软质环瓣环成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全

软质环瓣环成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全庄世才，张大新，法宪恩，赵根尚，张长喜，初佩俊为避免心脏瓣膜替换术的弊端，近十余年来瓣膜成形术又引起重视。瓣膜关闭不全经成形术后辅以成形环重建和环缩其瓣环，是巩固成形术后疗效的重要措施。目前所采用的成形环多为硬质或半...     

二尖瓣直视成形术24例

报告２４例二尖瓣直视成形术。其中１０例在成形术时应用了我们自制的软质成形瓣环。本组无手术死亡病例，无术后并发症。术后随访２月～４年９个月（平均２年），心功能均有显著改善。近、中期疗效满意。作者介绍手术适应证、手术方法及自制成形环的优点。指出二尖瓣及瓣环成形术可推广应用，如能严格掌握手术适应证、术中判断正确、处理慎重和操作仔细，均能取得良好效果。     

二尖瓣直视成形术66例及远期随访

二尖瓣直视成形术６６例及远期随访李淳成，侯立业１９６３年６月～１９９３年６月对６６例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄合并关闭不全患者行二尖瓣直视成形术。其中１９６３年６月～１９８３年６月间完成２５例作为远期随访组，现将结果和体会报告如下。１临床资料本组６６例，...     

二尖瓣成形术治疗小儿先天性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的总结小儿先天性二尖瓣关闭不全行二尖瓣成形手术的治疗经验。方法1998年3月至2008年3月,对168例小儿先天性二尖瓣关闭不全患儿行二尖瓣成形术,男103例,女65例,平均年龄(3.0±2.1)岁,手术在中低温体外循环下施行,根据不同病理改变采用不同成形方法,术中以注水试验评价成形效果。结果全组患儿术毕二尖瓣无反流或轻度反流,1例术后5 d死于多脏器功能衰竭,平均随诊1个月~10年,有1例二尖瓣反流加重再次手术,发现环缩缝线撕脱,再次成形术后效果满意,168例中无一例行瓣膜置换术,心功能恢复良好。结论对小儿来讲,二尖瓣成形术治疗先天性二尖瓣关闭不全是一种安全、有效的方法,只要可能,尽量施行成形术是一种首选方法。     

乳头肌瓣环固定后的二尖瓣置换术

目的　为了提高二尖瓣置换术的疗效和远期效果 ,总结保留二尖瓣瓣下结构以维持动力环完整性的经验。　方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 2月 ,对 130例心瓣膜置换术患者采用将乳头肌缝合固定于瓣环下的方法 ,并根据二尖瓣主要病变类型将其分为 3组 :二尖瓣关闭不全组 (MI组 )、二尖瓣狭窄组 (MS组 )、主动脉瓣和二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术组 (DVR组 )。术后用二维超声心动图测量升主动脉内径 (AD)、右心室舒张期内径 (RVIDd)、右心房内径(RAD)、左心室舒张期内径 (L VIDd)、左心房内径 (L AD) ,比较各组手术前后的效果。　结果　 MI组术后 L VIDd、L AD均较术前明显缩小 (P<0 .0 1) ,RAD与术前比较无明显变化 ;DVR组 RAD、L VIDd、L AD明显缩小 (P<0 .0 1) ;MS组 RVIDd、L AD明显缩小 (P<0 .0 1) ,L VIDd较术前无明显变化。全组住院死亡 1例 ;随访 12 9例 ,死亡 3例 ,其余12 6例术后心功能达 级和 级。　结论　二尖瓣置换术时 ,将左心室乳头肌固定于瓣环下 ,可保持乳头肌瓣环的连续性 ,最大程度地改善心瓣膜置换术后心脏功能。     

保留后瓣及瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术

目的总结保留后瓣及瓣下结构的二尖瓣置换术(MVR)的临床经验,并观察其与常规MVR比较的临床效果。方法风湿性心瓣膜病患者54例,其中行保留后瓣及瓣下结构的MVR24例(保留二尖瓣后瓣组),行常规MVR30例(常规手术组),观察两组患者术前、术后3个月的左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)等指标。结果保留二尖瓣后瓣组无死亡患者,常规手术组死亡1例;保留二尖瓣后瓣组术后血管活性药物的用量、种类和呼吸机使用时间较常规手术组减少;术后3个月保留二尖瓣后瓣组LVEDD较常规手术组减小,LVEF较常规手术组增大(P<0.05)。结论保留后瓣及瓣下结构的MVR手术操作不复杂,不增加心内手术时间,有可能减少左心室破裂的危险,术中操作仔细可以避免卡瓣,术后心功能恢复较好,更适用于心功能较差、左心室较大的以二尖瓣关闭不全为主的患者。     

二尖瓣环非平面特性在人工瓣环设计中的应用

根据二尖瓣环非平面特性，作者设计制作了一种软质的人工二尖瓣环。通过对８例病人的临床应用与８例用Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｉｅｒ硬质人工瓣环、１３例单纯荷包式缝合和（或）环缩者的超声学对照研究显示：缝置软质环者舒张期房室血流的流向，以及二尖瓣前叶保持原有生物、生理特性的活动等方面，均较硬质环为优越。     

二尖瓣成形术116例

目的　为了评价二尖瓣成形术的临床效果 ,对近年来 14岁以上行二尖瓣成形术患者的临床资料进行总结。　方法　二尖瓣病变患者 116例 ,诊断为二尖瓣狭窄 1例 ,二尖瓣狭窄合并关闭不全 6例 ,其余均为单纯二尖瓣关闭不全。超声心动图检查示左心房内径平均 4 8± 10 mm,左心室舒张期末内径平均 6 2± 10 mm。二尖瓣成形术方法 :腱索转移 2例 ,腱索折叠 10例 ,后叶楔形切除 6 7例 ,瓣环环缩 82例。　结果　全组无手术死亡 ,1例术后第 2天出现心力衰竭行二尖瓣置换术。出院前超声心动图示左心房内径平均为 37± 9m m,左心室舒张期末内径平均为 5 1±7mm ,与术前相比均明显缩小。　结论　二尖瓣成形术应根据二尖瓣病变的特征进行选择 ,对非风湿性二尖瓣病变行二尖瓣成形术可取得较满意的临床效果。     

以三尖瓣瓣环径作为三尖瓣成形手术指征的初步临床观察

目的初步观察采用三尖瓣瓣环径作为三尖瓣成形术指征是否有助于减少二尖瓣置换术（MVR）患者术后中重度三尖瓣反流（TR）的发生。方法选择2005年4月至2006年6月期间我科56例术前无或轻度TR的MVR患者纳入研究。以三尖瓣瓣环径/体表面积≥21mm/m2将患者分为三尖瓣成形组（TA组）和非三尖瓣成形组（NTA组）。TA组：22例,男8例,女14例;年龄45.0±7.7岁;三尖瓣瓣环径36.8±3.8mm,体表面积1.57±0.15m2;心功能分级（NYHA）级18例,～级4例;窦性心律2例,心房颤动20例。NTA组：34例,男9例,女25例;年龄42.9±11.0岁;三尖瓣瓣环径28.5±4.4mm,体表面积1.58±0.13m2;心功能分级级28例,～6例;窦性心律9例,心房颤动25例。TA组患者采用Kay法施行三尖瓣成形术。术后随访及术后6个月完成超声心动图检查。结果56例患者术后均康复出院。术后随访11.0±2.4个月,除2例外54例患者完成术后6个月超声心动图复查。两组患者一般临床特征比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。与NTA组比较,术前TA组患者右房径（49.3±7.0mm）、三尖瓣瓣环径较大（36.8±3.8mm）,有三尖瓣反流的患者较多（P〈0.05）,术后TA组患者右房径（44.1±8.9mm）、三尖瓣瓣环径（28.9±6.1mm）明显缩小,三尖瓣反流程度明显改善（P〈0.05）。NTA组患者术前、术后右房径、三尖瓣瓣环径和三尖瓣反流程度变化不明显（P〉0.05）,有3例患者出现TR。结论对术前无或轻度TR的MVR患者,采用三尖瓣瓣环径作为三尖瓣成形手术指征可能有助于减少这些患者术后中-重度TR的发生。     

国产瓣膜成形软环在二尖瓣成形术中的应用

目的分析国产瓣膜成形软环在二尖瓣成形术中应用的临床效果,为合理选择人工瓣环大小提供依据。方法 2002年4月至2009年11月,北京阜外心血管病医院连续对66例二尖瓣关闭不全患者[男55例,女11例;年龄11~69岁（44.62±15.94岁）]应用国产瓣膜成形软环施行二尖瓣成形术。在选用人工瓣成形环大小时遵循以下原则：先用测瓣器测量二尖瓣前叶瓣环距离,若测得该距离大于30号,则选用至少小2个号的人工瓣成形环;若测得瓣环在30号以内,则选用小1个号的人工瓣成形环。术后采用超声心动图对患者进行随访,以观察二尖瓣成形效果。结果所有患者均治愈出院。出院时超声心动图提示：二尖瓣少量至中量反流1例,少量反流11例,其余54例患者二尖瓣关闭正常或仅有微量反流;二尖瓣前向流速1.40±0.30 m/s,无二尖瓣狭窄或二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动（SAM）征象。随访51例,随访时间2个月~7年（24.60±25.90个月）。随访期间有38例患者超声心动图检查提示：二尖瓣中量反流1例,少量至中量反流5例,少量反流9例,二尖瓣关闭正常或有微量反流23例;二尖瓣前向流速1.50±0.40 m/s;无二尖瓣狭窄、SAM征象和左心室流出道梗阻现象;随访期间左心房内径（43.19±10.48 mm vs.48.59±9.40 mm,t=4.524,P=0.000）和左心室舒张期末内径（52.64±7.35 mm vs.62.69±8.77 mm,t=7.607,P=0.000）均较术前减小。结论应用国产瓣膜成形软环,通过放置较小号人工瓣环行限制性二尖瓣瓣环成形术,在二尖瓣修复成形中的临床应用效果明确,而且有很好的时间持续性。     

The Pericardium Reinforced Suture Annuloplasty: Another Tool Available for Mitral Annulus Repair?

From May 1985 to May 1992, 169 patients underwent surgery for mitral valve repair. In 87% of these patients, the valve reconstruction involved the mitral annulus. At the beginning, in an effort to preserve systolic movement of the annulus and avoid the implant of prosthetic materials inside the heart, we mainly used simple suture annuloplasty in 66 patients. When we reoperated upon three patients only a few months after reconstruction of the mitral valve for a dehiscence of the suture annuloplasty, we decided to perform ring annuloplasty with the Carpentier ring in 23 patients. Though we have not seen any problems with the Carpentier ring in our series, we performed a suture annuloplasty reinforced with a strip of autologous pericardium to eliminate all prosthetic material. Since introducing this technique in 1989, we have used this annuloplasty in 58 patients. We have not observed any dehiscence of the suture or other complications related to this procedure. Three patients with a pericardial annuloplasty underwent reoperation for other reasons; the autologous pericardium was perfectly attached to the annulus, covered by a smooth layer of fibrous tissue without calcification. After this encouraging initial experience, we believe that long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm that autologous pericardium is an effective method of mitral annulus repair.     

Mitral Valve Prosthetic Implantation with Preservation of Native Mitral Valve Apparatus

To avoid postoperative morbidity and mortality often associated with left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve replacement (MVR) for chronic mitral insufficiency, reconstruction or preservation of the native mitral valve apparatus may be attempted during mitral prosthetic implantation (MPI). The effects of mitral surgery on heart function, studied with echocardiography and radio-nuclide angiography, were compared in seven patients with MPI (study group) and five with MVR (control group) who underwent complete preoperative, early postoperative and 3–6 months follow-up examinations. Preoperatively there was significant intergroup difference only in right ventricular ejection fraction measured at radionuclide angiography, which was lower in the MPI group (p < 0.05). At follow-up the MPI group had improved as regards this fraction (p < 0.005) and stroke volume index (p < 0.05). The number of patients with improved NYHA class at follow-up was significantly greater in the MPI group. Our preliminary experience with preservation of the native mitral valve apparatus thus suggests that the method offers haemodynamic advantages for postoperative right ventricular function.     

二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全

二尖瓣成形术与二尖瓣置换术相比有较多优点，因此，近年来二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全越来越受到临床医生的重视。针对二尖瓣关闭不全的不同病理改变，可以采用瓣环成形、三角形切除、四边形切除以及腱索转移、置换等方法。随着微创外科的发展，小切口二尖瓣成形和机器人辅助的二尖瓣成形技术也逐渐发展起来；另外，对二尖瓣关闭不全进行介入治疗也开始起步。相信随着手术技术的不断成熟，将会有更多二尖瓣关闭不全患者接受二尖瓣成形术的治疗。     

Study of the Effect of Atrial Contraction on Mitral Prosthetic Valve by High Speed Video Camera

Abstract: To clarify the effect of atrial contraction on the dynamic behavior of mitral prosthetic valves, a mechanical mock circulatory system has been developed. It is able to simulate the inflow characteristics during diastole. The disc motions of Björk-Shiley Monostrut (BSM29) and Car-boMedics (CM29) valves (both with an annulus diameter of 29 mm) were measured and compared with a high speed video camera. After contraction of the artificial atrium (100 ms), there was a delay of 75 ms before the onset of the ventricular contraction. Mitral flow similar to physiological conditions could be achieved. The BSM29 was tested in the anterior position (a) and the posterior position (p). Under the condition of active atrial contraction (AC), we confirmed that the closing motion was initiated and the period during closing motion (PDCM) was prolonged (BSM29[a]: 22.4 ± 3.4 ± 63 ± 3.2; BSM29[p]: 71.2 ± 38 ± 94.2 ± 11; and CM29:14 ± 0.0 ± 28.4 ± 2.3 [unit: ms]), the prolongation of the PDCM of the CM29 due to the AC being smaller than that of the BSM29. We also confirmed that the closing volume (CV) increased slightly (BSM29 [a]: 7.8 ± 0.4 ± 8.5 ± 0.8; BSM29[p]: 6.9 ± 0.6 ± 7.0 ± 0.5; and CM29: 3.6 ± 0.6 ± 4.1 ± 0.6 [unit: ml]). The CM29 had a shorter PDCM, less prolongation of the PDCM due to the AC, and less CV than the BSM29. Thus, we confirmed that the CM29 produced better response at valve closure than the BSM29.     

Three-dimensional imaging of mitral and tricuspid annuli for total artificial heart implantation

The establishment of a method to clarify the three-dimensional interrelations among the mitral annulus, tricuspid annulus, ascending aorta, and main pulmonary artery, which constitute the interface between the human and total artificial heart (TAH), is essential to the design of the TAH. In a previous study based on transverse magnetic resonance (MR) images of a live human heart, reconstructed images of mitral and tricuspid annuli were found to be deformed. The present study of cadaver and beating hearts revealed that the optimal conditions for atrioventricular annular reconstruction of a beating heart with electrocardiogram-gated MR imaging include use of four-chamber imaging, 5 mm slice thickness, and a slice interval ranging from 5 to 7 mm. Under these conditions, the mitral and tricuspid annuli of 3 beating hearts were reconstructed successfully. It was recognized that during the systolic phase the mitral and tricuspid annuli move anteriorly, leftward and downward, and that in late systole the right lateral margin of the tricuspid annulus is close to the sternum.     

Mitral valve reconstruction: long-term results of triangular resection for degenerative prolapse

Objectives. Surgical treatment of a prolapsed anterior leaflet of the mitral valve is relatively difficult and controversial compared with management of a prolapsed posterior leaflet. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term results of mitral valve repair, focusing on triangular resection of the anterior leaflet. Methods. Between October 1991 and December 2006, surgical treatment for a prolapsed anterior leaflet was performed in 57 patients with degenerative mitral valve disease, including 49 patients who had anterior leaflet resection. Patients with mitral stenosis, ischemic mitral regurgitation, and congenital valvular disease were excluded. The mean age of the patients was 51.7 ± 15.9 years, and the mean follow-up period was 6.2 ± 3.8 years. Results. The overall actuarial survival rate and noreoperation rate at 10 years were 91.7% ± 4.1% and 92.3% ± 3.7%, respectively. Reoperation was performed in 2 (4%) of 49 patients who had anterior leaflet resection. All patients survived after reoperation, which involved mitral valve replacement. Postoperative echocardiographic studies showed that the mitral valve area was significantly smaller after repair in patients with anterior leaflet resection, but the area was still large enough for a functional valve. Among the 57 patients, 42 had no mitral regurgitation, whereas it was mild in 7 patients and moderate in 3 patients. Conclusion. Triangular resection of a prolapsed anterior leaflet of the mitral valve provides durable and reliable long-term results.