某乡镇612家企业职业卫生现状调查

目的通过调查了解乡镇中小微企业职业卫生现状。方法对某乡镇612家企业开展职业病危害因素现状普查,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果调查的612家企业均存在职业病危害因素,其中小微企业528家,占86.3%,存在的主要职业病危害因素有噪声、高温、手传振动、电焊弧光、锰及其化合物、金属粉尘、砂轮磨尘、电焊烟尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醛等。在职业卫生管理机构和人员设置、工作场所职业病危害因素检测、职业病危害因素申报、个人防护用品配发和职业健康体检等方面实施率均不超过10%。结论企业职业卫生管理现状不容乐观,应加强乡镇企业职业卫生管理工作,确保各项措施有效实施,保障劳动者健康。     

2017年蚌埠市重点职业病监测结果分析

目的 分析蚌埠市重点职业病监测结果,为持续开展监测工作和改进监测方法提供参考。
方法 按照《2017年安徽省重点职业病监测与职业健康风险评估工作实施方案》的要求,筛查蚌埠市2017年辖区内存在煤（矽）尘、矽尘、石棉、苯、铅、噪声、布鲁氏菌、电焊烟尘、水泥尘、高温等10种职业病危害因素的企业,收集在岗劳动者职业健康检查和职业病诊断资料进行统计分析。
结果 2017年蚌埠市存在重点职业病危害因素的企业共405家,以制造业为主,多为职业病危害严重或较重企业,接触重点职业病危害因素人员为9 047人。136家企业的7 375人接受职业健康检查,企业重点职业病危害因素职业健康体检覆盖率仅为33.58%,体检发现1名疑似职业病病人和64名职业禁忌证者。2017年确诊并报告重点职业病4例,均为布鲁氏菌病。
结论 蚌埠市2017年重点职业病发病以布鲁氏菌病为主,疑似职业病病人、职业禁忌证者主要为接触高温、噪声的劳动者。接触矽尘、苯、布鲁氏菌、电焊烟尘、噪声和高温等重点职业病危害因素的劳动者为重点防控人群。
     

某汽车制造企业职业危害特点与管理对策

目的通过对某汽车制造企业竣工验收前职业病危害因素检测资料的分析,评价职业病危害控制效果,找出职业危害特点,提出职业卫生管理对策。方法采用职业卫生现场调查和职业卫生检测方法。结果电焊烟尘、锰尘、二甲苯、乙酸丁酯浓度以及噪声声级超标,是主要职业病危害因素。50%(9/18)的焊接检测岗位电焊烟尘危害作业分级为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,56%(15/27)的焊接检测岗位锰尘危害作业分级为Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级;噪声测量岗位危害作业分级为Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;高温危害作业分级为Ⅰ。结论该汽车制造企业职业病危害因素超标严重,应改革生产工艺和引进先进设备,加大职业卫生经费投入,以减少职业病的发生。     

某民营铅酸蓄电池厂职业病危害现状调查

目的 调查某铅酸蓄电池厂职业病危害现状,分析该厂职业病危害因素超标的原因,为用人单位职业病防治及职业卫生日常管理提出建议。 方法 依据职业卫生调查资料和职业病危害检测数据,采用定量分级法、综合分析法等评价方法评价职业病危害现状。 结果 该企业化学有害因素超标率51.85%,噪声超标率46.16%,职业卫生管理不规范。 结论 该企业主要职业病危害因素为铅烟、铅尘、酸雾和噪声。部分作业岗位职业病危害因素超标严重,后期应关注工艺设备的改进,加强职业卫生管理。     

某矿业公司作业场所职业病危害现状评价

目的 对某矿业公司职业病危害和防护措施效果进行评价,并提出合理可行的职业病防护对策。 方法 在现场卫生调查的基础上,采用检查表法、职业病危害因素检测、定量分级相结合的方法进行评价。 结果 该矿业公司生产过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素为电焊烟尘、矽尘、臭氧、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、二氧化锰、工频电场、手传振动、紫外辐射(电焊弧光)和噪声。经现场检测,矽尘检测合格率为0,噪声检测合格率为75%,其余危害因素检测合格率均为100%。 结论 矽尘和噪声是该矿业生产过程中重点职业病危害因素,企业应进一步加强职业病防护措施和职业健康监护等工作。     

韶关市铅酸蓄电池企业职业病危害因素分布与检测分析

目的 通过对韶关市铅酸蓄电池企业职业病危害现状的调查与分析,明确该行业职业病防护的重点问题,并提出针对性防治措施。方法 应用职业卫生现场调查法收集韶关市3家铅酸蓄电池企业的相关情况,进行现场职业卫生调查,并对调查情况和检测结果进行综合分析和研究。结果 3家企业一线工作人员数量、年产能相当,生产工艺流程基本相似,检测期间各装置运行正常,职工均发放了防护用品,均设置了通风除尘排毒设施;铅酸蓄电池企业职业病危害因素种类较多,其中铅烟、铅尘、噪声是重点职业病危害因素;铅尘的岗位总合格率为62.50%,其中极板制造、分板包板、电池组装3个生产工段的铅尘浓度超过标准限值要求;铅烟的岗位总合格率为73.33%,其中板栅铸造、电池组装两个生产工段的铅烟浓度超过标准限值要求;噪声的岗位总合格率为76.92%,其中铅粉制造、极板制造、分板包板、电池组装、电池化成的噪声测量值超过标准限值的要求。结论 韶关市铅酸蓄电池企业职业病危害现状较差,存在问题较多。其中重点职业病危害因素主要为铅烟、铅尘和噪声,需及时整改,并加强职业卫生监管。     

常州市天宁区40家纺织企业职业卫生现状调查

目的了解纺织企业存在的主要职业病危害及防治现状。方法以常州市天宁区40家纺织企业为对象,于2014—2016年度对企业存在的职业病危害因素进行检测、对工人进行职业健康检查,并对职业卫生管理制度等方面进行调查。结果天宁区纺织企业以小型和微型民营企业为主,主要职业病危害因素为棉尘、噪声。40家纺织企业开展职业病危害因素作业场所现场检测率为70.00%,棉尘、噪声的检测超标率分别为16.13%、33.70%,三资企业棉尘超标率超过民营企业(P<0.05),小微型企业噪声超标率明显超过大、中型企业(P<0.01);职业健康监护率74.68%,肺功能异常检出率2.64%,胸片异常检出率4.33%,双耳高频平均听阈>40dB检出率6.83%,噪声职业禁忌证检出率3.02%,疑似噪声聋检出率2.23%;40家纺织企业均设置了职业卫生管理组织机构,但不够完善;均为操作工人配备了口罩、耳塞,但部分工人未按要求佩戴。结论天宁区纺织企业应加强对棉尘和噪声的防护,小微型企业是监督管理的重点。     

长沙市机械制造行业职业危害现状研究

目的了解长沙市机械制造行业职业危害现状、分布特点和职业人群接触特征,确定职业危害控制目标和重点。方法应用职业卫生调查、检测检验法、职业健康监护等方法,对长沙市2008-2010年职业病危害工业企业调查资料,编制数据库进行统计分析。结果调查全市机械制造行业有职业病危害的工业企业44家,职工总数65 363人,接触职业危害19 934人,外包人员4 289人。职业病危害因素检测合格率低的分别是矽尘、噪声、紫外线、甲醛、二氧化锰,职业病危害的种类是尘肺病、慢性苯中毒、听力损伤和职业性皮肤病;企业职业卫生管理、建设项目评价与卫生审查、健康监护率等都处于较低水平。结论机械制造行业主要职业病危害因素是粉尘、噪声、锰及化合物、苯系物、电弧焊光,职业病防控重点是尘肺病、慢性苯中毒;机械行业职业病危害的关键控制点是喷涂漆、铸造、电焊、热处理、打磨、切割下料等岗位。     

绍兴市主要职业病危害现状调查

目的 了解绍兴市主要职业病危害现状及相关危害因素暴露水平,以有效控制职业病危害,保障劳动者健康。方法 依据《2012年绍兴市职业健康状况调查工作实施方案》和《2012年绍兴市主要职业病危害因素监测方案》在绍兴市开展主要职业病危害因素现状调查、监测。结果 1727家企业存在主要职业病危害因素,占全市企业数的2.74％;接触主要职业病危害因素劳动者56098人,占全市劳动者的25.39％;矽尘等8种主要职业病危害因素监测365点,合格268点,总合格率73.42％,其中矽尘、电焊尘和铅及其化合物合格率低,分别为0.00％、55.56％和35.48％。结论 绍兴市企业类型以小型居多,职业性慢性铅中毒和尘肺病的发病率仍较高,这与相关作业岗位的职业危害控制合格率低有关,因此这方面的职业卫生技术服务能力亟待加强。     

福建省蓄电池制造企业职业病危害现状分析

目的调查福建省蓄电池制造企业职业病危害现状,为加强职业卫生监管提供依据。方法收集2019年福建省工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统数据,分析蓄电池制造企业的铅尘、铅烟、噪声的检测结果及职业卫生管理现状。结果 11家蓄电池制造企业的铅尘时间加权平均浓度(C_TWA)、铅烟(C_TWA)、噪声的检测值M(P25～P₇₅)分别为0.030(0.022～0.088)mg/m³、0.030(0.017～0.060)mg/m³、82.4(79.1～84.8)dB(A),铅尘、铅烟、噪声的岗位合格率分别为62.5%、66.7%、76.8%,不同岗位合格率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);职业卫生管理各项指标合格率为63.6%～100.0%。结论福建省蓄电池制造行业铅、噪声的职业病危害较严重,职业卫生管理水平有待提高,卫生行政部门应加强职业卫生监管。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.