Treatment of plastic bronchitis in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease with intratracheal rhDNase.

Plastic bronchitis, a condition associated with widespread mucous plugging of the tracheobronchial tree, is an increasingly recognised bronchoscopic finding in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Removal of casts by bronchoscopy is technically challenging. We describe a child with acute chest syndrome where bronchoscopic removal of extensive tracheobronchial plastic casts was facilitated by intratracheal rhDNase.     

Treatment of plastic bronchitis in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease with intratracheal rhDNase

Plastic bronchitis, a condition associated with widespread mucous plugging of the tracheobronchial tree, is an increasingly recognised bronchoscopic finding in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Removal of casts by bronchoscopy is technically challenging. We describe a child with acute chest syndrome where bronchoscopic removal of extensive tracheobronchial plastic casts was facilitated by intratracheal rhDNase.     

The role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty in children北大核心CSCD

目的 总结支气管镜在儿童Slide气管成形术中的作用。方法 回顾性分析2017—2020年湖南省人民医院收治的4例气管狭窄患儿的诊疗经过,总结支气管镜在Slide气管成形术术前评估、术中定位与测量及术后创面评估和治疗中的作用。结果 Slide气管成形术术前支气管镜评估显示,4例患儿中3例存在完全气管环,2例合并肺动脉吊带,2例存在多处狭窄。3例在该院完成Slide气管成形术,术中支气管镜下判断狭窄段中点及测量狭窄段长度,协助离断气管狭窄段,术后灌洗明确病原;1例外院Slide气管成形术术后9个月出现瘢痕牵拉,经支气管镜下介入治疗好转。2例术后第4天支气管镜下发现气管黏膜改变,调整治疗方案;2例术后1个月出现肉芽增生,经支气管镜下冷冻治疗好转。1例因吻合口坏死放弃治疗死亡,存活的3例随访6个月以上,预后可,但均存在气管支气管软化。结论 支气管镜可用于气管狭窄患儿Slide气管成形术的管理,有助于术后康复及随访。     

CT of blunt chest trauma in children

While trauma is still the leading cause of death in the pediatric age range, it is surprising how little the CT appearances of pediatric chest injury have been investigated in the literature. We have reviewed the CT findings of blunt chest trauma in 44 children for whom chest CT examinations were requested to investigate the extent of intrathoracic injury. We noted a propensity for pulmonary contusions to be located posteriorly or posteromedially, and for them to be anatomically nonsegmental and crescentic in shape. This is possibly attributable to the relatively compliant anterior chest wall in children. The CT appearances of other major thoracic injuries are described, including pulmonary lacerations, pneumothoraces, malpositioned chest tubes, mediastinal hematomas, aortic injury, tracheobronchial injury, hemopericardium, and spinal injuries with paraspinal fluid collections. Children demonstrating findings incidental to the actual injury yet important to the subsequent therapy are also presented. We conclude that, in the event of clinically significant blunt chest trauma, the single supine chest examination in the trauma room is insufficient to adequately identify the extent of intrathoracic injury. With the exception of concern for aortic injury for which aortography is indicated, a dynamically enhanced CT scan of the thorax should be performed as clinically significant findings may result in altered therapy.     

Spontaneous tracheal rupture after severe coughing in a 7-year-old boy

Tracheal lacerations are rare but potentially life-threatening. They are recognized sequelae of cervical or thoracic injuries or complications of endotracheal intubation. Spontaneous tracheal rupture is extremely uncommon and has not been reported in a pediatric patient. This report is the first pediatric case of a spontaneous longitudinal laceration of the posterior membranous cervical trachea, which occurred after violent coughing in a 7-year-old boy with acute tracheobronchitis. The tracheal rupture was detected early with an endoscopic examination and computed tomography. The rupture and emphysema were small, with no major complications, and disappeared with conservative management. This rare case is presented with a review of the possible mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment.     

Value of chest CT in the diagnosis and management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of chest multidetector computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration. Methods: Chest CT was performed in 45 consecutive children with suspected foreign body aspiration, and plain chest X‐ray was conducted at the same time. Multiplanar reformatted imaging was carried out after multidetector CT. Rigid bronchoscopy and removal of the foreign body was performed under general anesthesia. Results: All 42 patients (100%) with tracheobronchial foreign bodies were identified on chest CT. Three patients avoided unnecessary operations due to negative CT scans. For the patients with tracheobronchial foreign bodies, the occurrence of unilateral hyperlucent lung and post‐obstructive lobar or segmental infiltrates on plain chest X‐ray was 42.9% (18/42) and 4.8% (2/42), respectively. Twenty‐two of the 42 patients (52.4%) had no abnormalities on plain X‐ray. The difference between multidetector CT and plain X‐ray results was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Surgical plans were designed and appropriate foreign body forceps were selected based on the CT scans. All foreign bodies were removed successfully, and no severe complications were observed. The location, shape, and volume of the foreign bodies found at surgery were consistent with the CT images. Conclusions: The diagnosis of foreign body aspiration of the airway in children can be accomplished by using chest multidetector CT. It is often useful in delineating the exact shape, location, volume and form of a bronchial foreign body and can help the surgeon plan for operative bronchoscopy and safe removal of the foreign body.     

Normal radiographic findings after foreign body aspiration. When the history counts

Foreign body aspiration in children is frequently associated with unilateral emphysema or atelectasis on chest x-ray. Two cases are reported of tracheal or bilateral foreign bodies in which the original chest x-rays were read as normal, but the history was suggestive of the foreign body aspiration. Early bronchoscopy can prevent the long-term morbidity that results from unrecognized tracheobronchial foreign bodies.     

多排螺旋CT在气管、支气管异物临床诊断中的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)在小儿气管、支气管异物临床诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析临床高度怀疑气管、支气管异物且行MDCT扫描并行支气管镜检查的97例患儿的临床及MDCT表现.MDCT重建方法采用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、表面遮盖 (SSD)、最小密度投影(MinIP)等技术重建.结果 气管、支气管异物患儿大多数临床症状不典型,以喘息、咳嗽及肺部某一部位反复感染为常见症状.97例患儿中,异物种类以不透光植物性异物为主,且大多数位于肺叶、段以下支气管内及左、右主支气管.其中89例通过各种MDCT重建方式直接显示异物,并发现由异物所引起的阻塞性肺炎、肺气肿、肺不张及纵隔气肿等各类并发症.4例未显示异物,仅显示一侧阻塞性肺气肿及肺内斑片状炎症,支气管镜探查取出异物.4例经支气管镜检查,在MDCT提示异物的支气管管腔内未发现异物,其中2例为黏稠痰栓,此4例经抗炎治疗后肺部炎症及临床症状消失.在CT影像结果指导下行支气管镜检查,93例钳取到异物.MDCT诊断小儿气管、支气管异物准确性为95.9%.结论 MDCT在小儿气管、支气管异物诊断中有实用价值,但在使用时要密切结合临床病史及体征.     

Congenital tracheal stenosis: Role of CT and high kV films

Congenital tracheal stenosis is an intrinsic narrowing of the tracheal lumen due to complete cartilaginous rings. We evaluated the role of the chest radiograph, high kV films, CT and bronchoscopy in five patients with congenital tracheal stenosis. CT was superior to chest radiography and high kV films in the evaluation of the presence and extent of the stenosis. CT was superior to bronchoscopy in the evaluation of the distal extent of the stenosis in two patients. In addition, CT is useful in ruling out external compression of the trachea by a mass or associated vascular anomaly.     

Pulmonary artery loop and dysplastic tracheal stenosis. Case report with pre- and postoperative spirometry and discussion of the value of diagnostic signs

Since his second week of life a boy, with pulmonary artery sling now 8 3/4 years old suffered from mainly expiratory stridor during exercise and dyspnoe during bronchopulmonary infections, twice in a life-threatening manner. The indirect diagnostic signs were all negative, bronchoscopy revealed a narrow distal trachea and a pulsating stenosis of high degree at the bifurcation. Bronchographic findings were characteristic. Angiocardiographically the retrotracheal run of the left pulmonary artery could only be proved by marking the trachea with a catheter. After operation at the age of 8 1/4 years, the boy had no relevant subjective complaints during a follow-up of 6 months. Spirometric lung function tests before and after corrective operation revealed a considerable obstruction of central intrathoracic airways that persisted after operation, only peak flow improved significantly. According to the bronchological findings the reason therefore is a dysplastic tracheobronchial stenosis, which is seen often in combination with PAS.     

Plastic bronchitis. A case report and review of the literature

Plastic bronchitis is a rare complication in which bronchial casts of lymphatic origin develop in the tracheobronchial tree and cause airway obstruction. The main feature is expectoration of bronchial casts. This condition usually occurs in the postoperative period after the Fontan operation for congenital heart disease. Treatment modalities include mucolytics and chest physiotherapy, and in the most severe cases bronchoscopy to remove the casts and aerosolized urokinase or r-TPA. We describe a 12-year-old boy with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and severely hypoplastic right ventricle who underwent a modified Fontan operation at the age of 7 years. At the age of 12 years the patient started to present frequent episodes of coughing, dyspnea, and desaturation followed by difficult emission of white bronchial casts. An extracardiac Fontan conversion was performed to improve hemodynamics and symptoms. During the postoperative period frequent episodes of airway obstruction required bronchoscopy and finally improved with administration of aerosolized urokinase.     

Lacerations involving glass. The role of routine roentgenograms.

OBJECTIVE--To determine, when evaluating a laceration caused by glass, whether seeing that the bottom of the wound is free of glass eliminates the possibility that glass is present in the wound. RESEARCH DESIGN--Prospective patient series. SETTING--Two pediatric emergency departments. PARTICIPANTS--226 children with lacerations due to glass occurring in a period of 21 months. SELECTION PROCEDURES--Consecutive sample. INTERVENTIONS--Before obtaining a roentgenogram, the triage nurse or the managing physician visually inspected each wound and recorded whether the bottom of the wound was seen, if glass was seen in the wound, and the length and depth of the wound. Further treatment of the wound was at the discretion of the managing physician. MEASUREMENTS/MAIN RESULTS--Glass was seen in the wounds of 10 children on initial inspection. Of the remaining 216 injuries, glass was contained in 12 (21.4%) of the 56 lacerations when the bottom of the wound was not visualized, and in 11 (6.9%) of the 160 lacerations when the bottom of the wound was visualized. There was a significant association between the depth of the wound and an inability to see the bottom of the wound, and deeper wounds were significantly more likely to contain glass. All but one of the lacerations containing glass had a depth of at least 0.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS--In the population studied, seeing that the bottom of the laceration was free of glass reduced, but did not eliminate, the possibility that glass was present in the wound. In addition, superficial lacerations (less than 0.5 cm) rarely contained undetected glass fragments. We recommended that further investigation concerning the mechanism of injury, the depth of the wound, and the type of glass involved is needed before physicians abandon routine roentgenography for lacerations due to glass.     

Pneumomediastinum caused by foreign body aspiration in children

In a retrospective review of 155 children with tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA), there were ten patients who had pneumomediastinum (PM) on an initial chest radiograph. Nine of ten presented with PM and one patient had PM noted after bronchoscopy. In a child less than two years of age with no history of trauma, the radiographic finding of PM should prompt further investigation for FBA.Presented at the RSNA, November 27–December 2, 1988, Chicago, IL, USA     

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??Objective To assess retrospectively the diagnostic roles of methylene blue test observed by bronchoscopy in congenital tracheoesophageal fistulas??TEFs?? in children. Methods We collected the clinical data of 5 patients??two of whom were diagnosed with congenital H-TEF and three of whom were diagnosed with recurrent TEF??rTEF?? over the past 8 months in Shenzhen Children’s Hospital. We respectively analysed and compared the results of contrast esophagography??regular bronchoscopy??methylene blue test observed by bronchoscopy and chest MDCT??all of which were performed on the above 5 patients. Results Each of these five cases was observed by bronschoscopy that methylene blue came out from the fistula of the trachea when methylene blue was injected into esophagus. Although all cases were examined by regular bronchoscopy??two recurrent TEFs cases weren’t found the fistulas. Four cases were examined by contrast esophagography??but only one rTEF case was diagnosed. None of these 4 cases could be diagnosed by the results of chest MDCT??but air trapping in the lower esophagus could be seen in chest MDCT in these cases. Conclusion Methylene blue test observed by bronchoscopy is reliable in the diagnosis of congenital TEFs in children??which is the first recommendation. Both of esophagography and regular bronchoscopy can miss the diagnosis in congenital TEFs in children. The diagnostic value of MDCT is limited for this disease??but air trapping in the lower esophagus in MDCT implicates the possibility of congenital TEFs.     

先天性心脏病伴气管狭窄或受压的诊治探讨

目的 探讨先天性心脏病伴气管狭窄或受压的诊断和治疗措施,以提高对气管狭窄的认识.方法 收集本院先心病伴气管狭窄或受压患儿41例,平均年龄14.6个月,体重7.8 kg.主要病种:室间隔缺损/肺动脉高压;法乐四联症肺动脉闭锁、肺动脉瓣缺如;主动脉缩窄伴室间隔缺损;右室双出口;肺动脉吊带等.9例患儿伴双主动脉弓、迷走锁骨下动脉.经胸部CT、气管造影和纤维支气管镜确诊:气管弥漫性狭窄9例,局限性狭窄16例,支气管狭窄7例,多发性狭窄伴支气管桥4例,气管软化5例.38例行体外循环心脏修补术,6例同时行气管狭窄纠治术(端端吻合术3例;自身气管片移植扩大2例;补片扩大1例).5例行气管切开术,用套管支撑狭窄段.结果 住院、近期死亡8例(19.50%).随访22例,平均(2.9±2.4)年.气管端端吻合及自身气管补片扩大者,气管通畅;补片修复者,肉芽组织增生再狭窄.带套管支撑者存活4例,分别于术后3个月、1年、2年、8年拔除气管套管.狭窄未处理者,狭窄段内径与气管整体生长成比例狭窄.结论 先天性心脏病伴气管狭窄诊断需及时,重度气管狭窄与心脏手术Ⅰ期矫治,以滑片吻合术,自身气管片移植术为好.轻、中度狭窄则等待其成长是最好策略.     

Late diagnosis of a bronchial fracture after thoracic injury

We report a case of bronchial fracture diagnosed in a child who had sustained a chest injury two and a half months earlier. Immediately after the injury, clinical and roentgenographic findings usually suggest the diagnosis, which is then confirmed by fiberoptic endoscopy. Because latent forms are frequent (10%), fiberoptic bronchoscopy should be widely used in patients having sustained a motor vehicle accident responsible for a significant chest injury. A follow-up visit two months after the injury ensures prompt detection of secondary complications.     

儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征分析

目的 了解儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征,为实施切实可行的预防措施提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2013年2月114例经纤维支气管镜确诊的气管支气管异物患儿的临床资料。结果 儿童气管支气管异物主要发生在1~3岁（71.9%）,男童多于女童,性别比为2：1。冬季发生比例高于夏季。农村儿童气管支气管异物的发生比例较城市高。不同部位气管、支气管异物的CT阳性率存在明显差异,气管异物病例的胸部CT阳性率明显低于左、右主支气管异物（PP结论 儿童气管支气管异物的预防相关健康教育应以农村地区为重点;气管支气管异物多发于1~3岁幼儿;对于气管支气管异物疑诊病例,需尽早行支气管镜检查确诊。     

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??Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of children with trachea or bronchus foreign body. Methods The data of 84 children with confirmed diagnosis of trachea or bronchus foreign body was retrospectively analyzed in this study form Jun 2011 to Jun 2016 in Tianjin Children Hospital??including general situation??history of foreign body aspiration??medical history??course of disease??foreign body property??clinical and imaging characteristics. Results The rate for tracheobronchial foreign body occurring in boys and girls were 2.23??1 with the main incidence age of 6 months to 3 years old. The incidence rate in countryside was higher than that in city??69.05% vs. 30.95%????especially boys in countryside. Children who are able to provide an accurate history of foreign body aspiration may be helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of trachea or bronchus foreign body??P??0.05??. The main type of foreign body was food??especially nuts. The proportion of bronchial foreign body which remained in the left or right main bronchial tubes was not different??but the number of cases in right lobe was higher than that in the left. The clinical symptom was different according to the different lesions with block of foreign bodies. The main symptom was cough??98.81%?? and breezing??58.33%????with the imaging characteristics of emphysema ??55.95%??. Conclusion In prevention and control of tracheobronchial foreign bodies??boys under the age of 3 should be paid most attention to in rural areas. The children should be reduced contact with nuts food. The guardian must attach more importance to tracheobronchial foreign body. For children with symptom of cough and wheezing weakening breathing sounds on single side by physical examination??emphysema and pulmonary atelectasis on imaging??health providers should pay attention to the history of foreign body aspiration or cough history??and should actively perform bronchoscopy for early diagnosis and treatment.     

Metal lawn and garden edging: the hidden knife?

OBJECTIVE: Lacerations account for many visits to the pediatric emergency department. We observed children presenting to local emergency departments in a large metropolitan area with lacerations incurred from metal lawn and garden edging, a landscaping tool. We sought to describe the severity of lacerations caused by metal edging, the characteristics of wound repair, and the need for subspecialty consultation. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review including all pediatric patients (< 18 years) presenting with lacerations caused by metal lawn and garden edging from January 1995 to October 1997 was performed. Patients were seen at one of three emergency departments in Colorado. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients were enrolled (76% male, 24% female), with a median age of 9 years. The most frequent location of laceration was the foot (40%), followed by the knee (26%). The median length of laceration was 3 cm (range 1-22 cm). Sixteen patients (13%) received either intravenous or oral antibiotics, and six patients (5%) received orthopedic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Metal lawn and garden edging in landscaped neighborhoods presents a previously undescribed laceration danger to children. Some lacerations sustained from the metal lawn edging are extensive, receiving either multiple layer closure and/or the need for subspecialty consultation.     

Three-dimensional computed tomography for detection of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) into the tracheobronchial tree is a frequent and serious cause of respiratory problems in children. Chest X-ray (CXR) is often inaccurate in diagnosing FBA when the object is radiolucent. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive technique that can detect the narrowing of the airway resulting from the presence of a foreign body. We conducted a retrospective study comparing the performance of CT scan and CXR in the diagnosis of FBA. Eleven patients (mean age 2.1 years) with a history suggestive of foreign body aspiration were examined by three-dimensional chest CT and CXR during the study. The presence of foreign bodies was confirmed and they were removed by rigid or flexible bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Foreign body aspiration (FBA) was detected in all the 11 patients by CT scan (sensitivity, 100%), but CXR of three of the patients showed no evidence of FBA (sensitivity, 72.7%). The foreign bodies were located in the right main bronchus (n = 4), the left main bronchus (n = 5), and the trachea (n = 2). The mean length of hospital stay was 3.8 days. In our study, three-dimensional chest CT scan was more sensitive than CXR in detecting the presence of aspirated foreign bodies in children. The superior sensitivity and short time required for CT should help to reduce delays in diagnosis. These benefits may prompt further studies to determine whether CT could be used to reduce the number of unnecessary bronchoscopies performed in children being evaluated for FBA.