2012年北京市西城区健康人群风疹抗体水平调查及疫苗免疫效果分析

目的 评估2012年北京市西城区健康人群风疹抗体水平及疫苗的免疫效果,为预防控制风疹及完善疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据。 方法 2012年随机抽取西城区10个居委会为调查点,选择在当地连续居住6个月以上的本市和外省健康人群,采集血清标本共220份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定风疹IgG抗体,同时调查免疫史、患病史及人口学特征。 结果 风疹IgG抗体阳性率为90.00%,抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为40.78 IU/ml,不同性别、不同户籍风疹抗体阳性率和GMC比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。有免疫史人群风疹抗体阳性率和GMC均高于无免疫史人群(均P<0.001)。接种风疹疫苗5年后,抗体阳性率仍维持在较高水平。不同年龄组人群中,风疹抗体阳性率和GMC比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。1.5~岁,6~岁,15~岁及35~岁组,风疹抗体阳性率在95.45%~100%之间。25~34岁年龄组风疹抗体阳性率为88.64%,低于其他年龄组(P<0.05)。风疹抗体GMC随年龄增长和免疫后时间延长而逐渐下降。 结论 风疹疫苗的免疫效果持久。2012年北京市西城区健康人群风疹抗体保持在较高水平,预测近期不会发生风疹暴发流行。应继续做好疫情监测,当出现风疹流行迹象时,建议对育龄妇女开展风疹疫苗加强免疫,预防先天性风疹综合征的发生。     

2006年济南市麻疹、风疹实验室检测结果分析

[目的]了解2006年济南市麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清抗体水平,为麻疹、风疹的计划免疫工作提供科学依据.[方法]采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清进行IgM检测.[结果]共检测送检血清929份.其中,麻疹抗体(M-IgM)阳性152份,阳性率为16.36%;风疹抗体(R-IgM)阳性580份,阳性率为62.43%.[结论]2006年济南市出现个别区(县)风疹的小暴发,麻疹呈散发状态,提示济南市各区县的免疫接种不平衡,应对重点人群加强麻疹疫苗的强化免疫.     

2016年睢宁县健康人群麻疹风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率的监测分析

目的 了解睢宁县健康人群麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率,评价预防接种效果。方法 采取分层随机抽样法抽取320名健康人群作为监测对象,分为8月龄～、5岁～、15岁～和25～40岁组4个年龄组。结果 共检测314名健康人群血清标本,麻疹抗体阳性率为89.81%,风疹抗体阳性率为68.79%,腮腺炎抗体阳性率为82.17%;各年龄组间麻疹抗体阳性率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.406,P＞0.05),风疹抗体阳性率和腮腺炎抗体阳性率的差异有统计学意义(χ2分别=12.252、15.649,P＜0.05);不同性别和不同地区间监测对象麻疹抗体阳性率、风疹抗体阳性率和腮腺炎抗体阳性率的差异均无统计学意义(χ2分别=2.00、0.162、0.706,P＞0.05)。结论 睢宁县8月龄以上健康人群的麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率较低,计划免疫接种情况存在不足,应加强相关疫苗的常规接种和强化免疫。     

国产风疹减毒活疫苗的免疫程序研究

为了配合国产BRDⅡ风疹减毒活疫苗在我省的推广使用,制订合适的免疫程序,对我省部分地区的人群风疹抗体水平、国产风疹疫苗的免疫效果、麻疹与风疹疫苗的联合免疫等进行研究。当前我省5岁以下儿童风疹抗体阳性率仅19.3%,学龄儿童抗体阳性率60%。经BRDⅡ风疹疫苗免疫后1个月,人群的抗体阳性率平均可达99%,GMRT值为237.5表明,国产风疹疫苗与麻疹疫苗对8月龄儿童联合免疫的阳转率,GMRT值与各自单独免疫时无任何差异。     

江西省山区县8月龄～30岁健康人群风疹抗体水平监测及不同风疹减毒活疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解江西省山区县健康人群风疹抗体水平,为制订风疹疫苗免疫策略提供科学依据,2000年4～8月选择交通相对闭塞、人口流动相对较少的江西省山区安远县作为调查点,对8月龄～30岁健康人群采血检测风疹血球凝集抑制(HI)抗体,同时对2～4岁健康儿童接种国产BDRⅡ株风疹减毒活疫苗和进口麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹(MMR)疫苗,观察其效果.共检测8月龄～30岁健康人群血清607份,阳性率57.66%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶14.13.2～4岁儿童接种国产风疹减毒活疫苗和进口MMR疫苗后,风疹抗体阳转率均为100%,GMT分别为1∶263.95、1∶197.40,两种不同疫苗风疹HI抗体GMT差异无显著的统计学意义.     

自然状态下健康人群风疹免疫水平调查

目的 :了解自然状态下风疹的流行情况 ,为风疹疫苗纳入计划免疫管理提供依据。方法 :采用半对数回归 EL ISA法对健康人群的风疹抗体水平进行检测。结果 :本次调查正常人群抗体阳性率为 70 .1%,GMT为 1∶ 6 5 .5 1,其中≥ 15岁女性抗体阳性率为 78.6 %,GMT为 1∶ 5 5 .5 1。地区间人群抗体阳性率无显著性差异 ,年龄组间 <1岁组儿童抗体水平较高。结论 :盐城市风疹自然流行率较高 ,风疹疫苗初免年龄应在 1岁以上 ,控制风疹流行的策略应该是重点保护 15岁以下儿童及育龄期妇女。     

深圳市健康人群及孕妇风疹抗体水平监测

为了解深圳市健康人群及孕妇风疹抗体水平 ,为将风疹疫苗纳入计划免疫管理提供科学依据 ,随机调查 1172名健康人及 10 70名孕妇 ,采用酶联免疫法测定血清中风疹抗体 Ig G含量 ,健康人群抗体阳性率为 6 8.0 9% ,与其它地区相近 ,其中 <2 0岁组较≥ 2 0岁组的低 ,孕妇抗体阳性率为 75 .6 1% ,<2 0岁组及孕妇对风疹病毒易感 ,是风诊免疫的重点对象     

2016-2018年杭州市健康人群风疹IgG抗体水平调查北大核心

目的评估2016-2018年杭州市健康人群风疹抗体水平。方法采用分层随机抽样方法选择杭州市11个年龄组健康人群,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清风疹IgG抗体,分析抗体阳性率和几何平均浓度(GMC)。结果杭州市健康人群风疹IgG抗体总阳性率为80.42%(801/996),GMC为101.87IU/mL。各年龄组人群风疹IgG抗体阳性率在35.56%(<1岁组)-97.62%(2岁组)之间(χ^2=165.38,P<0.001),GMC在59.52IU/mL(15-19岁组)-210.92IU/mL(1岁组)之间(F=5.75,P<0.001)。在有含风疹成分疫苗(RCV)免疫史人群中,风疹IgG抗体阳性率、GMC分别从免疫后<1年的95.97%、203.42IU/mL下降到免疫后≥10年的85.71%、50.03IU/mL(χ^2=32.11,P<0.001;F=12.77,P<0.001)。结论杭州市健康人群总体风疹抗体水平较高,但随着随年龄增长或RCV免疫后时间延长而下降,需探讨成人风疹免疫策略。     

扎赉诺尔区1~15岁风疹疫苗免疫效果监测分析

目的通过对儿童免疫规划风疹疫苗免疫后抗体阳性率进行监测分析,总结其免疫效果。方法选取扎赉诺尔区1~15岁4 096名接种风疹疫苗的儿童作为研究对象,采用ELISA法检测风疹IgG抗体。结果风疹抗体阳性率分别为96.73%。不同年龄组风疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(2?=5.98,P=0.113,P0.05)。不同性别风疹-IgG抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(2?=12.84,P=0.000,P0.05)。结论扎赉诺尔区1~15岁儿童风疹疫苗的抗体阳性率均维持在较高水平。     

2000年粤北山区健康人群风疹抗体水平的分析

目的　了解粤北山区人群风疹感染状况。方法　采用血凝抑制 (HI)试验 ,于 2 0 0 0年对粤北山区 6 15名不同年龄健康人进行风疹HI抗体检测。结果　粤北山区人群平均风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT分别为 30 2 4%、9 99± 5 11,随年龄增长 ,人群风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT均呈上升趋势 (P均 =0 0 0 0 ) ,15岁及以上人群风疹抗体处于较高水平 ,抗体阳性率、GMRT均为 0～ 14岁人群的 4倍 (P均=0 0 0 0 )。 16岁及以上育龄妇女风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT分别为 78 33%、2 6 2 9± 1 19。不同地区、性别人群风疹抗体阳性率、GMRT差异均无显著性 (P均 >0 0 5 )。结论　粤北山区人群风疹抗体处于低水平 ,建议实施 15岁以下人群普种风疹疫苗 ,育龄妇女婚前检查时接种风疹疫苗的免疫策略     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.