Trends in major transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors over 17 years in Istanbul, Turkey

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are serious complications of blood transfusion. These infections are routinely screened by blood banks; such tests are obligatory for transfusion safety in Turkey. The results of screening 1 737 943 blood donations from blood centres in Istanbul between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 2003 for HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis were analysed retrospectively. Hepatitis B surface antigen rates fell from 5.98% in 1987 to 2.07% in 2003. Anti-HCV seropositivity was found to be approximately 0.5%, whereas anti-HIV seropositivity was approximately 0.001%. Rapid plasma reagin rates (test for syphilis) were 0.04% in 1987, and increased to 0.2% in 2002. The decreasing trends observed in data from the 17-year period studied indicate the value of safety measures taken, in particular the implementation of donor screening procedures in 1997.     

Surveillance of risk profiles among new and repeat blood donors with transfusion-transmissible infections from 1995 through 2003 in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effectiveness of blood donor selection, this study reports risk profiles of donors with transfusion-transmissible infections as obtained by ongoing surveillance, 1995 through 2003, in the Netherlands. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A surveillance program was installed to monitor risk profiles among new and repeat donors infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), or positive for the presence of syphilis antibodies. At posttest counseling, a physician interviewed donors to clarify possible sources of infection. RESULTS: A total of 167 repeat donors and 404 new donors were interviewed: 33 with HIV, 123 with HCV, 279 with HBV, 21 with HTLV, and 112 with syphilis antibodies. Most HBV, HCV, and HTLV infections were among new donors (80, 85, and 67%), whereas most HIV infections were among repeat donors (79%). Nearly 25 percent of the donors did not report factors at screening that would have deferred them from donating blood. At posttest interviews, new donors with HCV often reported injecting drug use (19%). Repeat donors with HIV often reported male-to-male sex (8/26, 31%). CONCLUSION: A significant level of deferrable behavioral risks was found among donors with confirmed transfusion-transmissible infections that persist despite current donor selection. Reporting such behavior at initial donor selection would have eliminated a substantial part of the infections found. This study argues against relaxing the existing donor deferral of persons practicing male-to-male sex, given their significant proportion of HIV infections among repeat donors. Systematic surveillance of risk factors among infected blood donors provides ongoing information about the effectivity of donor selection and is recommended to evaluate and optimize blood policies.     

重庆市无偿献血人群中HIV感染者的流行病学特征分析

目的了解重庆市无偿献血者H IV感染的特征,以降低输血传播H IV的风险。方法收集和整理重庆市2008、2009年无偿献血者中的H IV感染者和重庆市CDC报告的H IV感染者基本信息,分析其感染特征,包括性别、年龄和感染途径。结果重庆市2008、2009年无偿献血人群的H IV感染率分别为55.8/10万(51/91 399)和72.1/10万(72/108 205),高于全市估算的H IV感染率25.6/10万和37.0/10万,无偿献血人群的H IV感染者以18~29岁的年轻人为主,占65.89%,其他年龄段的比例分别为30~39岁占23.26%,40~49岁占7.75%,≥50岁占3.10%。感染途径以男-男性传播方式为最,占50%,异性性传播的比例为47.06%,静脉吸毒传播占2.94%。结论应结合本地区无偿献血人群中H IV感染者的特征,有针对性地加强无偿献血者献血前的咨询和对高危人群的甄别排查,从而确保血液的安全性。     

Prevalence of transfusion-transmissible viral infections in first-time US blood donors by donation site

BACKGROUND: Understanding the donor base, infectious disease prevalence, and donation loss at various blood donation sites will help maximize blood collection efforts and blood availability. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using donation data collected at five US blood centers, the prevalence of HIV, HTLV, HBsAg, and HCV in first-time whole-blood donations at 10 donation sites was evaluated: military, education, religious, professional, industry, services, community, health care, government, and fixed sites. Donation loss from screening test reactivity at each donation site was also evaluated. RESULTS: During the study, 1.2 million first-time whole-blood donations were collected. Military and education sites had a low prevalence of all viral markers, except for HBsAg, which was highest at education sites. Variations in viral marker prevalence among donation sites were partially explained by donor demographic differences. Donation loss varied by donation site, ranging from 3.3 percent at education sites to 6.4 percent at industry sites, indicating differential efficiency of blood collection efforts. CONCLUSION: Different rates of positive viral test results and donation loss in first-time whole-blood donors were observed at various types of donation sites. This information may be useful in estimating the yield of usable units from specific blood drives and in allocating resources to meet blood center collection goals.     

Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology, virology, and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among blood donors in northern Thailand have not been extensively evaluated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We did a prospective matched case-control study of blood donors who tested positive for HCV and were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay or nucleic acid testing. Infected donors were matched with one to four HCV-uninfected donors for sex, age +/- 5 years, and donation at the same site within 15 days of the HCV-positive donor. Married donors were invited to bring their spouse for HCV testing. RESULTS: Among 166 matched sets, a history of intravenous drug use (IDU), reported by 58 HCV infected donors (35.5%) and 2 HCV-negative donors, was strongly associated with HCV infection (odds ratio [OR], 107.6; 95% confidence interval, 14.8-780.7). In multivariate analysis among donors without a history of IDU, significant risk factors included a history of a blood transfusion (OR, 28.8), immediate family with a history of hepatitis/jaundice (OR, 4.4), six or more lifetime sexual partners (OR, 2.7), and increased frequency of blood donation (OR, 0.9). Six of 45 spouses of HCV-infected donors, and none of 44 spouses of uninfected donors, were HCV positive (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that illicit IDU and a history of transfusion are important risk factors for HCV infection in Thailand. Also, our data suggest there may be some risk of transmission by sex or other close contact between spouses.     

Donation deferral criteria for human immunodeficiency virus positivity among blood donors in northern Thailand

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection donation deferral criteria for blood donors in an HIV-epidemic area of northern Thailand, where the predominant means of transmission of HIV is through heterosexual contact. Study Design and Methods: In a preliminary study, 2242 blood donors were interviewed, and their blood was tested for HIV antibodies between September 1993 and April 1994. The risk factors associated with HIV positivity were identified. Criteria to identify HIV-positive persons on the basis of a logistic equation were developed and applied to another group of 5769 prospective blood donors. Results: A multivariate analysis showed the following odds ratios (OR) for traits that were independently associated with HIV positivity: younger age (OR = 0.93 for each additional year of age), male gender (OR = 2.41), having no more than a primary school education (OR = 2.00), being in the military (OR = 1.78), being unsure of one's own blood safety (OR = 2.00), history of injecting drug use (OR = 5.36), diagnosis of syphilis or positive syphilis serologic test in the past 12 months (OR = 2.67), and genital ulcer in the past 12 months (OR = 4.56). On the basis of the model, with a limit of <10 percent loss of uninfected donors, predicted probabilities of HIV positivity alone or of markers of infection with HIV, hepatitis B virus, or Treponema pallidum were calculated. With a cutoff of 6.5-percent estimated probability of HIV infection, derived from the logistic equation, the donor deferral criteria have 33.6-percent sensitivity and 8.3-percent positive predictive value for HIV positivity and 15.5-percent sensitivity and 18.4-percent positive predictive value for markers of infection with one of the three pathogens. Conclusion: The proposed donor deferral system provides a more flexible, sensitive, and predictive tool for averting donation by those who, though HIV antibody-negative, are at a higher risk of being infected with HIV.     

广州市无偿献血者中抗-HCV阳性人群的比较分析

目的了解广州市不同性别、年龄以及不同职业的无偿献血者抗-HCV阳性率情况。方法对从2000年1月～2010年12月的2 520 179(人)份广州市无偿献血者的血液标本,采用ELISA做抗-HCV双试剂检测并对检测结果做统计学分析。结果广州地区无偿献血者抗-HCV阳性率为0.42%(10 570/2 520 179),且在不同性别、年龄、职业之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。女性抗-HCV阳性率(0.29%)低于男性(0.52%);35岁[18～25岁(0.40%);25～35岁(0.36%)]较≥35岁[35～45岁(0.54)%,45～55岁(0.52%)]的献血者的抗-HCV阳性率低;工人(0.56%)和无职业者(0.76%)的抗-HCV阳性率比较高,医务人员血样中未检出抗-HCV阳性。结论广州市无偿献血人群中抗-HCV阳性率较低,符合献血条件的≤35岁的人群积极献血将有利于保障临床输血安全;宜加强对工人和无职业者献血安全和输血相关病毒知识的宣传和教育。     

Demographic characteristics and risks for transfusion-transmissible infection among blood donors in Xinjiang autonomous region, People's Republic of China

BACKGROUND: The recruitment and retention of voluntary, nonremunerated blood donors continues to be a challenge in China. Understanding donor demographics and donor characteristics is crucial for any blood center in developing strategies to recruit potential donors. STUDY DESIGN and METHODS: The study population included all 29,784 whole blood donors from January 1 to December 31, 2003, at the Urumqi City Blood Center or one of its mobile blood collection buses. Demographic data, location, and frequency of donation and results of testing for transfusion-transmissible infection (TTI) were evaluated. RESULTS: The typical blood donor in Urumqi is male, less than 36 years of age, and Han Chinese; has at least a high school education; is a first-time donor; and donated at a mobile blood collection bus. The majority, 71 percent, were first-time donors. Among all donors, the seroprevalence rate of TTI was 3.5 percent for first-time donors, 2.7 percent for donors who donated twice, and 2.1 percent for donors who had donated three or more times. Han Chinese had lower seroprevalence rates of TTIs than ethnic minorities. Lower seroprevalence rates of TTIs were found among donors at mobile buses than at the blood centers. CONCLUSION: Similar to other donor populations, higher rates of TTIs were observed among first-time donors, and the prevalence decreased among repeated donors. One possible strategy for improving the safety of the blood supply might be for the blood center to recruit a cadre of donors who donate repeatedly, instead of relying on campaigns to recruit new donors from workplaces at each donation cycle.     

赤道几内亚比奥科岛献血者的输血传播感染疾病血清流行学研究和风险因素评估

目的在比奥科岛上献血人群中开展一次输血传播感染疾病（transfusion—transmissibleinfections,TTIs）的血清流行病学调查。方法用金标法和ELISA对合格献血者血样进行4项输血传播感染疾病的检测,包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝型病毒（HBV）、丙型肝型病毒（HCV）、梅毒螺旋体（LUES）,同时用多元回归分析方法评估TTIs疾病的相关危险因素。结果在2937名献血者中HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒螺旋体的感染率分别为7．83％（95％CI：6．85～8．80）、10．01％（95％CI：8．92～11．10）、3．71％（95％CI：3．03～4．39）和21．52％（95％CI：20．02～23．00）。多重混合感染的阳性率是6．30％（95％CI：5．42～7．18）。同时发现女性献血者的HIV和梅毒感染阳性率明显高于男性献血者（HIV：AOR=I．50,95％CI：1．10-2．04,P=0．010;梅毒：AOR=1．27,95％CI：1．02～1．58,P=0．034）。岛上的未规划居住区是艾滋病、乙肝和梅毒感染的显著危险因素（HIV：AOR=I．66,95％CI：1．04～2．66,P=-0．033;HBV：AOR=I．78,95％CI：1．11～2．83,P=-0．016;梅毒：AOR=I．73,95％CI：1．26-2．37,P=-0．001）。结论比奥科岛的献血人群中输血传播感染的阳性率极高,当地政府和卫生部门应采取更有效的干预措施来提高血液安全。     

韶关市无偿献血人群10年HIV检测结果与感染者调查分析

目的了解韶关市无偿献血者近10年人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染状况及分布特征,明确血站需要采取有效防控措施,进一步减少或杜绝经输血途径传播获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)的风险。方法对2005～2014年韶关市无偿献血者265 771人份献血标本,采用2种不同厂家的试剂对抗-HIV初筛试验,初筛阳性标本送韶关市疾控中心确认。结果韶关市10年无偿献血者初筛抗-HIV阳性310例,确认阳性35例;确认阳性率为1.317/万;2012年HIV确认阳性率最高为2.867/万,与其他年份HIV确认阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。采血区域中新丰县HIV确认阳性率最高为5.369/万,与其他区域HIV确认阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HIV确认阳性者流行病学调查发现,性别以男性30例占85.71%,明显多于女性;年龄分布以18～35岁青壮年感染26例占74.29%为主;已婚和未婚感染者分别占28.57%和71.43%;感染者职业分散,其中以农民、企业职员、服务业、机关干部居多;低学历HIV确认阳性率相对高,说明与文化高低有一定关系;该市户籍和外地户籍感染分别占71.43%和28.57%;首次献血者占68.57%,再次献血者占31.43%,两者感染比率有明显不同;合并感染其他病毒分别是乙型肝炎病毒2例,丙型肝炎病毒1例,梅毒3例;传播途径主要通过性传播,其中以异性性传播33例(94.58%)为主。结论韶关市无偿献血者HIV减染者呈上升趋势,以男性青壮年通过异性性传播为主。应引起政府、社会和血站高度重视,加强AIDS防控排查措施的宣传工作,最大限度降低经输血传播HIV的风险,确保临床输血安全。     

2003-2005年浙江省无偿献血者中艾滋病病毒感染检测分析

目的 调查浙江省无偿献血者艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况和流行因素.方法 2003-2005年浙江省无偿献血者,总计1 476 492人次,经HIV初筛,初筛阳性者送省疾病预防控制中心确认.结果 共检出50例HIV感染者,感染率约为0.0034%,其中初筛实验阳性率约0.1139%,假阳性百分率约97.0273%.结论 浙江省无偿献血人群HIV感染率与发达国家相当,但呈上升势头,需进一步采取措施遏制经采供血传播艾滋病.     

浙江省金华市无偿献血人群艾滋病病毒感染现状分析

目的 了解浙江省金华市无偿献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染的状况及流行特征,以确定低危献血人群,降低输血传播HIV的风险。 方法 对2006年1月至2012年7月266 844例无偿献血者利用酶联免疫吸附试验进行抗-HIV检测,结果采用免疫蛋白印迹(WB)确证,并对抗-HIV确证阳性者进行流行病学调查与统计分析。 结果 抗-HIV抗体初筛阳性共406例,WB法确证阳性29例,阳性率为0.01%,不确定5例,其余确证为阴性。经流行病学调查,异性传播19例,占65.5%。同性传播9例,占31%。 结论 结合本地区献血人群的HIV感染状况、流行特征,应从无偿献血招募、体检咨询工作方面采取积极有效的措施,需加强与社会互动,开展对献血者艾滋病相关知识的宣教,从而达到保证血液质量与安全。     

TT virus infections among blood donors in Iceland: prevalence, genotypes, and lack of relationship to serum ALT levels

BACKGROUND: The TT virus (TTV) is a newly identified blood-borne virus. Its association with disease is still unknown, and screening of blood donors has not been implemented. Several genotypes of the TTV have been identified. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three hundred seventy healthy blood donors were randomly selected and tested for TTV by the PCR method. Sequencing of a part of the genome was performed to identify various genotypes of the virus. ALT levels were determined in both infected and uninfected individuals. RESULTS: The TT virus (TTV), was detected in the sera of 23 (6.2%) of 370 healthy Icelandic blood donors; this prevalence is lower than that reported in Japan but higher than that in Scotland. The virus was found in all groups over the age of 19. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 202 bp from open reading frame 1 demonstrated genotypes 1b and 2b 2c and genotype 4 isolates, with the latter bearing 89-percent nucleotide homology with other genotype 4 sequences deposited at GenBank. One sample showed a mixed genotype 1b/2c infection. Serum ALT levels were within normal limits in all infected individuals. CONCLUSION: The TTV carrier state does not cause significant liver injury.     

Frequency of human platelet antigens among blood donors in northeastern Thailand

BACKGROUND: Platelet transfusions have been widely used in Thailand, but little is known about the phenotyping of human platelet antigens. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole blood was collected from 483 blood donors for preparation of platelets. An improved mixed passive hemagglutination assay was used for this study. RESULTS: Frequencies demonstrated were 100 percent for HPA-1a (PlA1), 15.94 percent for HPA- 2b (Siba), 60.25 percent for HPA-3a (Baka), 98.76 percent for HPA-4a (Yukb), 1.86 percent for HPA-4b (Yuka), 5.38 percent for HPA-5b (Br(a)), and 97.72 percent for Naka. CONCLUSION: HPA-1a was found in 100 percent of Thais, which is the same frequency as in other Asian populations but somewhat different from that in whites (97.9%). Therefore, HPA-1a will not cause neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia or post-transfusion purpura in Thais. According to the frequencies of HPA-2b, HPA-3a, HPA-4a, HPA-4b, HPA-5b, and Naka antigens, they may induce neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, and platelet refractoriness in Thais.     

广州无偿献血人群HIV感染率分析

HIV主要通过性传播、血液或血制品传播、或母婴传播。为了防止经输血传播HIV ,提高血液质量 ,对献血者进行抗 HIV的检测是有效的防范措施之一。笔者对广州市 1999年～ 2 0 0 1年无偿献血人群进行抗 HIV检测 ,ELISA检测阳性标本送省防疫站艾滋病监控中心做确证试验 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　检测对象　 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月在广州血液中心献血的所有无偿献血者 340 6 4 7人 ,其中男性 190 5 0 8人 ,女性 15 0 139人 ,年龄 18～ 5 5岁。1.2　仪器与试剂　MicrolabAT plus2&FAME全自动酶标分析系统 (瑞士哈密顿公司 )…     

无偿献血者HIV假阳性献血员去留的探讨

目的探讨无偿献血者HIV确认为阴性的献血者是否保留、归队为献血者。方法无偿献血者标本（HIV两种试剂检测）仅一种试剂有反应,且A值小于1,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、丙型肝炎病毒抗体、梅毒抗体均阴性,转氨酶正常的献血者,于献血后12个月再采集标本做献血常规检测。结果共收集到46份标本,检测结果仅有1份标本进口试剂有反应性,国产试剂均无反应性,将有反应性标本送省疾病预防控制做确认实验,结果为阴性。结论无偿献血者HIV两种试剂检测（一种国产、一种进口）仅有一种试剂有反应性,且A值小于1者,其他项目均正常的献血者,HIV反应性多是假阳性,进一步检测之后,HIV无反应性或确认为阴性的献血者可以保留。     

芜湖地区无偿献血者HIV感染状况及蛋白质免疫印迹分析

目的 了解本地区无偿献血者HIV-1抗体检测及蛋白印迹试验的确证情况,探讨进一步控制血液质量安全的策略及方法.方法 无偿献血者献血后使用酶联免疫和病毒核酸检测方法进行初步筛查,对筛查阳性标本送市疾控进一步做抗-HIV蛋白质免疫印迹(WB)试验.回溯性调查近10年本地区无偿献血者HIV抗体确证结果,分析阳性标本的WB条带...     

The prevalence of anti-HCV among Chinese voluntary blood donors in Taiwan

In Taiwan, the prevalence of circulating anti-HCV is 2 percent among first-time voluntary Chinese blood donors, 10 percent among donors with elevated ALT levels (greater than 45 IU/L), and higher among older men. The carrier rate for HBsAg was 18.6 percent and the frequency of positive HBV marker(s) (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) was 86.4 percent among first-time donors. There is no significant correlation between HBV and HCV infections in Taiwan, because there is no significant difference in the frequency of anti-HCV among donors with or without HBV markers. The frequency of anti-HCV among qualified donors in Taiwan (ALT less than 45 IU/L, not tested for anti-HBc) is 1.8 percent, which is not significantly different from the frequency (1.6%) in donors with normal ALT and negative for HBV marker(s) (qualified donors by Western Standards). Therefore, ALT is the most important surrogate marker for HCV infection in Taiwan.