂量率~(60)Co后装治疗机,A点剂量700cGy～850cGy/周×3周。结果:本组病例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期的5年生存率为67％,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期的5年生存率为25％,总的5年生存率为52％;病变未控5例,盆腔内复发2例,死因不明1例,失访3例;远期并发症为放射性肠炎2例。结论:宫颈癌全盆腔外照射后再行腔内后装治疗操作便利,剂量计算准确,5年生存率与文献报导其它放疗方案的结果相似。     

两种不同的腔内外照射法治疗宫颈癌的研究

目的 :研究全盆腔中央铅挡外照加腔内放疗 (腔内组 )及全盆腔外照后腔内治疗 (内外组 )法 ,对治疗宫颈癌疗效及对直肠膀胱并发症的影响。方法 :118例宫颈癌 ,随机分为腔内组 5 9例、内外组 5 9例。腔内组全盆腔中央铅挡照射 (45 0 0～ 5 5 0 0cGy)与腔内放疗 (A点总量 5 0 0 0～ 6 5 0 0cGy)同时进行 ;内外组全盆腔外照 2 6 0 0～ 4 0 0 0cGy后行腔内治疗 (A点总量30 0 0～ 4 0 0 0cGy)。腔内放疗 4 0 0～ 5 0 0cGy/次、2次 /周。结果 :两组近期疗效及三、五年生存率相似 ;腔内组放射性直肠炎三、五年发生率分别为 2 5 4 %和 2 1 7% ,明显高于内外组的 10 2 %和 8 3% (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :内外组放疗法可以明显减少放射性直肠炎产生 ,且有很好疗效     

252Cf中子腔内照射结合挡铅与不挡铅外照射治疗宫颈癌的配对观察

目的 比较 ²⁵²Cf中子腔内照射结合挡铅盆腔对穿野和不挡铅箱式四野外照射治疗宫颈癌的治疗结果。方法 2004—2007年本院收治的 Ⅱ_{a—Ⅲb期的宫颈鳞癌患者,按照临床分期、年龄、肿瘤大小、贫血程度为配对条件,共筛选出26对(52例)研究对象,分为挡铅盆腔对穿野组(挡铅组)和不挡铅箱式四野组(不挡铅组)。两组患者外照射期间穿插 ²⁵²Cf中子后装治疗。Kaplan-Meier法计算 5年LC、OS、DFS并Logrank检验差异,晚期并发症发生率差异行McNemar法检验。结果 挡铅、不挡铅组 5年LC率分别为85%、81%(P=0.014),OS率分别为89%、73%(P=0.013),DFS率分别为89%、73%(P=0.013),晚期并发症发生率分别为12%、23%(P=0.008)。结论 腔内照射结合外照射治疗宫颈癌时无论采取对穿野还是箱式四野,后程前后野中央均应挡铅。}     

两种放疗方法治疗宫颈癌的疗效及并发症比较

目的：研究全盆中央铅挡外照加腔内放疗（腔内组）及盆腔外照后腔内治疗（内外组）法，治疗宫颈癌疗效及对直肠膀胱并发症的影响。方法：124例宫颈癌，随机分为腔内组59例、内外组65例。腔内组全盆腔中央铅挡照射（4500－5500cGy)与腔内放疗（A点总量500－6500cGy）同时时进行；内外组全盆腔外照2600－4000cGy后行腔内治疗（A点总量3000－4000cGy）。腔内放疗400－500cGy／次、2次／周。结果：两组近期疗效及三、五年生存率相似；腔内组放射性直肠炎三、五年发生率（25．4％、21．7％）明显高于内外组（10．8％、8．3％，P＜0．05），结论：内外组放疗法可以明显减少放射性直肠炎产生，且有很好治疗效果。     

保留盆腔自主神经根治术与传统子宫切除术治疗Ⅰb期宫颈癌的疗效比较

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经根治术(NSRH)与传统Piver-RutedgeⅢ型宫颈癌根治术(RH)治疗Ⅰb期宫颈癌的临床疗效。方法选取2011年5月至2013年5月间收治的Ⅰb期子宫颈癌患者70例,根据手术方式分为对照组与研究组。对照组患者采用RH术治疗,研究组患者采用NSRH术治疗。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量及术后功能恢复情况。结果对照组患者手术时间为(236.73±40.13)min,术中出血量为(512.43±124.73)ml,留置尿管时间为(21.78±5.46)d。研究组患者手术时间为(251.32±38.45)min,术中出血量为(529.11±125.69)ml,留置尿管时间为(12.15±3.24)d,两组手术时间和术中出血量间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组患者留置尿管时间明显长于研究组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者主韧带、骶韧带、阴道前后壁以及盆腔淋巴结切除数目差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组患者术后膀胱功能与直肠功能恢复时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NSRH治疗Ⅰb期宫颈癌保留了盆腔自主神经,安全性和可行性较高,并且有利于患者膀胱和直肠功能的恢复,可提高患者生活质量,值得临床广泛推广应用。     

两种新辅助化疗治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的疗效比较

目的:观察新辅助化疗局部动脉栓塞化疗治疗IIb期以内局部晚期宫颈癌是否优于静脉化疗.方法:选取44例确诊为局部晚期宫颈癌患者,新辅助化疗前均未行任何治疗,按照FIGO分期,Ⅰb期16例 ,Ⅱa 期7 例, Ⅱb 期21例;肿瘤直径为40-80 mm,平均直径60.6 mm.分两组,A组 28例,B组16例,临床分期及病理学类型相当.A组采用动脉介入栓塞化疗,方案为顺铂(DDP)50 mg/m2 ,5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU) 1000 mg/m2 ,丝裂霉素(MMC) 20 mg/m2;B组采用静脉化疗,方案为紫杉醇+卡铂( TP),剂量个体化.每例化疗均最多进行两疗程,并且分析化疗不良反应发生率.结果:A组24例患者取得明显临床好转,完全缓解(CR)8例(28.6%),部分缓解(PR)16例(57.1%)(其中1例两次介入栓塞化疗),无缓解(NR)4例(14.3%).B组 CR 3例(18.7%),PR 5例(31.1%),NR 8例(50%).经SPSS软件分析,两组χ2 检验具有统计学意义(P=0.037,P＜0.05).两组化疗不良反应经SPSS软件分析后A组不良反应较轻,与B组比较,有统计学差异.结论:动脉介入栓塞化疗治疗局部晚期宫颈癌患者效果优于静脉化疗,不良反应发生率低,能被大多数患者接受,不失为一种优先选择的新辅助化疗方法.     

Use of the small pelvic field instead of the classic whole pelvic field in postoperative radiotherapy for cervical cancer: reduction of adverse events

PURPOSE: We examined whether use of small pelvic (SP) field encompassing only the pericervical regions and upper stream lymphatic will reduce the adverse events that occur with classic whole pelvic (WP) field, in postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIAL: This retrospective study included 72 patients treated with SP field (SP group) used specifically for node-negative status and 46 patients treated with WP field (WP group) used conventionally for node-positive status. Total dose was 50.0 or 50.4 Gy at 2.0 or 1.8 Gy per fraction. Acute adverse events (nausea, diarrhea, cystitis, and leukopenia) and late adverse events (lymphedema, cystitis, ileus, and diarrhea) were graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria and compared between groups. RESULTS: Diarrhea (Grades 2-3) and leukopenia (Grades 1-3) occurred significantly more often in WP group (32.4% and 80.5%, respectively) than in SP group (9.2% and 52.2%, respectively). Among the late events, lymphedema occurred most often overall (5-year rate: SP, 47.0%; WP, 49.1%). Only ileus occurred at a significantly higher rate in The WP group than in SP group (5-year rate: 16.2% vs. 3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the SP field tailored for node-negative status was suggested to reduce adverse events involving the intestine and hemopoietic system.     

Intensity-modulated whole pelvic radiotherapy provides effective dosimetric outcomes for cervical cancer treatment with lower toxicities

PurposeTo compare the efficacy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and conventional radiotherapy for cervical cancer treatment.Materials and methodsWhole pelvis intensity-modulated radiotherapy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and conventional radiotherapy plans were designed for 16 patients with stage IIB cervical cancer, each using the prescribed dose of 50.4 Gy/28 fractions. Dose–volume histograms of the target volume and organs at risk were evaluated.ResultsCompared to the 3D conformal and conventional radiotherapy plans, the intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan demonstrated superior conformal treatment. The mean planning target volume dose of all three plans reached the target effective therapeutic dose. The planning target volume dose of the intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan was significantly higher than that of either the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy or conventional radiotherapy plan (P < 0.05). When more than 30 Gy was administered in intensity-modulated radiotherapy, organs at risk including the small intestine, rectum, bladder, and bone marrow received a significantly reduced volume of radiation. In comparison of the average planning target volume doses, significant volume reductions in irradiation of organs at risk were obtained with full bladders.ConclusionsAn intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan with appropriate margins encompassing the primary tumour and potential microscopic pelvic disease reduces the dose to organs at risk without compromising target coverage. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is an appropriate definitive treatment for patients with cervical cancer.     

Improved freedom from PSA failure with whole pelvic irradiation for high-risk prostate cancer

Purpose: To determine the impact of whole pelvic irradiation on the risk of PSA failure in prostate cancer patients, at high predicted risk for lymph node involvement, receiving definitive radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods: Between October 1987 and December 1995, 506 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with definitive radiotherapy at UCSF and affiliated institutions. Treatment consisted of 4-field whole pelvic irradiation followed by a prostate-only boost, or prostate-only treatment (median follow-up was 35 months and 30 months, respectively). PSA failure was defined as: 1. a PSA value ≥ 1 ng/ml; or 2. a PSA value that rose ≥ 0.5 ng/ml in ≤ 1 year posttreatment on two consecutive measurements, with the first rise defined as the time of failure. The calculated risk of lymph node positivity (%rLN+) was defined as (iPSA) + 10(GS-6), and high risk was defined as %rLN+ ≥ 15%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results: A total of 201 high-risk patients were identified. High-risk patients who received whole pelvic irradiation had significantly improved freedom from PSA failure compared to those who received prostate-only treatment (median PFS = 34.3 months vs. 21.0 months; p = 0.0001). Potential confounding variables, including initial PSA, Gleason score, T stage, radiation dose, year of treatment, use of three-dimensional (3D) conformal techniques, and use of hormone therapy, did not account for the observed difference in time to PSA failure. Multivariate analysis revealed type of radiation treatment to be the most significant independent predictor of outcome.

Conclusion: Whole pelvic radiotherapy significantly improves the PSA failure-free survival in patients with a high calculated risk of lymph node positivity.     

宫颈癌高剂量率后装腔内放射治疗疗效分析

目的评价192Ir高剂量率腔内放射治疗宫颈癌的疗效及并发症.方法对142例确诊的宫颈癌患者,采用8MV X线或60Co γ线体外放疗及192Ir腔内放疗.其中Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期85例,Ⅲ期52例,Ⅳ期3例;鳞癌130例,腺癌10例,腺鳞癌2例.结果Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期患者5年生存率分别为78.9%和55.8%.放射性直肠炎及放射性膀胱炎发生率分别为14.8%和9.8%.结论192Ir高剂量率后装腔内放疗加体外放疗疗效肯定,但如何进一步减少放疗并发症的发生率是今后进行研究的方向.     

盒式放疗与调强放射治疗对中晚期宫颈癌的临床疗效及不良反应

目的探讨盒式放疗与调强放射治疗(IMRT)对中晚期宫颈癌的临床疗效及不良反应。方法选择68例中晚期宫颈癌患者,根据患者病情及意愿将患者分为盒式放疗组和IMRT组,每组34例。盒式放疗组患者采用盆腔外照射并腔内后装放疗进行根治性放疗,IMRT组患者进行IMRT。比较两组患者的放疗参数、临床疗效及不良反应。结果 IMRT组中计划靶区(PTV)的均匀指数(HI)和适形指数(CI)均优于盒式放疗组(P﹤0.05)。IMRT组中膀胱、小肠和直肠的V30、V40和V50均低于盒式放疗组(P﹤0.05),且随着靶区体积的增加,两组患者膀胱、小肠和直肠的受照剂量均呈下降趋势。盒式放疗组和IMRT组患者均出现了不同程度的急性放射性膀胱炎、急性放射性肠炎及骨髓抑制,其中IMRT组患者的急性放射性膀胱炎和急性放射性肠炎均轻于盒式放疗组(P﹤0.05)。盒式放疗组和IMRT组患者的有效率分别为52.94%(18/34)和67.65%(23/34),差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。盒式放疗组和IMRT组患者的1年和3年生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论与盒式放疗相比,IMRT体现了显著的保护危及器官的优势,且可降低不良反应发生率。     

食管中上段癌左右侧开胸两种手术径路疗效的比较

目的比较左、右开胸两种手术径路治疗食管癌的疗效。方法分析2002年1月至2006年1月间收治的4 019例行完全性食管癌切除、食管胃颈部吻合术的食管胸中、上段癌患者资料,根据手术路径分为右开胸(左颈、右胸、腹正中三切口)组(n=1 861)和左开胸(左颈、左胸二切口)组(n=2 158)。对两组患者的手术情况以及围手术期内死亡率和吻合口瘘、喉返神经麻痹、乳糜胸的发生率以及两组患者中相同病理分期(T、N分期)的单一手术患者的生存情况进行比较。结果右开胸组患者临床分期较晚,患者的吻合口瘘(9.6%)、喉返神经麻痹的发生率(9.2%)、院内死亡率(4.6%)高于左开胸组(2.8%、3.2%和1.9%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但乳糜胸发生率(3.0%)低于左开胸组患者(6.7%,P=0.036)。未行综合治疗的T1、T2、T3患者,则右开胸组的长期生存优于左开胸组(其5年生存率分别为59.1%和42.0%、50.2%和41.0%和44.0%和29.3%,P值分别为0.012、0.036和0.028)。外侵程度分期为T4或转移淋巴结阳性>5时,则两组患者生存率的差异无统计学意义(其5年生存率分别为0和0,P=0.45,0和0,P=0.64)。结论食管胸中、上段癌患者中,只要患者身体条件允许,在肿瘤尚无明显外侵及未出现广泛淋巴结转移时,适宜经左颈、右胸、腹正中三切口进行右开胸手术路径治疗,可以提高患者的远期生存率。     

Three-dimensional treatment planning for para-aortic node irradiation in patients with cervical cancer

Three-dimensional treatment planning has been used by four cooperating centers to prepare and analyze multiple treatment plans on two cervix cancer patients. One patient had biopsy-proven and CT-demonstrable metastasis to the para-aortic nodes, while the other was at high risk for metastatic involvement of para-aortic nodes. Volume dose distributions were analyzed, and an attempt was made to define the role of 3-D treatment planning to the para-aortic region, where moderate to high doses (50-66 Gy) are required to sterilize microscopic and gross metastasis. Plans were prepared using the 3-D capabilities for tailoring fields to the target volumes, but using standard field arrangements (3-D standard), and with full utilization of the 3-D capabilities (3-D unconstrained). In some but not all 3-D unconstrained plans, higher doses were delivered to the large nodal volume and to the volume containing gross nodal disease than in plans analyzed but not prepared with full 3-D capability (3-D standard). The small bowel was the major dose limiting organ. Its tolerance would have been exceeded in all plans which prescribed 66 Gy to the gross nodal mass, although some reduction in small bowel near-maximum dose was achieved in the 3-D unconstrained plans. All plans were able to limit doses to other normal organs to tolerance levels or less, with significant reductions seen in doses to spinal cord, kidneys, and large bowel in the 3-D unconstrained plans, as compared to the 3-D standard plans. A high probability of small bowel injury was detected in one of four 3-D standard plans prescribed to receive 50 Gy to the large para-aortic nodal volume; the small bowel dose was reduced to an acceptable level in the corresponding 3-D unconstrained plan. An optimum beam energy for treating this site was not identified, with plans using 4, 6, 10, 15, 18, and 25 MV photons all being equally acceptable. Attempts to deliver moderate or high doses (50-66 Gy) to this region should be made only after careful analysis of the plan with techniques similar to those employed in this study.     

Impact of pelvic nodal irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy on treatment of prostate cancer

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of treating the pelvic lymphatic regions during prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with respect to our routine acceptance criteria. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A series of 10 previously treated prostate patients were randomly selected and the pelvic lymphatic regions delineated on the fused magnetic resonance/computed tomography data sets. A targeting progression was formed from the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles only to the inclusion of all pelvic lymphatic regions and presacral region resulting in 5 planning scenarios of increasing geometric difficulty. IMRT plans were generated for each stage for two accelerator manufacturers. Dose volume histogram data were analyzed with respect to dose to the planning target volumes, rectum, bladder, bowel, and normal tissue. Analysis was performed for the number of segments required, monitor units, "hot spots," and treatment time. RESULTS: Both rectal endpoints were met for all targets. Bladder endpoints were not met and the bowel endpoint was met in 40% of cases with the inclusion of the extended and presacral lymphatics. A significant difference was found in the number of segments and monitor units with targeting progression and between accelerators, with the smaller beamlets yielding poorer results. Treatment times between the 2 linacs did not exhibit a clinically significant difference when compared. CONCLUSIONS: Many issues should be considered with pelvic lymphatic irradiation during IMRT delivery for prostate cancer including dose per fraction, normal structure dose/volume limits, planning target volumes generation, localization, treatment time, and increased radiation leakage. We would suggest that, at a minimum, the endpoints used in this work be evaluated before beginning IMRT pelvic nodal irradiation.     

宫颈癌根治性手术后辅助调强放疗(IMRT)的临床观察

目的 探讨早期宫颈癌术后具有不良预后因素的患者行盆腔调强放射治疗(IMRT/sIMRT)的近期不良反应和复发率.方法 回顾分析2007年1月～2008年6月期间78例早期宫颈癌术后具有不良预后因素行放射治疗的患者资料,其中IMRT组有30例;常规组48例.调强放射治疗方法(IMRT/或sIMRT):CTV上界从腹主动脉...