性染色体型性发育异常的遗传学分析及临床意义

目的探讨不同类型性染色体型性发育异常(DSD)患者的遗传学改变及临床意义。方法选取西安交通大学第一附属医院356例性染色体型DSD患者进行G显带染色体分析,对其中18例45,X/46,XY嵌合体者进行Y染色体微缺失检测。结果356例染色体型DSD患者中,克氏综合征(KS)210例,Turner综合征(TS)124例,47,XYY综合征8例,47,XXX综合征8例,45,X/46,XY男性3例,Y染色体结构异常3例。18例45,X/46,XY患者中,3例存在微缺失,其中AZFc位点缺失2例,AZFa+b+c位点缺失1例。结论染色体型DSD以克氏综合征最常见,其次为Turner综合征。对45,X/46,XY男性患者进行Y染色体微缺失检测,有助于明确病因和选择更优的辅助生殖技术方案,实现优生优育。     

6例性发育异常病残儿的SRY基因分析

目的:对6例性发育异常患儿进行SRY基因检测,为临床诊断提供参考,并对性发育异常机理进行初步探讨。方法:应用PCR扩增及PCR产物直接测序进行SRY基因分析。结果:1例45,XO男性患儿,SRY基因阳性;1例46,XX男性,SRY阴性;1例46,XY女性,SRY基因阳性,对其SRY基因保守区测序结果表明,该区无突变;3例46,XY男性性异常患儿,SRY基因均为阳性。结论:45,XO男性患儿是由于SRY基因易位所至。女性性反转非SRY基因保守区突变所至。男性性反转可能由于常染色体上与性别决定有关的基因突变所至。     

性发育异常患者遗传学特点与临床表型分析

目的探讨染色体核型及SRY基因检测对性发育异常(DSD)的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析332例DSD的染色体核型、SRY基因和临床表型,染色体核型采用外周血淋巴细胞培养G显带分析,SRY基因采用PCR技术扩增。结果 332例DSD患者中检出异常核型100例,检出率为30.12%。在141例社会性别为男性的DSD患者中异常核型36例,其中26例47,XXY、1例47,XYY、2例47,XY,+mar、2例46,X,del(Y)、2例46,X,Yqh-、3例性反转(SRY基因阳性),临床表现为睾丸体积小、质硬,外生殖器畸形等。在191例社会性别为女性的DSD患者中异常核型64例,其中25例45,X、11例X染色体嵌合体异常、15例X染色体结构异常、1例47,XXX、1例47,XX,+mar、11例性反转(10例SRY基因阳性),临床表现为幼稚子宫等。结论性染色体数目和结构异常是导致性发育异常的主要原因,染色体核型联合SRY基因检测有助于DSD患者早期鉴别诊断,对患者的性别选择及临床治疗具有指导意义。     

46,XY女性性发育异常的遗传学病因研究进展

46,XY女性性发育异常(46,XY DSD)是一种罕见的先天性遗传学疾病,根据发生机制主要包括性腺分化发育异常和雄激素合成或功能障碍两方面。其遗传背景复杂,与多种遗传因素相关,性腺分化发育异常与SRY、WT1、SF1、SOX9、DAX-1、DMRT1等基因相关;CYP17A1、SRD5A2等基因突变可引起参与雄激素合成的酶发育异常,从而导致雄激素合成障碍;雄激素功能障碍主要与雄激素受体(AR)基因相关。该病在临床表现有很大的异质性,包括完全性性腺发育不良、部分性性腺发育不良及睾丸退化综合征。早期发现、明确病因对患者的治疗选择、预后和遗传咨询具有重要的意义,本文对引起46,XY DSD的相关基因及临床表现进行综述。     

45,X/46,XY混合性性腺发育不全合并性腺恶变1例并文献复习

<正>女性性发育异常（disorders of sex development,DSD）患者表现出性染色体、性腺、外生殖器及第二性征等方面一项或多项的异常或不相符。其包含一大类疾病,分类较复杂,目前临床较为认可的是根据染色体核型分为3类：46,XX型DSD、46,XY型DSD及染色体异常型DSD。本文报告1例染色体核型为45,X/46,XY嵌合体的混合性性腺发育不全,同时合并性腺恶变的18岁患者,通过整理相关文献资料,以期为该类疾病的诊断、治疗及预后等提供临床经验。     

46,XY性发育异常的诊断和外科治疗研究进展

性发育异常(disorders of sex development,DSD)是一种表型和遗传高度异质的先天性疾病,其中46,XY性发育异常的病因和临床表现最为复杂多样,不及时治疗可能会给患者和家庭带来深远的影响.应综合患者病史、体格检查、实验室检查、影像学检查和分子遗传学检查进行诊断.目前DSD的治疗方式仍以手术治疗...     

性反转综合征患者的细胞及分子遗传学分析

目的:探讨检测SRY基因和Y染色体AZF因子在性反转综合征患者临床分子诊断中的应用价值及性反转综合征的机制。方法:运用细胞遗传学核型分析技术和聚合酶链反应(PCR)对7例46,XY女性性反转患者及1例46,XX男性性反转患者进行染色体核型分析、SRY基因扩增和Y染色体AZF因子扩增,SRY阳性的扩增产物进行序列测序。结果:7例46,XY女性性反转中4例SRY和Y染色体AZF因子检测阳性,3例SRY和Y染色体AZF因子检测阴性;1例46,XX男性性反转患者SRY和Y染色体AZF因子检测阴性。4例SRY阳性病例DNA序列分析均未检测到突变。结论:SRY是决定性别和分化的重要基因,Y染色体AZF因子有辅助检测的作用,对性反转综合征患者进行检测有利于明确病因,为其诊断和治疗提供科学依据。性反转综合征可能与其它性别分化相关基因的异常有关,需深入进行细胞、分子遗传学研究。     

46,XY女性性反转综合征一例并文献复习

回顾1例原发性闭经的青少年女性腹部彩色超声、染色体核型及外周血染色体畸变检测（芯片）分析的病例资料,复习46,XY女性性反转相关文献,探讨该病的临床病因、诊断及治疗。该患者行腹部彩色超声检查提示未见两性器官;染色体核型分析为46,X,max?;外周血染色体畸变检测（芯片）分析结果为46,XY。推断该患儿临床病因与染色体性别决定性腺分化过程的异常相关。可见传统染色体核型检测具有一定的局限性,利用外周血染色体畸变检测（芯片）分析可明确病因。     

46,XY女性性发育异常临床分析

目的探讨完全型雄激素不敏感综合征(CAIS)和46,XY单纯性腺发育不全综合征(Swyer综合征)2种最常见46,XY女性性发育异常疾病(DSD)的临床特征、诊疗方式、鉴别诊断要点。方法选择2002—2020年,于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院就诊的临床病例资料完整的41例46,XY DSD患者,包括20例CAIS(CAIS组)患者和21例Swyer综合征(Swyer组)患者。对该41例患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果、术中情况及组织病理学检查结果进行回顾性分析。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年新修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。结果①41例46,XY DSD患者在出生及成长过程中的社会性别均为女性,就诊年龄为12~38岁。2组患者年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CAIS组患者身高、体重均高于或重于Swyer组,并且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②2组患者血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮、雌二醇、17α-羟孕酮(17α-OHP)水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而2组血清促黄体激素(LH)、催乳素、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)水平比较,则差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CAIS组患者抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平均>16 ng/mL,Swyer组均<0.03 ng/mL。③39例接受手术治疗患者中,35例行腹腔镜下性腺切除术,4例行开腹肿瘤细胞减灭术。④CAIS组患者性腺肿瘤发生率为35.0%(7/20),Swyer组为36.8%(7/19)。CAIS组患者性腺有自伞端向腹股沟管迁移趋势,其中4例性腺位于腹股沟管内,Swyer组患者性腺均位于盆腔内。⑤41位患者出院后,均继续以女性性别生活,已婚者性生活无障碍。结论CAIS与Swyer综合征患者临床表现相似,CAIS患者存在苗勒管遗迹,Swyer综合征患者存在子宫发育不良等变异,并且均有不同程度的性腺迁移趋势。AMH水平检测可作为区别CAIS与Swyer综合征患者的特异性指标。     

染色体微阵列分析技术对16p11.2综合征的诊断及遗传学分析

目的 探索16p11.2微缺失/微重复综合征患者的临床症状和染色体微阵列技术(CMA)检测的遗传学变异。方法 对2019年1月至2022年8月于宁波市妇女儿童医院就诊并接受CMA检测的16p11.2综合征患者的临床指征、遗传学结果、家系调查及妊娠结局进行描述性分析。结果 发现22例患者(20例胎儿、2例患儿)的16p11.2核心区域拷贝数变异,16p11.2综合征的整体检出率为0.226%。其中8例胎儿超声异常(2例脊椎发育异常、1例泌尿系统异常、3例颈部透明层增厚、2例肠道回声增强),3例无创DNA结果异常,4例血清学筛查高风险,4例高龄妊娠。22例中10例行亲本验证,其中新发突变7例,遗传自母亲2例,遗传自父亲1例。另有1例胎儿核型异常,验证后遗传自母亲。20例胎儿中,9例活产分娩,1例诊断为先天性心脏病,语言发育迟缓,其余生长发育未见异常。2例患儿携带缺失片段,临床表现为全面性强直阵挛发作,其中1例合并生长发育迟缓。结论 16p11.2综合征患者的骨骼、心脏、神经、泌尿系统以及语言发育异常,临床表型呈异质性与多样性,产前诊断仍需积累大量临床数据。     

17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency in three adult Iranian siblings

17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17-β-HSD 3) deficiency is an autosomal recessive form of 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). To date, a total of 27 HSD17B3 gene mutations have been described in 46,XY patients exhibiting different phenotypes at birth and virilization at puberty, sometimes in association with gynecomastia. Herein, we investigate the 46,XY DSD in an Iranian family consisting of 7 siblings, 3 of which are affected and virilized at puberty. We clinically characterized these patients and performed direct DNA sequencing of the steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) and the HSD17B3 gene, respectively. We identified a homozygous mutation in the HSD17B3 gene (R80W; c.238C>G) in all affected siblings. No mutation was detected in the SRD5A2 gene. The detected mutation in the HSD17B3 gene was previously described in a newborn child, who died from other congenital malformations, and in a 12-year-old girl. Hence, our report adds novel value to the phenotype classification of 17-β-HSD 3 deficiency.     

Pure 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis

The authors report a rare case of pure 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome). Swyer syndrome is associated with 46,XY karyotype, primary amenorrhea as well as the presence of female internal genital tract and bilateral streak gonads in a phenotypic female. The genetic background of this syndrome includes mutations of several genes involved in the testis differentiation cascade. Mutation of the SRY gene accounts for only 10-15% of all 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis cases while the majority cases may be linked to other deficient genes involved in the sex differentiation pathway. The patient was a 16-year-old female who was referred for endocrinological evaluation because of primary amenorrhea. Physical examination revealed a phenotypic female, height 166 cm, weight: 56.5 kg, breast and pubic hair development were Tanner I. and II, respectively. She had female external genitalia. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed a hypoplastic uterus and ovaries at both sides measuring 5×10 mm in size. Chromosomal analysis revealed 46,XY karyotype. Analysis of the SRY and SF1 genes showed no mutations. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were elevated. Serum tumor marker concentrations were normal. Prophylactic bilateral gonadectomy was performed and histological examination showed bilateral streak gonads. Hormone replacement therapy produced development of secondary sexual characters and 1.5 years after treatment the patient had menarche. Authors conclude that karyotype analysis should be performed in adolescent with primary amenorrhea. After establishment of the diagnosis, dysgenetic gonads should be removed because of the high risk of gonadal neoplasia.     

Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Gender Change in Individuals with 46,XY and 46,XX Disorders of Sex Development: An Iranian Multicenter Study

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the typical genetic and hormonal profiles are affected and thereby the usual process of sexual differentiation. Most of these studies, however, have been conducted in Western countries. In the present study, preschool sex-typed activities of Iranian individuals with DSD and their age-matched non-affected male and female relatives were assessed using the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI) modified for retrospective self-report. A total of 192 individuals participated in our study, including 33 46,XX individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH; M age?=?10.36, SD?=?5.52), 15 46,XY individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS; M age?=?19.8, SD?=?7.14), and 16 46,XY individuals with 5-alpha reductase deficiency type-2 (5α-RD-2; M age?=?17.31, SD?=?7.28), as well as one age-matched non-affected male and female relative for each patient. With regard to PSAI scores, male-identifying participants with 5α-RD-2 and male controls reported similar levels of male-typical childhood play. Female-identifying participants with 5α-RD-2 and CAH showed comparable scores: significantly less masculine and more feminine than male controls, but significantly more masculine and less feminine than females with CAIS and female controls. These findings support the role of androgens in the development of sex-typical childhood play behavior, with those being exposed to higher levels of fetal functional androgens expressing more masculine behavior at preschool ages.