基于体素形态学测量评估帕金森病伴抑郁患者脑灰质体积变化及其与抑郁程度的关系

目的 基于体素形态学测量(VBM)方法观察帕金森病伴抑郁(PDD)患者脑灰质异常区域及其分布特征,探讨灰质体积变化与抑郁程度的关系。方法 纳入35例PDD患者(PDD组)、25例帕金森病非抑郁(PDND)患者(PDND组)及31名健康受试者[健康对照(HC)组],采集3D-T1WI脑结构像,并进行神经心理学量表评估;以VBM方法分析3组全脑灰质体积差异及其与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分的相关性。结果 PDD组HAMD和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分均高于PDND组及HC组(P均＜0.05);PDND组HAMA评分高于HC组(P＜0.05)。相比HC组,PDD组双侧中央沟盖、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、双侧中央后回、右侧内侧扣带回和旁扣带回、右侧中央前回、右侧缘上回、右侧补充运动区及左侧丘脑,以及PDND组右侧颞上回、右侧缘上回、右侧前扣带回、右侧内侧扣带回、右侧旁扣带回及右侧中央后回灰质体积均缩小(FWE校正,P均＜0.05);相比PDND组,PDD组右侧额下回眶部、右侧角回、右侧内侧扣带回、右侧旁扣带回及右侧杏仁核灰质体积缩小(FDR校正,P均＜0.05)。PDD组右侧直回、左侧额中回灰质体积与HAMD评分呈负相关(r＝-0.550、-0.615,P均＜0.05)。结论 PDD患者边缘系统-皮质-纹状体-苍白球-丘脑神经环路脑灰质体积萎缩;且右侧直回、左侧额中回灰质体积与其抑郁程度相关。     

藏族双语者与汉族非双语者脑灰质VBM-MRI的初步研究

目的应用基于体素的形态学测量(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)技术初步探讨第二语言的习得对大脑微观结构的影响。材料与方法应用PHILIPS3.0 T磁共振对35名掌握藏-汉双语的健康藏族志愿者和35名汉族非双语健康志愿者行全脑扫描,获得T1-3D脑结构图像,然后应用VBM技术进行统计分析。结果藏族双语者较汉族左侧中央后回、左侧缘上回、左侧颞上回、右侧颞上回、右侧豆状核、右侧顶下小叶、左侧小脑8区脑灰质体积增加。结论第二语言的习得可以导致部分脑语言区体积的增加,双语学习可以促进脑语言区皮质的发育。     

青少年首发未治疗抑郁症患者脑灰质体积改变

目的 采用基于体素的形态学测量(VBM)观察青少年首发未治疗抑郁症患者脑灰质体积改变。方法 纳入31例青少年首发未治疗抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)及与之相匹配的29名健康受试者(对照组),采集高分辨-T1WI;比较组间临床资料的差异，以VBM分析观察组间脑灰质体积的差异，采用偏相关分析评估抑郁症组上述脑区灰质体积改变与临床资料的相关性。结果 抑郁症组17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评分大于对照组(P<0.01)。相比对照组，抑郁症组左侧小脑后叶灰质体积缩小，左侧额叶中央前回、左侧额中回及右侧前扣带回灰质体积增大(簇水平P均<0.05,FWE校正)。抑郁症组左侧小脑后叶灰质体积与HAMD-17评分呈负相关(r=-0.276,P=0.039),左侧额叶中央前回、左侧额中回及右侧前扣带回灰质体积与HAMD-17评分均呈正相关(r=0.617、0.589、0.632,P均<0.01)。结论 青少年首发未治疗抑郁症患者额叶、小脑及边缘系统存在灰质体积改变，且与病情严重程度有关。     

VBM分析在颞叶癫痫患者脑结构MRI检测中的应用

【目的】基于像素的形态学测量（VBM ）法分析颞叶癫痫患者脑区灰质密度和体积的差异,探讨VBM对常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者的检测准确性。【方法】选择本院收治的30例常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者（颞叶癫痫组）,其中男13例,女17例;选择同期本院体检健康者30例（对照组）,其中男16例,女14例。采用磁化预备快速梯度回波序列进行高分辨率全脑结构像扫描两组研究对象脑部,通过VBM分析其全脑灰质体积及密度变化。【结果】①颞叶癫痫患者组的左侧枕叶、楔叶,右侧小脑山顶脑区的灰质密度较对照组降低,差异有显著性意义;双侧壳核、外侧苍白球、左侧颞下回、右侧额下回脑区的灰质密度较对照组升高,差异有显著性意义;②颞叶癫痫患者组双侧岛叶,右侧中央前回、颞上回、楔叶、楔前叶、枕中回、缘上回,左侧颞中回、角回、舌回、颞横回、中央后回、中央旁小叶、海马旁回、梭状回的脑灰质体积较正常对照组降低,差异有显著性;未发现灰质体积升高的脑区。【结论】颞叶癫痫患者不仅颞叶灰质存在异常,而且颞叶外脑区也存在广泛的灰质异常,对于常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者,进行VBM 分析可发现广泛的脑结构异常。     

膝骨性关节炎患者脑结构和功能变化的多模态MRI

目的 联合基于体素的形态学测量（VBM）技术和静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）技术探究膝骨性关节炎（KOA）患者静息状态下脑灰质体积、脑神经元活动强度及基于种子点的功能连接强度改变,综合分析KOA相关异常脑网络。方法 前瞻性收集30例KOA患者（KOA组）及30例健康人（HC组）的3D高分辨率T1WI像和rs-fMRI图像,采用VBM、低频振幅、功能连接3种方法分析两组间脑灰质结构和功能数据差异。结果 与HC组相比,KOA组双侧梭状回、右侧颞中回低频振幅值增高,右侧楔前叶、右侧内侧前额叶皮质、左侧额中回低频振幅值减低（体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05）;右侧楔前叶、右侧顶下小叶、右侧初级视觉皮层、左侧颞中回、左侧中央后回灰质体积减小（体素水平P<0.002,团块水平P<0.05）;以右侧楔前叶为种子点,与右侧颞中回的功能连接增强,与左侧前扣带回、左侧背外侧前额叶皮质的功能连接降低（体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05）。结论KOA患者感知皮层系统及联合皮层系统阵营均存在血氧水平依赖信号及灰质微结构的改变且有重叠,主要涉及视觉...     

慢性高原病患者脑灰质变化的VBM-MRI研究

目的采用MRI基于体素的形态学测量（VBM-MRI）技术,分析慢性高原病（CMS）患者全脑灰质体积的变化。材料与方法对14例临床确诊的CMS患者和年龄、性别、受教育年限、海拔高度相匹配的11例正常志愿者行全脑扫描,获取3D-T1结构图像。利用VBM方法对CMS组和正常组的全脑灰质图像进行基于体素的统计学比较。结果与对照组相比,CMS患者右侧舌回、后扣带回、双侧海马旁回及左侧颞下回灰质体积增加;左侧前扣带回灰质体积减少。结论利用VBM方法对MR结构图像分析能够客观显示CMS患者特定脑区体积的变化,从影像学角度揭示高原缺氧对脑结构的影响。     

激活似然估计法分析运动相关专业人员脑灰质可塑性

目的 采用激活似然估计（ALE）荟萃分析方法观察长期专业技能训练诱发运动相关专业人员大脑灰质结构的可塑性。方法 于CNKI、PubMed、Web of Science数据库及Google scholar检索2005年1月1日-2020年6月12日基于体素形态学分析（VBM）运动相关专业人员大脑灰质变化的文献,以Ginger ALE软件包对检索结果进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入21项研究,包括396名专业运动员（试验组）和538名健康对照者（对照组）。与对照组相比,试验组左侧脑岛、右侧顶下小叶、右侧额中回、右侧前扣带回、左侧楔前叶及右侧颞上回灰质体积增大;右侧小脑前叶、右侧小脑顶、左侧海马旁回、右侧丘脑、右侧小脑后叶、右侧额上回及左侧楔前叶灰质密度增加。结论 运动相关专业人员多个脑区灰质结构可塑性可能与其所受长期专业技能训练相关。     

基于自动分割技术联合基于体素的形态学观察帕金森病脑灰质结构

目的 探讨基于自动分割技术联合基于体素的形态学(VBM)观察帕金森病(PD)患者全脑灰质异常区域及分布特征的应用价值。方法 基于自动分割技术,应用FIRST工具对29例PD患者(PD组)及30名健康人(对照组)的T1图像皮层下灰质结构精确分割,对比两组各灰质结构体积。并应用VBM方法对两组脑灰质图像进行比较。结果 两组右侧壳核皮层下灰质体积差异有统计学意义(t=10.201,P<0.05)。与对照组比较,PD组脑灰质体积(右侧初级运动皮层,双侧额叶、边缘叶、部分左侧小脑后叶、右侧小脑前叶、右侧小脑后叶、右侧颞叶、顶叶、壳核及左侧枕叶)广泛减少,部分左侧小脑后叶体积增加,两侧半球脑体积缺失不对称(右侧大于左侧)。结论 通过FIRST工具可精确分割并直接计算皮层下灰质结构体积,应用VBM技术可定量分析脑结构形态学异常;二者结合可较全面地表现PD脑灰质体积广泛减少的形态学特点。     

前庭性偏头痛患者脑灰质体积的研究

目的探讨前庭性偏头痛患者脑灰质体积的变化。方法采用VBM-DARTEL对20名前庭性偏头痛患者和20名相匹配的正常对照者比较两组的脑灰质体积,并对其临床症状评分与灰质体积进行相关性分析。结果与对照组相比,前庭性偏头痛患者的右侧额中回、右侧顶下小叶、左侧额内侧眶回、左侧缘上回、左侧岛叶、左侧中央沟盖区灰质体积明显下降(P0.05,FDR校正,k≥100),左侧额上回下降的灰质体积与疾病病程呈负相关(P0.05,FDR校正,k≥100)。结论前庭性偏头痛患者脑灰质异常改变脑区可能参与了疼痛信息处理。     

应用基于体素的形态测量学分析慢性原发性三叉神经痛患者脑灰质形态改变

目的 应用基于体素的形态测量学（VBM）方法,分析慢性原发性三叉神经痛（CPTN）患者脑灰质形态改变。方法 利用VBM-DARTEL算法,对30例CPTN患者（CPTN组）及30名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者（正常对照组）的3D-T1W序列脑结构数据行VBM处理及统计分析,探讨CPTN患者脑灰质体积改变及其与临床指标（病程及量表评分）的相关性。结果 与正常对照相比,CPTN患者双侧前扣带回（ACC）后部及中扣带回（MCC）、双侧颞叶、双侧丘脑、左侧海马及海马旁回、右侧中央前回灰质体积减小,右侧后扣带回（PCC）及右侧顶叶灰质体积增大（P均<0.05）,但所有差异脑区的灰质体积与临床指标之间无线性相关关系。结论 CPTN患者存在多个脑区灰质体积的异常,VBM方法能显示这些改变,为临床评价CPTN患者脑形态学异常提供客观的影像学依据。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.