经腋路第一肋切除治疗胸廓出口综合征

目的：总结经腋路第一肋切除治疗胸廓出口综合征的经验，方法：采用经腋路第一肋切除术治疗下臂丛型胸廓出口综合征16例，结果：3例术中胸膜破裂，术后有胸闷和胸前区压迫感，其中1例前胸部可摸到少量的皮下捻发音；X线片示均有轻度气胸，除吸氧外，未做其它处理，术后3d基本恢复。16例中1例在术后3个月复发，再次行前中斜角肌切除术，术后症状缓解，2例在术后8个月复发,4例在术后12个月出现前臂内侧和手尺侧轻度麻木及肩颈部不适，但比术前要轻得多；该6例经用药后症状基本消失，其余患者症状完全解除，未复发，总治愈率为81．25％，8例第一肌间背仙肌萎缩者，3例患者完全恢复（术后25－28个月），2例部分恢复（术后18－23个月），该5例的爪形手畸形均已消失，结论：经腋路切除第一肋治疗下臂丛型胸廓出口综合征，伤口隐蔽，损伤小，手术后复发率较低。     

切断前中小斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征的远期疗效

目的 远期随访切断前中斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）的疗效。方法对31例32侧胸廓出口综合征患者术后的疗效作远期随访。其中上干型4例，下干型26例27侧，全臂丛型1例。X线片示颈肋1例。第七颈椎横突过长2例。均行手术治疗。术中发现31例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术；3例骨异常者同时切除增长的骨组织和颈肋。术后随访4年8个月-8年3个月．平均为5年4个月。以症状、体征有无复发以及是否恢复原工作为随访主要观察项目。疗效按胸廓出口综合征评定标准评定。结果 术后症状明显改善15例16侧，部分改善6例，无效10例。优良率为68．7％。结论 该组病例远期疗效的优良率为68．7％，因此，胸廓出口综合征的治疗方法仍是个有待于进一步研究的临床课题。     

经第10肋胸腰联合切口切除肾上腺巨大嗜铬细胞瘤(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的：探讨经第10肋胸腰联合切口切除肾上腺巨大嗜铬细胞瘤的可行性。方法：采用经第10肋胸腰联合切口切除右肾上腺巨大嗜铬细胞瘤1例。手术用时330min，术中出血约800ml。术中暴露满意，分离肿瘤过程血压波动较小，术后恢复快。结果：术后随访3．5年，患者血压恢复正常，肿瘤无复发，无心肺并发症，无代谢紊乱。结论：经第10肋胸腰联合切口可提供满意的术野暴露，用于切除肾上腺巨大嗜铬细胞瘤安全有效。     

经腋路内窥镜辅助下切除第一肋骨治疗胸廓出口综合征

目的 报告内窥镜辅助下手术治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征的方法及临床疗效.方法 采用内窥镜辅助下经腋路第一肋骨切除术治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征14例.结果 术后随访时间为12～24个月,14例患者症状完全解除,未见复发.4例第一骨间背侧肌萎缩者,有2例完全恢复,2例部分恢复.按照Wood等提出的评价标准评定:优11例(占78.6%).良3例(占21.4%).结论 经腋路内窥镜辅助下切除第一肋骨治疗下干型胸廓出口综合征,手术创伤小.伤口隐蔽,减压彻底,疗效满意.     

胸廓出口综合征26例术后远期疗效分析

目的 报道胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）手术治疗后的远期疗效。方法 对26例胸廓出口综合征患者．切断前、中、小斜角肌及臂丛神经松解术后进行5年3个月-10年7个月的长期随访，并分析其疗效。结果 14例颈肩部疼痛、手麻症状消失，6例症状明显好转，6例自觉效果不佳或无效，优良率为76．93％。结论 胸廓出口综合征是常见病，一旦确诊，保守治疗效果不佳或反复发作者，应及早手术。但必需注意术后大约有23．07％的患者效果不佳甚至无效。     

胸廓出口综合征合并颈椎病的治疗疗效分析

[目的]探讨应用常规臂丛神经松解术治疗胸廓出口综合征（thorasis outlet syndrome，TOS）合并颈椎病的疗效。[方法]对经过肌电图证实为胸廓出口综合征与X线片证实为颈椎病的16例病人进行了前、中斜角肌切断、神经松解术，术后配合理疗及神经营养药物治疗。[结果]所有病例均在术后得到随访。按陈履平等疗效评定标椎，随访22个月时，优5例，良4例，可3例，差4例。[结论]合并颈椎病的胸廓出口综合征的病人必须首先治疗颈椎对神经根的压迫，才能保证手术治疗胸廓出口综合征的疗效。     

臂丛神经改良切口全程松解术患者的术后护理

目的总结胸廓出口综合征行改良切口全程松解术患者的术后护理经验。方法对77侧胸廓出口综合征患者行改良切口全程松解术后患者,给予周密细致的体位护理、生活护理、疼痛护理,严密观察并发症,做好常规及专科护理,重视康复训练指导。结果患者手术均顺利,术后48h症状明显改善者68例,3例改善不明显,1例自觉症状加重。手术切口均一期愈合,无1例感染。患者平均住院11.8d。6个月有效随访49侧,功能优良率为87.76%。结论实施全面、系统的术后护理,注重心理护理及康复指导护理,可减少并发症的发生,保证手术效果。     

胸廓出口综合征的诊疗体会

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征(TOS)的诊断和手术治疗。方法我院自1997-2003年诊断和手术治疗胸廓出口综合征23例24侧，诊断为臂丛上千型TOS2例，下千型17例18侧，全臂丛型1例，血管型2例，混合型1例。手术切除颈肋及过长的横突，同时作臂丛神经外膜松解术。术中发现23例有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，均切断前斜角肌，松解臂丛神经及受压的锁骨下血管，如果发现中、小斜角肌压迫臂丛神经血管，则予切断。术后当天行颈肩部活动。结果按Ross的疗效评定标准评定疗效，本组优10例11例，良9例，可2例，差2例，优良率83.33％。结论胸廓出口综合征应早期手术探查，彻底松解臂丛神经血管。     

胸廓出口综合征手术效果差原因分析

胸廓出口综合征手术效果差原因分析肖延河］９８２～］９９２年问我们采用斜角肌切断及颈肋切除术治疗胸确出口综合征２４例，其中６例术后效果不满意．临床资料本组女４例，男２例，年龄１６～引）岁，双侧颈肋Ｉ例，单侧］例，其中１例有外伤主、手术方法；前外角肌切断...     

胸廓出口综合征8例报告

胸廓出口综合征临床比较少见 ,故对其认识不十分清楚。本征一般指臂丛和锁骨下动脉、静脉在胸廓出口和胸小肌止点之间卡压而引起的一系列症状。本院自 1991～ 2 0 0 1年共收治 8例 ,效果满意。1　一般资料男 5例 ,女 3例 ;年龄 15～ 79岁 ,平均 32岁 ,Ｘ线片证实双侧颈肋 5例 ,单侧 3例 ,无明显创伤史。 5例有 2年以上上肢体力劳动职业史。手术 6例 ,保守疗法 2例。术式均采取前斜角肌切断、臂丛及锁骨下血管探查松解 ;其中加纤维束切断2例 ,加颈肋部分切除 3例 ,锁骨上瘤样脂肪组织切除 1例。手术切口处冰袋压迫 4ｈ ,术后患肢悬吊 2周。2…     

Safety and efficacy of the supraclavicular approach to thoracic outlet decompression

BACKGROUND: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a clinical diagnosis encountered by both thoracic and vascular surgeons. The goal of surgical therapy involves relieving compression of the neurovascular structures at the superior thoracic aperture. The traditional approach to thoracic outlet decompression has been transaxillary; however more centers are moving toward a more tailored approach through a supraclavicular incision. METHODS: The medical records of 67 patients who underwent surgical decompression between 1993 and 2001 for TOS were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics and early outcome were assessed through clinic follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-two thoracic outlet decompressions were performed on 67 patients with the diagnosis of TOS. Five patients underwent bilateral thoracic outlet decompression. All operations in this time period were safely accomplished through a supraclavicular approach. The syndromes associated with thoracic outlet compression were neurogenic (n = 59), venous (n = 10), and arterial (n = 3). Forty-six of 72 (63.9%) operations resulted in complete resolution of symptoms, 17 cases (23.6%) had partial resolution, and 9 patients (12.5%) had no resolution. There were no deaths and morbidity was minimal with 6 complications (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The supraclavicular approach is a safe and effective technique in managing all forms of thoracic outlet compression.     

Thoracic outlet syndrome: Surgical management

Thirty-five patients with thoracic outlet syndrome underwent surgical management. Thirty-three of them were females. Neurological symptoms were present in all the patients. In all, 41 (including 6 bilateral) procedures were performed, using the transaxillary approach. Three patients developed pneumothorax due to inadvertent pleural tear. Only one patient had no relief after surgery. There was no mortality. Routine use of the transaxillary approach in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome is recommended.     

Transaxillary approach in thoracic outlet syndrome: the importance of resection of the first-rib.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the transaxillary surgical approach and results of thoracic outlet cases in our clinic in the light of the recent literature data. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2002 a series of 35 cases diagnosed as thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) hospitalized and surgically treated in our clinic have been studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-six of our cases were females (75%) and the mean age was 25+/-1 (17-40 years). The most important symptom was localized pain in the arm. In 90% of the cases the Adson, hyperabduction and abduction external rotation (AER) tests were positive. There was paresthesia in 30 cases (85%), atrophy in 3 cases (10%), and cyanosis in 6 cases (20%). Preoperative electromyogram (EMG) was demonstrated as 56.7 m/s (50-65) and postoperative EMG was demonstrated as 65.1 m/s (60-71). Postoperative EMG values were significantly higher than the preoperative EMG values (p<0.001). All patients were operated using the transaxillary approach. A total number of 40 operations were performed. Upon radiological investigation (n=17) 50% of the patients were found to have cervical ribs. In 30 cases (85%) the results were very good and in four cases (12%) good, and in one case (3%) the results were bad. There was no recurrence and reoperation in the long term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Careful patient history and physical examination should be done by a team, which consists of thoracic surgeon, physical therapy specialist, and a neurologist. Total resection of the first-rib with periosteally should be preferred in all of these cases with accompanying pathologies such as cervical rib, fibrous ligaments, and scalenius muscles. The transaxillary approach has provided a good exposure for the resection of cervical ribs, the first-rib and excision of fibrous ligaments and scalenius muscle by a perfect cosmetic result. All the patients should be encouraged for 2 months of physical exercises starting from early postoperative period.     

Continuing experience with transaxillary excision of the first rib for thoracic outlet syndrome.

The results of transaxillary excision of the first rib for thoracic outlet syndrome are reported. During a 3-year period, 40 transaxillary rib resections were performed on 32 patients. The symptoms in 33 limbs were completely relieved and in a further four symptoms were improved. These results confirm that transaxillary excision of the first rib is the operation of choice in the management of thoracic outlet syndrome.     

Surgical treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome

In 63 patients with severe symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome, transaxillary rib resection was performed. The series was re-evaluated after a mean postoperative observation time of 2.5 years. Complete relief of all symptoms was obtained in 64% of the patients and marked improvement in 17%. The result was classified as fair in 12%. In 7% of the series no improvement of symptoms was obtained.     

Cervico-thoracic outlet compression syndrome

This retrospective study compares the results of two surgical procedures, a transaxillary and a transthoracic (i.e. antero-lateral thoracotomy) approach, in the treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome by first rib resection. Following transaxillary first rib removal (13 cases), initially our procedure of choice, 84% of patients had symptoms improved, 8% were unchanged and 8% were worse after one year. One permanent, disabling brachial plexus injury occurred after this operation. Transthoracic first rib resection (18 cases), presently our preferred technique, resulted in improvement in 87% of cases, with 13% of symptoms unchanged after one year. While two female patients felt mild paresthesia of their mammary gland, no one has been made worse following this route. These two approaches have achieved similar results in the surgical management of this syndrome. Nevertheless, when first rib resection is indicated, our favored and recommended procedure is the transthoracic one, as this appears less hazardous for brachial plexus damage.     

Transthoracic approach in the thoracic outlet syndrome: an alternate operative route for removal of the first rib

This retrospective study compares the results of two surgical procedures, a transaxillary and a transthoracic (that is, anterolateral thoracotomy) approach, in the treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome by first rib resection. After transaxillary first rib removal (13 cases), initially our procedure of choice, 84% of conditions were improved, 8% were unchanged, and 8% were worse after 1 year. One permanent, disabling brachial plexus injury occurred after this operation. Transthoracic first rib resection (18 cases), presently our preferred technique, resulted in improvement in 87% of cases, with 13% of symptoms unchanged after 1 year. Although two female patients felt mild paresthesia of the mammary gland, no one has been made worse following this route. These two approaches have achieved similar results in the surgical management of this syndrome. Nevertheless, when first rib resection is indicated, our favored and recommended procedure is transthoracic, because this route appears less hazardous for brachial plexus damage.     

Thoracic outlet syndrome: influence of personal history and surgical technique on long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term results after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) are reviewed in terms of personal histories and surgical techniques. METHODS: Forty-eight operations were performed in 37 patients. In 21 instances, the picture was one of ordinary TOS, in eight TOS was traumatic and in nine the picture was sub-acute. Cervical ribs were excised through a supraclavicular approach (in seven cases), and first ribs through transthoracic, transaxillary or supraclavicular approaches (in 25, 15 or one, respectively). Long-term follow-up was obtained in 41 cases and averaged 11.7 years. RESULTS: Surgical decompression was successful in 28 cases (68%), including all patients with traumatic TOS (8/8) and seven with sub-acute symptoms (7/9). Outcome was good in five of seven supraclavicular cervical rib resections, and in 23 of 34 first rib excisions. First rib resections performed transaxillary had shorter post-operative stays, fewer complications. CONCLUSION: Surgical decompression is more successful when TOS is traumatic or sub-acute. When involved, a cervical rib can be resected through a supraclavicular approach, since the procedure is easy and has little morbidity. The transaxillary approach should be preferred for first rib resections because of shorter post-operative stays and fewer complications than after the transthoracic approach.     

Surgical management of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 10-year experience

BACKGROUND: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) refers to compression of the neurovascular structures in the region between the scalene muscles and the first rib, or by anatomical abnormalities such as cervical rib, fibrous bands and other variations in the scalene musculature. METHODS: Our experience with 63 consecutive operations for TOS, over a period of 10 years, has been reviewed. Preoperative symptoms and signs, investigations, surgery done, complications and the outcome of surgery are analysed. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients underwent 63 operations for decompression of TOS. All the 63 first ribs, were excised by the transaxillary approach. In seven patients (16%), a combined transaxillary and supraclavicular approach was used. There was no operative mortality in this series. The operative complications included pneumothorax in four patients (6.3%), which was treated by insertion of chest drain, and lower brachial plexus neuropraxia in two patients (3%), which improved with conservative management. The mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 days. At 12 months following surgery, 56 patients (93%) had complete or partial relief of symptoms and only four patients (6.6%) had no relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study confirm that transaxillary excision of the first rib is a surgical procedure associated with very low morbidity and excellent relief of symptoms. It can therefore be offered as an early option for patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. It may be combined with the supraclavicular approach if exposure of the subclavian artery is required for vascular reconstruction.     

Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome in young adults: single centre experience with minimum three-year follow-up

Thoracic outlet syndrome is an often misdiagnosed syndrome which consists of a neurovascular compression at the upper thoracic outlet. The clinical presentation can be variable, ranging from mild symptoms to venous thrombosis and muscle atrophy. Many aetiologies, both congenital and acquired, related either to bony or soft tissue anomalies, have been associated with this syndrome. As a consequence, the diagnosis is often challenging and sometimes it can be obtained only with surgical exploration. Additionally, no specific clinical test is considered diagnostic of thoracic outlet syndrome. However, the recent advances in imaging techniques together with a careful clinical evaluation give the surgeon the chance to recognize the constricting anatomy before surgery in many cases. No standard surgical procedure has been identified; however, in literature the largest series have been treated with transaxillary first rib resection. Here we report our experience in the surgical treatment of this syndrome with a minimum follow-up of three years. Our approach consists of performing a supraclavicular decompression without routine first rib resection. This allows for identifying and removing the constricting anatomy in most cases, with satisfactory results in 96.9% of patients and a low complication rate.