经腹及肛门内括约肌切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法 对34例癌灶下缘距齿状线不足2cm或距肛缘不足4—5cm的低位直肠癌经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌保肛术进行回顾性分析。结果 34例中男23例，女11例。年龄28—76岁，平均为56．4岁。癌灶下缘距肛缘4cm12例（腺瘤癌变5例），癌灶下缘距肛缘5cm22例，病理诊断直肠腺癌29例，其中高分化者18例，中分化者11例，腺瘤癌变5例。Dukes分期：A期18例，B期16例。34例术后随访率为97％（33／34），中位随访时间为4．9年。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2．9％），吻合口狭窄1例（2．9％）；术后6—12个月时排便功能基本恢复正常。术后局部复发率为2.9％，术后5年生存率为69．6％。结论 经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术式，既能保存良好的肛门排便功能，又不降低5年生存率，是一种安全有效的低位直肠癌保肛术式。     

内括约肌切除保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌52例临床研究

目的 探讨经腹肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌的临床疗效.方法 对52例癌灶下缘距肛缘4～5 cm的超低位直肠癌经腹肛门切除肛门内括约肌加结肠套叠重建内括约肌保肛术进行临床分析.52例中男29例,女23例.年龄28～76岁,平均为56.3岁.癌灶下缘距肛缘4 cm 18例,癌灶下缘距肛口5 cm 34例.病理诊断直肠腺癌52例,其中高分化者21例,中分化者29例,低分化者2例,腺瘤癌变6例.Dukes分期:A期28例,B期24例.结果 52例术后随访率为88%(46/52),术后随访时间2个月至12年,中位随访时间为5.9年.术后发生吻合口瘘2例(3.8%),吻合口狭窄3例(5.7%),术后6～12个月时肛门排便控制功能基本恢复到正常.术后局部复发3例,术后5年生存牢为24/33例(73%).结论 切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术能保留良好的肛门排便控制功能,不增加局部复发率,是一种安全有效的超低位直肠癌保肛术式.     

套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术治疗低位直肠癌86例的临床研究

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能最理想的治疗术式。方法 对86例低位直肠癌切除后经肛门行套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘6－7cm 62例，8－10cm 24例。结果 全组无手术死亡，无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生。术后8－12周时排便功能控制良好，排便次数为1－4次／d，18周时肛门排便功能基本恢复正常，排便次数为1－2次／d。术后随访3个月至8年，总的局部复发率为3．7％（3／81），总的5年生存率为66．7％（14／21）。结论 套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术可避免腹部结肠造口，并防止吻合口瘘的发生，作为低位直肠癌保肛手术，是一种安全的术式。     

直肠拖出双吻合器超低位直肠癌保肛术：附46例报告

目的：评价以直肠拖出和双吻合器技术实施超低位直肠癌保肛手术的疗效。方法：1997年12月—2005年12月利用直肠拖出和双吻合器保肛技术，对46例超低位直肠癌患者行癌肿切除术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～7 cm，平均5.5 cm。Dukes分期：A期26例，B期16例，C期4例。结果：46例均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2.2％），吻合口狭窄4例（8.7％）。全组平均随访54个月，其中有2例（4.3％）局部复发。5年生存率为81.3％;无发生排尿功能障碍者;82.4%的男性患者和83.3％女性患者术后性功能良好。结论：直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的，为超低位直肠癌患者提供了新的保肛术式选择。     

拖出式Welch法直肠癌超低位切除的临床研究

目的：探讨中下段直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能手术的安全性及效果。方法：对24例中下段直肠癌患者实施拖出式Welch法超低位切除术，即肿瘤切除后使直肠远端外翻，近端结肠经外翻的直肠拖出，于肛门外行结肠-直肠-期吻合，待吻合确实后还纳入肛门内。结果：肿瘤局部复发3例（12．5％）Dukes，B期1例（4．2％），C期2例（8．4％）。术后6个月排便次数、控便机能正常及良好者21例（87．5％），较差者3例（12．5％）。5年生存率62．5％（15／24）。结论：保留肛门括约肌的拖出式吻合术，在确保癌根治的情况下，选择合适的病例，可获得较高的生存率及生活质量。     

内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠肿瘤26例

目的 总结用肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠肿瘤的临床经验.方法 对26例无外括约肌受侵的低位直肠肿瘤患者行全直肠系膜切除加经肛内括约肌切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析.对肿瘤下缘距齿状线 2 cm者,行内括约肌部分切除;肿瘤下缘距齿状线 1.0 cm、<2.0 cm者,行内括约肌次全切除;肿瘤距齿状线<1.0 cm或侵及齿状线者,行内括约肌全切除,结肠肛管行端端吻合.结果 26例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为0～3 cm.病理类型:高分化腺癌6例,中分化腺癌16例.乳头状癌1例,绒毛状腺瘤癌变1例.巨大绒毛状腺瘤2例.病理分期:pTNM Ⅰ期11例,ⅡA期8例,ⅢA期4例,ⅢB期1例;T分级:T1 8例,T2 15例,13 1例.全组无手术死亡;无吻合口瘘;发生吻合口狭窄2例.术后早期肛门经常粪污,每日大便3～10次.术后1年控便时间可达5 min以上,患者排便次数减少,最少为每日1次,或每日2～4次.但内括约肌全切除者仍偶然粪污.术后平均随访时间28个月,术后5个月吻合口肿瘤复发1例,术后10个月肝转移1例,术后26个月心源性猝死1例.结论 对于癌灶局限于直肠壁内的超低位直肠癌,采用肛门内括约肌切除术可以达到根治效果,并保留肛门功能.     

经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的直肠癌根治术疗效评价

目的评价经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效。方法总结31例低位直肠癌患者直肠全系膜切除术（TME）加经肛门内外括约肌同切除术的临床资料。结果31例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线2cm以内，有18例进展期直肠癌患者术前先进行放、化疗。腹部手术施行全直肠系膜切除，向下切断骶骨直肠韧带和部分肛提肌达肛门外括约肌环上缘，沿外括约肌环和肠壁（内括约肌）之间再向下分离1—2cm。肛门手术组在癌灶下缘2cm之齿状线下方垂直于肛管长轴切开内括约肌全层，然后沿肛门内、外括约肌环间隙向上游离，与腹部手术组会师。将近端结肠或结肠储袋与肛管或肛管．齿状线行端端吻合。全组无手术死亡；术后肛门功能恢复较好。平均随访12个月，29例患者无复发和转移；1例出现复发和转移，另1例癌胚抗原19．9，但未发现转移灶。结论经肛门内外括约肌同切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术可以达到良好的根治性，并保留较好的肛门功能，是一种可选择的根治性保肛手术方法。     

经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术治疗早、中期低位直肠癌21例分析

目的 探讨早、中期低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的理想手术方式。方法 采用经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术治疗早、中期低位直肠癌21例。结果 全组无手术死亡，术后1例发生肛门外拉出肠管部分坏死。骶前感染1例，无肠回缩、吻合口瘘。平均随访 28（6-50）个月，无局部复发。术后18个月发现肝脏转移灶1例，现仍无癌生存20例，吻合口狭窄2例。本组术后2周拉出肠段修整后排便次数较多。1月后控制大便能力明显改善。大便3-5次/d,3月后大便基本正常。1-2次/d。结论 在严格掌握手术适应证的条件下，经腹肛拖出式直肠癌切除术可作为治疗早、中期低位直肠癌并保留肛门功能的一种可靠术式。     

中下段直肠癌保肛手术（附15例报告）

报告15例距肛缘6～8cm直肠癌行低位前切除术、Parks法、Welch法、结肠肛管吻合术等保留肛门手术，术后6～8个月病人排便控制功能大都恢复正常。术后发生吻合口瘘1例，吻合口狭窄3例，吻合口复发1例。对中下段直肠癌，肿瘤距肛缘不少于5cm，组织分化较好，局部未见肠壁外浸润者，可根据具体条件选择不同手术方式行保肛手术，以提高病人术后生活质量。     

经腹经肛门切除低位直肠癌经肛门行结肠直肠粘膜吻合术32 …

目的 探讨直肠中下段癌保留肛门括约肌功能最佳治疗术式。方法 对采用经腹经肛门切除中下段直肠癌以经肛门行结肠直肠粘膜吻合术３２例，癌灶下缘距肛缘６～７ｃｍ２０，８～１０ｃｍ１２例。结果 全组无手术死亡，无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生。术后随访３２例６～５２个月，平均２９个月。于术后１９个月局部癌复发１例（３．１％），现仍无癌生存３１例。本组术后８～１２周时排便功能控制良好，为１～３次／ｄ，１８周时肛门排     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.