鼻咽部EBV阳性小细胞神经内分泌癌伴颈部淋巴结转移1例

<正>患者,男性,54岁,因“回吸涕血1+年,发现颈部包块3+月”入院。MRI示:鼻咽右侧壁增厚,边界不清,向右后咽旁间隙呈铸形生成,向上累及右侧海绵窦,较大层面大小约3.1 cm×1.8 cm×5.4 cm,T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈等高信号,DWI水分子明显弥散受限,增强扫描明显强化;右侧颈血管鞘旁胸锁乳突肌深面见一团块状异常信号影,较大层面大小约2.9 cm×2.8 cm×3.8 cm,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,中央见结节影更高信号,DWI水分子明显弥散受限,增强扫描明显强化(图1,图2)。     

对放疗敏感的鼻咽部上皮-肌上皮癌1例

<正>病例男，72岁，枕部疼痛3月伴右肩膀疼痛不适半月余。CT检查：枕骨斜坡区见一不规则软组织密度影，大小约40 mm（左右径）×28 mm（前后径），密度不均匀，CT值48～72 HU，与双侧海绵窦分界不清，边界不清，局部可见溶骨性骨质破坏（图1a）。MR检查平扫枕骨斜坡见软组织占位，最大层面大小约46 mm（左右径）×27 mm（上下径）×38 mm（前后径），T1WI呈等信号，T2WI呈低信号，边界不清（图1b），增强扫描，呈明显不均匀强化，病灶侵犯颅内，桥脑及延髓受压（图1c,1d）；左侧鼻咽部见明显强化，咽隐窝显示不清（图1e）。     

乳腺MRI诊断左前胸壁低度恶性肌成纤维细胞性肉瘤1例

<正>女,33岁,发现“左乳肿块”伴左前胸壁针刺样疼痛4月余、月经时加重;既往体健。查体:于左乳区触及6.0 cm×4.0cm×6.0cm肿物,质硬,活动度差,有轻压痛;左乳外上象限皮肤呈“酒窝征”。乳腺MRI:左侧胸大肌内4.1cm×2.5cm×4.9cm不规则肿块,脂肪抑制T1WI和T2WI分别呈等及稍高信号(图1A)、弥散加权成像(diffusion weightedimaging,DWI)(b=1000s/mm2)呈高信号(图1B)、     

右肾恶性孤立性纤维瘤合并透明细胞癌1例

<正>患者男,58岁,无痛性肉眼血尿3周,无排尿困难及尿频,外院CT提示右肾肾癌;既往体健。查体：右中腹扪及约15cm×15cm肿块,质硬,边界欠清,无压痛。实验室检查：尿蛋白（+）、25个红细胞/μl。MRI：右肾上极9.0cm×7.0cm×6.5cm肿块,T1呈明显低信号、以中心为著（图1A）,T2呈大片状低信号、中心呈等-高信号（图1B）,弥散加权成像（diffusion weightedimaging,     

颅内多发少突胶质细胞瘤1例

<正>患者男，53岁，头晕伴双下肢不适半个月；既往体健。查体及实验室检查均无明显异常。头颅CT:鞍上池、第四脑室及双侧侧脑室周围多发稍高密度结节，较大者约19 mm×11 mm, CT值43 HU,边界清楚，密度均匀(图1A)。头颅MRI:鞍上池、第四脑室、胼胝体膝部及双侧侧脑室周围见多发结节状异常信号，呈T1WI稍低(图1B)、T2WI稍高信号；     

原发性颅内嗅神经母细胞瘤1例北大核心CSCD

患者男,65岁,间歇性头晕、额部头痛1月余,夜间加重,无恶心及发热等;2年前左颞部头皮外伤。查体及实验室检查均无明显异常。头颅CT/MRI:颅前窝右侧7.4 cm×5.8 cm不规则形态不均匀稍高密度影/T1W低信号、T2W稍高信号(图1A、1B),边界欠清,其旁见片状低密度/T1W低信号、T2W高信号水肿带,邻近侧脑室受压,中线向左偏移约11 mm;周围骨密度及形态均未见明显异常;弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)示病灶实性部分呈明显高信号。     

2例眼眶结节性肌筋膜炎MRI表现

<正>病例1：患者男,47岁,左眼及头部胀痛10天,外院CT提示左眶肿物;既往体健。查体：左侧上眼睑红肿,左眼球轻度突出,眶周无异常隆起,眼球运动正常。MRI：左眶肌锥内间隙颞侧缘眼球后方2.4cm×1.4cm×1.8cm类卵圆形病灶,边界清,呈T1WI稍高信号（图1A）,T2WI中心高信号、边缘等信号（图1B）,压迫视神经眶内段及下直肌;增强后病灶呈环形渐进性强化（图1C）;诊断为左眶内占位,良性可能性大。     

Von Hippel-Lindau综合征2例报告并文献复习

病例 例1,女,30岁.3年前外院诊断"胰头癌、双肾癌",未治疗,无特殊不适,于2013年2月28日来我院就诊.查体:神清,颈软,呼吸音清,右腹触及一巨块,无痛,质软.肝肋下一横指.患者曾生育1子,体健.其父患脑瘤术后死亡,姑姑患胰腺肿瘤,在世.其母体健. CT平扫:胰头部巨大肿块,大小约95 mm×81 mm,密度不均,边界不清,胰腺体尾部增大,呈蜂窝状囊泡改变,最大囊直径约16 mm.双肾多发占位灶(图1a).MRI平扫:头颅MRI未见明显异常.胰头部一巨大肿块,信号不均,T1WI呈低、等信号,T2WI高信号,边界尚清,大小约141 mm×106 mm×100 mm.胰腺体尾部呈弥漫性蜂窝状改变,信号为T1WI低T2WI高.双肾多发小圆形囊灶,直径5～15 mm不等.右肾中部及左肾下部各见一实质性肿物,右侧约35 mm×26 mm,左侧约25 mm×24 mm,T2WI混杂高信号、T1WI混杂等低信号.     

1例阴道囊性上皮样肉瘤MRI表现

<正>患者女,44岁,下腹痛伴白带增多1个月;既往体健,月经正常,无特殊家族病史。查体:阴道左前壁触及4cm×5cm×5cm质软边界清肿物,触痛(+),活动度欠佳,有鱼腥臭味脓性分泌物流出。肿瘤标志物未见明显异常。盆腔MRI:阴道左前壁5.7cm×5.4cm×5.7cm类圆形囊性肿物大部分边界清晰,内部信号混杂,可见出血(图1A)及液-液平面(图1B),弥散加权成像(diffusionweightedimaging,DWI)呈混杂稍高信号(图1C);囊壁T1WI及T2WI均呈等信号,DWI呈高信号,     

读片窗及答案

患者,男,61岁。反复高热20余天,查体：体温38.8。,呈恶液质状态,腹水征(+),双下肢浮肿。实验室检查：WBC2.2×109/L,RBC 4.5×1012/L,白蛋白26g/L,AFP 6ng/L,HbsAg(+)。 CT平扫：肝右叶巨大占位病变,呈混杂低密度,边缘模糊,其内多发囊变坏死区,CT值10.7～22.3Hu(图1)。 MR平扫：T1WI：病变呈混杂低信号,中心部偏右侧等信号影,周边部位多发囊性低信号区(图2);T2WI：病变呈明显高信号,对应T1WI等信号区在T2WI上呈稍低信号,并可见多发索条状低信号。边界较清晰,似可见低信号的包膜环绕(图3)。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.