2013年厦门市男男性行为人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解2013年厦门市男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV感染状况、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、艾滋病相关行为情况。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》,对辖区男男性行为人群进行问卷调查,采静脉血进行HIV、丙肝、梅毒抗体检测。结果 2013年HIV、梅毒、丙肝感染率分别为:9.0%、4.7%、0.0%。艾滋病知识综合知晓率为92.1%。近6个月有发生过同性肛交性行为的人中使用安全套的比例为93.2%。近6个月有过商业同性性行为的人群中安全套使用率为100%。近6个月与异性发生性行为的比例为18.1%。结论根据监测所得出的艾滋病知识知晓的薄弱环节和不同情况下安全套使用率的不同,应对当地MSM人群进行有针对性的宣教与干预,进一步提高艾滋病干预服务的覆盖率,加强MSM人群健康意识,提高其安全套使用率和性病治疗率,从而减缓艾滋病在该人群的蔓延。     

2011年青岛市男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV/梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解青岛市男男性行为人群(MSM)艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV/梅毒的感染状况,为制定该人群的行为干预措施提供依据。[方法]2011年3～9月,对青岛市306名MSM进行问卷调查并检测HIV、梅毒抗体。[结果]调查306人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为89.54%。86.27%的MSM最近6个月与男性发生过性行为,最近6个月与男性性伴发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套的占47.73%;最近1次与男性发生肛交性行为时使用安全套占62.88%;最近6个月32.04%的MSM与异性发生过性行为,与异性发生过性行为时坚持使用安全套的占31.63%。最近1年接受过艾滋病预防干预服务的占83.01%;最近1年曾经做过HIV抗体检测的占58.27%;获得艾滋病知识的途径是网络的占61.11%,是电视、广播的占54.25%,是同伴教育的占50.33%。306人全部进行采血检测,HIV抗体阳性9例,阳性检出率为2.94%;梅毒抗体阳性21例,阳性检出率为6.86%。[结论]MSM人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但是安全套使用率较低。     

高档酒吧男男性行为者艾滋病知识知晓及安全套使用情况调查

[目的]了解高档酒吧男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病知识知晓及安全套使用情况,为艾滋病干预提供科学依据。[方法]2009年4~7月对青岛市某一MSM活动的高级酒吧与男性发生过口交、肛交并自愿接受HIV抗体检测的男性400人,在知情同意的前提下,对MSM进行匿名问卷调查。[结果]调查MSM人群400人,平均年龄27.51±6.49岁,艾滋病知识知晓率为80.00%。最近6个月内与同性发生肛交性行为时每次都使用安全套者占7.25%;最近6个月内与同性发生商业性行为时每次都使用安全套者占8.82%;最近6个月内与异性发生性行为时每次都使用安全套者占5.83%。与同性发生性关系时,艾滋病知识知晓率越高,安全套使用率越高,而与同性发生商业性性行为及与异性发生性行为时,未发现艾滋病知识知晓率与安全套使用率之间的相关性。[结论]艾滋病知识知晓率是促进MSM人群降低危险性行为的有利因素,但存在着知识态度与行为相分离的现象。     

2008年聊城市男男性行为者艾滋病高危行为调查

[目的]了解男男性行为者(MSM)的社会学特征、艾滋病高危性行为、知识知晓及HIV感染情况。[方法]2008年6～9月应用同伴推动抽样法(RDS)对聊城市的MSM进行抽样,通过现场问卷调查和血清学检测了解其高危行为因素及HIV感染等情况,资料分析使用RDSAT、Excel软件完成。[结果]调查204名MSM,有58.33%的自我认同为同性恋;艾滋病防治知识知晓率为61.27%;有76.47%的MSM与同性发生过口交性行为,有78.38%的MSM与同性发生过肛交性行为,有60.29%的MSM与异性发生过性关系。发生以上高危性行为的MSM,最近6个月内,有89.32%与多个同性发生过肛交,有89.71%与多个同性发生过口交,有86.99%与异性发生过性行为,但最近6个月肛交性行为时安全套使用率仅为25.53%;检出HIV感染者2例,感染率为1.51%。[结论]聊城市MSM人群有较强的认同感,艾滋病知识知晓率低,性伴多且不固定,安全套使用率低,存在HIV在MSM人群中传播的危险。     

贵阳市大学生男男性接触人群艾滋病知信行调查

了解贵阳市大学生男男性接触(MSM)人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓及态度、行为情况,为制定该群体的艾滋病防控策略提供参考依据.方法 采用滚雪球抽样方法和网络招募法从贵阳市5所高校中选择349名大学生MSM作为调查对象,自行设计问卷进行艾滋病知信行的匿名调查.结果 艾滋病知识知晓率为87.4%,获取途径以互联网的比例最高,为91.2%.首次同性性行为平均年龄为(18.96±1.67)岁;90.8%的调查对象最近6个月发生过同性性行为,其中从未使用安全套的比例为17.3%;9.7%最近6个月发生过异性性行为,其中使用安全套的比例为55.9%.仅有38.1%的大学生MSM做过HIV抗体检测,其中有93.2%知道检测结果.结论 大学生MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率较高、高危性行为普遍存在、安全套使用率较低.政府和高校应加强对大学生人群艾滋病预防干预力度.     

铜陵市男男性行为人群高危行为和性病艾滋病感染现状调查

目的 了解铜陵市男男性行为（men who have sex with men,MSM）人群高危性行为和性病艾滋病感染现状,为制定MSM人群干预措施提供科学的根据。方法 通过同伴推动抽样（respondent-driven sampling,RDS）和QQ网络招募以及定期开展的男男外展活动招募MSM人群,采用问卷调查的方式收集人口学信息、艾滋病知识知晓情况及高危行为状况,采其外周静脉血5 ml检测HIV抗体和梅毒抗体。结果 共计有101名MSM参与调查,平均年龄为（24.8±6.2）岁,以未婚、大专学历、在职为主;调查显示,MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率较高,达95.0%;安全套使用等知识正确知晓率较高,有75.2%的被调查者6题全部回答正确。发生首次性行为的平均年龄为（19.4±2.8）岁,有71.3%的MSM人群发生首次性行为的性伴为男性,最近6个月有88.1%的人与同性发生过性行为,其中有64.0%的人发生性行为时每次都用安全套,36.0%的人有时使用安全套;采集的62份血样中,HIV感染率为6.5%,梅毒感染率为1.6%。结论 铜陵市MSM人群HIV感染率较高,同性性行为中安全套使用率较低,预防艾滋病工作刻不容缓。     

南宁市男男性接触者艾滋病相关知识及危险行为调查

目的 了解男男性接触者人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率和高危险行为,为制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用滚雪球抽样法和方便抽样法选择对象,用自行设计的问卷采用匿名问卷形式进行调查,共调查230名MSM.结果 MSM人群艾滋病传播途径相关知识的知晓率达85.24%.93.48%有过肛交,92.17%有过口交,83.49%有过互相手淫,首次性行为年龄最小11岁,平均年龄20.88岁.首次性行为对象为男性占73.5%,女性占26.5%,目前完全同性为51.3%,双性为47.4%.过去1年平均男性伴数6.56个,最近1个月平均男性伴数1.58个.最近1次肛交和口交时安全套使用率分别为72.44%、13.47%,最近6个月肛交、口交安全套使用率分别为42.86%、3.62%,肛交、口交从不使用安全套率分别为11.22%、62.18%.结论 南宁市MSM人群普遍存在多性伴和安全套使用率低危险性行为,应加强对MSM人群的健康教育、行为干预.     

镇海区男男性行为人群艾滋病相关知识及行为调查

目的了解宁波市镇海区男男性行为(MSM)人群的性行为特征和艾滋病知晓率及安全套使用情况,为实施MSM人群高危行为干预提供参考。方法采用横断面调查方法,利用滚雪球和同伴推动的招募方法对居住在镇海区的MSM进行问卷调查。结果 351名MSM接受调查,年龄在18~74岁之间;一年内罹患性病16例(4.56%),吸毒6人(1.71%);3个月内有非商业性同性性行为175人(49.86%),有商业性同性性行为66人(18.80%);136人(38.75%)发生过无套口交、酒后无套肛交等其他同性性行为,90人有异性性行为(25.64%)。调查人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率在70%以上。结论宁波市镇海区MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率相对较高,但安全套使用率偏低,应加强高危行为干预。     

三亚市高校学生男男性行为人群艾滋病知识及相关疾病流行现状

了解三亚市高校学生男男性行为(MSM)人群艾滋病感染状况及相关知识行为,为对相应人群采取有效健康教育和预防干预措施提供依据.方法 采用滚雪球抽样方法,对三亚市128名高校学生男男性行为人群开展问卷调查,并采集血样进行HIV、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测.结果 男男性行为者艾滋病基本知识知晓率为87.5%;最近6个月内有过同性肛交性行为者占64.8%,最近1次同性性行为安全套使用率为61.7%;存在商业性行为、吸毒行为及异性性行为;HIV感染率为1.6%,梅毒阳性率为5.5%.结论 三亚市高校学生MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率较高,存在知识一行为分离现象无保护高危性行为较为普遍,梅毒感染率高,艾滋病流行形势严峻.应采取有效的健康教育和行为干预措施,控制艾滋病在该人群中的传播.     

2008年攀枝花市男男性接触者艾滋病行为监测

目的了解攀枝花市男男性接触者（MSM）艾滋病相关危险行为的现状,为在该人群中开展艾滋病的干预提供依据。方法在MSM知情同意的前提下,由专业人员对目标人群进行一对一的问卷调查。结果共调查MSM384人,以青壮年、高中以上文化程度、学生和工人为主;艾滋病相关知识知晓率为89．88％;第1次发生性行为平均年龄为19．07±2．85岁;第1次与男性发生性行为的平均年龄为20．07±3．95岁;最近1次与男性发生肛交性行为时安全套使用率为76．52％;最近1次与女性发生性行为安全套使用率62．26％。结论MSM是艾滋病感染的高危人群,高危行为广泛存在,急需针对MSM采取综合干预措施,探索可推广的干预模式。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.