过度通气对正常犬血栓素和前列环素的影响

研究了１５只健康犬自主呼吸、正常机械通气、过度通气和纠正呼吸性碱中毒四个阶段血栓素、前列环素变化情况。结果表明，保持潮气量不变、加快频率造成的过度通气可使前列环素由３３．４±１８．２升高至 ４７．８±１９．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），血栓素与前列环素比值由 ４．４８±２．２０下降至 ２． ６６±１． ７１（Ｐ＜０．００５），而纠正呼吸性碱中毒后，二者均无显著变化。提示频率增加造成的过度通气确可影响前列环素的合成释放，而呼吸性碱中毒不参与对血栓素、前列环素生成释放的调节。     

茵陈蒿合承气汤对急腹症时内毒素血症的影响

目的：观察茵陈蒿合承气汤对急腹症时内毒素血症的影响。方法：选择具有内毒素血症的３０例急腹症患者,随机分为常规组和中西组,每组１５ 例。常规组给予抗感染补液治疗,中西组除常规治疗外,并给予茵陈蒿合承气汤口服。定量测定外周血内毒素（ＥＴ） 、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα） 、血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＳＢ２）／６酮前列腺素Ｆ１α（６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ α） 的水平,并观察每日大便次数的变化。结果：两组患者入院时外周血ＥＴ含量分别为９１．３０ ±３９．５０ ｐｇ／ｍｌ、８９．２１ ±２８．９０ ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５） ,均明显高于正常对照组３３．２４ ±１０．８４ ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１） 。两组患者外周血ＴＮＦα、ＴＸＢ２／６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α值明显高于正常人（ Ｐ＜０．０１） ,每日大便次数则明显少于正常人（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１） 。接受治疗后,中西组在降低外周血ＥＴ、ＴＸＢ２／６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α、ＴＮＦα含量和促进肠道功能恢复方面明显优于常规组。结论：茵陈蒿合承气汤通过通里攻下、清热解毒能降低急腹症患者外周血内毒素含量,减少内毒素血症的发生,抑制炎症介质的产生,维持机体内环境稳定,从而改善预后。     

狼疮肾炎患者血与尿白细胞介素-8测定的临床意义

目的　探讨血清和尿中白细胞介素８（ Ｉ Ｌ８） 水平变化在系统性红斑狼疮（ Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ） 及狼疮肾炎（ Ｌ Ｎ） 中的临床意义。方法　采用 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 法对４７ 例 Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ 患者（ 含３７ 例 Ｌ Ｎ） 、１３ 例原发性慢性肾小球肾炎和１４ 例正常对照进行血清和尿中 Ｉ Ｌ８ 水平检测,比较分析其与 Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ 活动指数（ Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ Ｄ Ａ Ｉ） 、肾脏损害的相关关系。结果　 Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ 患者血清 Ｉ Ｌ８ 水平活动期为５５３ ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ 中位数,下同） 静止期为２６３８ ｐｇ／ｍｌ,明显高于正常对照组２０５４ ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ ＜ ０００１） ,并且活动期高于静止期（ Ｐ ＜ ００５） ,血清 Ｉ Ｌ８ 水平与 Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ Ｄ Ａ Ｉ正相关（ ｒ ＝ ０６００３ , Ｐ ＜ ００５） ; Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ 患者尿 Ｉ Ｌ８ 显著高于正常对照组２０６７ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ＜ ００５） ,且 Ｌ Ｎ 组２５２９ ｐｇ／ｍｌ 明显高于 Ｓ Ｌ Ｅ 无肾炎组为２１１ ｐｇ／ｍｌ 及原发性慢性肾小球肾炎组１９４１ ｐｇ／ｍｌ（ Ｐ 值均＜ ００５） ;肾脏组织病理狼疮活动指数（ Ａ Ｉ） 高者其血清、尿 Ｉ Ｌ８ 水平显著高于 Ａ Ｉ低者（ Ｐ ＜ ００５） 。结论　血清 Ｉ Ｌ     

内皮素在体外循环心脏直视手术期间的变化

报告１０例体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心脏手术病人的内皮素（ＥＴ）测定结果。提示：（１）１０例ＣＰＢ病人术前ＥＴ含量为１７３．３±６４．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，明显高于术中与术后（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）心脏复苏后不久，ＥＴ值达到了最低点４６．２±３８，０ｐｇ／ｍｌ，与心脏阻断后及回ＩＣＵ病房后的ＥＴ含量比较（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（３）术后ＥＴ含量开始回升，但仍低于术前水平。故作者认为ＣＰＢ过程没有必要应用ＥＴ拮抗剂。     

肾移植患者术后早期血浆内皮素的变化

对３２例尸体肾移植患者术前及术后早期３个月的血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）浓度进行了动态观察，同时行前列腺素Ｅ－２（ＰＧＥ－２）、血栓素Ｂ－２（ＴＸＢ－２）与环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）血浓度的测定及移植肾功能与血压的监测。ＥＴ－１、ＰＧＥ－２及ＴＸＢ－２均采用放射免疫法测定，ＣｓＡ血浓度采用多克隆抗体偏振免疫荧光法（ＴＤＸ）进行。结果显示：移植前患者的血浆ＥＴ－１平均浓度为１０．２７±０．５７ｐｇ／ｍｌ，移植后３个月各阶段的ＥＴ－１值均显著降低，平均浓度为４．６２±０．１４ｐｇ／ｍｌ。与此同时，血浆Ｃｒ和ＢＵＮ值以及收缩压、舒张压也呈现相似的变化，与移植前相比有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），且血浆ＥＴ－１浓度的变化与移植肾功能及血压密切相关。血浆ＥＴ－１浓度可作为肾移植术后的一项监测参考指标。     

尿素动力学模型在持续性非卧床腹膜透析中的应用

对２０例ＥＳＲＤ患者先后给予持续性非卧床膜腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）１Ｌ×５／ｄ和２Ｌ×４／ｄ方案透析，测定其尿素清除指数（ＫＴ／Ｖ）和标化每日蛋白质分解率（ＮＰＣＲ），同时应用１２个临床参数对两方案进行疗效评价．结果显示由ＩＬ×５／ｄ改为２Ｌ×４／ｄ时，ＫＴ／Ｖ和ＮＰＣＲ分别上升０．７４±０．２１和０．１２±０．０９（Ｐ＜０．００１），临床有效率上升８０％（Ｐ＜０．００５）；ＮＰＣＲ和ＫＴ／Ｖ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４９，Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＮＰＣＲ与每日蛋白质摄入量（ＤＰＩ）呈高度正相关（ｒ＝０．９１，Ｐ＜０．００１），ＫＴ／Ｖ与临床评分也呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６１，Ｐ＜０．０１）．结果表明尿素动力学模型对评价ＣＡＰＤ治疗具有重要意义．     

消炎痛改善梗阻性黄疸肾功能损害的临床研究

为观察消炎痛对梗阻性黄疸（梗黄）肾功能的影响，采用放射免疫测定法（ＲＩＡ）检测２０例服用消炎痛的梗黄患者服药前后及术后第４天血浆血栓素（ＴＸＡ２）、前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）和肾功能，并计算ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２比值。结果表明：服用消炎痛后随着ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２的下降（Ｐ〈０．００１），血清β２－微球蛋白（β２－ＭＧ）亦有明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０５），但不能恢复至正常水平。提示消炎痛可通过抑制ＴＸＡ２生成，在一     

胶质瘤前列腺素水平与瘤周水肿的关系

应用放射免疫技术和影响学方法测定了３０例不同类型胶质瘤的ＰＧ水平和瘤周水肿程度，结果二组恶性胶质瘤的ＴＸＢ２水平和ＴＸＢ２／６－Ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α比值显著升高。三组水肿级别之间，ＴＸＢ２水平和ＴＸＢ２／６ｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α比值与瘤组织含水量呈显著性正相关（ｒ１＝０．５３，ｒ２＝０．７２，Ｐ〈０．０１）。提示胶质瘤组织ＰＧ的代谢呈紊乱状态。而ＰＧＩ２和ＴＸＡ２的代谢失衡可能是影响水肿形成的因素之一     

肝硬变门静脉高压症患者血肾上腺素,去甲肾上腺素浓度测定

作者使用高效液相色谱检测了肝硬变门静脉高压症患者（３８例）、原发性高血压患者（２４例）和对照病人（３４例）周围静脉血及上腔静脉、周围动脉、门静脉血肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素浓度。肝硬变组及原发性高血压组患者周围血肾上腺素浓度分别为５７．５±３７．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ和５４．９±３９．９ｐｇ／ｍｌ，差异无显著意义，但与对照组（２３．５±１１．２ｐｇ／ｍｌ）相比浓度均有显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肝硬变组及原发性高血压组患者周围血去甲肾上腺素浓度分别为４５１．１±３８１．２ｐｇ／ｍｌ和５２４．３±２１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，与对照组相比（１８３．０±８３．３ｐｇ／ｍｌ）差异有极显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。术中取上腔静脉、动脉和门静脉血分别比较肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素浓度，除上腔静脉血肾上腺素浓度的差异有显著意义外（８３．７±４６．７ｐｇ／ｍｌ与２０７．２±５５．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５），其余差异均无显著意义。本研究结果表明肝硬变门静脉高压症患者存在着明显的儿茶酚胺类递质的代谢紊乱，其对患者全身及内脏血流动力学的影响与门静脉高压症发生发展的关系值得深入研究。     

人肝癌裸鼠转移模型中纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂变化与肝癌生物学特性

目的研究纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（ＰＡＩ１）与肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）生物学特性的关系。方法构建ＬＣＩＤ２０人肝细胞癌裸鼠转移模型（肝癌转移模型）４０例,用ＰＡＩ１试剂盒和ＰＡＩ１单抗分别做酶活性检测和免疫组化,观测肝癌转移模型发展过程中ＰＡＩ１的变化。结果肝癌转移模型从肿瘤发生早期（２周）至晚期（５周）,血浆ＰＡＩ１从６２±１８Ａｕ／ｍｌ增至１５４±０７Ａｕ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜００５。肿瘤组织中ＰＡＩ１从０４±０１Ａｕ／ｍｇ增至０８±０３Ａｕ／ｍｇ;血浆中ＰＡＩ１改变与肿瘤大小和ＡＦＰ变化相关（ｒ＝０９６４８和ｒ＝０９５４４,Ｐ＜００５和Ｐ＜００５）。结论肝癌转移模型肿瘤组织及血浆中ＰＡＩ１随ＨＣＣ病程进展逐步升高。ＰＡＩ１与ＨＣＣ肿瘤增长和ＡＦＰ升高有良好的相关性。ＰＡＩ１与ＨＣＣ侵袭性及预后密切相关     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.