Improving the acute nasolabial angle and medial nasolabial fold by levator alae muscle resection.

An acute nasolabial angle and a prominent nasolabial fold are two features that are often associated in the aging face. A new technique is presented that simultaneously addresses both of these features. Levator alae (levator labii superioris alaeque nasi) muscle resection, performed through a subciliary incision, improves the acute nasolabial angle without concomitant rhinoplasty. At the same time, levator alae muscle resection softens the medial nasolabial fold. Partial levator labii superioris muscle resection has occasionally been added to further weaken the middle nasolabial fold. Fresh cadaver dissections were performed to define the anatomy and to plan the surgical approach. This report describes a series of 10 patients who underwent this procedure, with improvement of the acute nasolabial angle and softening of the medial nasolabial fold.     

Nasolabial musculocutaneous island flap]

The authors describe a musculocutaneous island flap with a superior pedicle raised from the nasolabial sulcus and comprising the levator labii superioris and levator labii superioris alequae nasi. This flap was used in 23 cases to repair defects following resection of skin cancers of the lateral side of the nose, the upper lip and the cheek. The anatomical study of the blood supply of the nasolabial sulcus reveals the existence of a vascular junction within the muscle. The use of this muscle allows an increase in the dimensions, reliability and mobility of previously described flaps.     

鼻唇沟的解剖学研究

目的 从解剖学角度对鼻唇沟做出准确描述和定义,为解剖学和整形外科学、美容外科学、颌面外科学提供理论基础.方法 对10具（20侧）成人新鲜尸头行福尔马林血管灌注固定后,在10倍手术放大镜下进行形态学观测.结果 （1）鼻唇沟是面中部多脂肪区与无脂肪区的分界.（2）鼻唇沟起于鼻肌横部在鼻翼上缘皮肤的止点,终止于口角降肌在口角外下方皮肤的止点.（3）从解剖学角度可将鼻唇沟分为上、中、下3段,上段（Ⅰ）：为鼻肌横部区,长（20.38±0.74）mm;中段（Ⅱ）：为上唇提肌区,长（17.13±0.57）mm;下段（Ⅲ）：为蜗轴区,长（20.81±0.70）mm.（4）鼻唇沟是7种表情肌在皮肤上止点形成的连线区域,表层肌腱膜系统（SMAS）与组成鼻唇沟的7块表情肌同属同一层次.结论 鼻唇沟是7种表情肌在皮肤上止点形成的连线区域,不分年龄.永恒存在.不同于面部老化形成的鼻唇沟皱褶和面部老化或表情变化形成的鼻唇沟脊.     

Reconstruction of orbicularis oris and levator labii superioris muscles in secondary repair of unilateral cleft lip.

We devised a new method to repair the depression of the nasal floor and inferolateral displacement of the alar base and to reconstruct the philtrum in the secondary repair of unilateral cleft lip. Depression of the nasal floor and inferolateral displacement of the alar base were corrected by advancing a lump of the levator labii superioris, the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and the upper part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscles to the anterior nasal spine. When the depression of the nasal floor was too severe to repair using these muscles only, a cranially-based de-epithelialised flap of the scar region on the upper lip was inserted under the nasal floor. The lower, greater part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscle was dissected to the nasolabial fold, brought towards the midline, and laid on the surface of the same muscle on the medial side to be sutured. When the depression of the nasal floor was not severe, the lower, greater part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscle was passed through a tunnel pierced beneath the de-epithelialised scar tissue and sutured to the corresponding components on the medial side to reinforce the philtral ridge. In both cases, if the deep orbicularis oris muscle in the vermilion had been interrupted, it was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis. Operative results were evaluated in 76 patients using photographs taken preoperatively and postoperatively. Elevation of the nasal floor and correction of the alar base were achieved in most patients, while reconstruction of the philtrum was achieved in cases in which the skin tension at the suture line was weak.     

RECONSTRUCTION OF ORBICULARIS ORIS AND LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS MUSCLES IN SECONDARY REPAIR OF UNILATERAL CLEFT LIP

We devised a new method to repair the depression of the nasal floor and inferolateral displacement of the alar base and to reconstruct the philtrum in the secondary repair of unilateral cleft lip. Depression of the nasal floor and inferolateral displacement of the alar base were corrected by advancing a lump of the levator labii superioris, the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and the upper part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscles to the anterior nasal spine. When the depression of the nasal floor was too severe to repair using these muscles only, a cranially-based de-epithelialised flap of the scar region on the upper lip was inserted under the nasal floor. The lower, greater part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscle was dissected to the nasolabial fold, brought towards the midline, and laid on the surface of the same muscle on the medial side to be sutured. When the depression of the nasal floor was not severe, the lower, greater part of the superficial orbicularis oris muscle was passed through a tunnel pierced beneath the de-epithelialised scar tissue and sutured to the corresponding components on the medial side to reinforce the philtral ridge. In both cases, if the deep orbicularis oris muscle in the vermilion had been interrupted, it was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis. Operative results were evaluated in 76 patients using photographs taken preoperatively and postoperatively. Elevation of the nasal floor and correction of the alar base were achieved in most patients, while reconstruction of the philtrum was achieved in cases in which the skin tension at the suture line was weak.     

Use of levator labii superioris muscle flap in the muscle repair of cleft lips

Summary In order to facilitate and improve muscle repair in wide cleft lips, a levator labii superioris muscle flap has been used to augment the orbicularis oris muscle. The neurovascular pedicle of this muscle flap can be preserved to eliminate the possibility of ischemic muscle fibrosis and atrophy. Eleven patients between the ages of 4 months and 24 years having wide cleft lips underwent this procedure. Seven had a unilateral and 4 had a bilateral cleft lip deformity. In one patient who had a bilateral complete cleft lip, the levator labii superioris muscle was directly approximated to the contralateral muscle. In the other three patients with bilateral cleft lips, the levator labii superioris muscle flaps were approximated to the contralateral orbicularis oris muscles. In all 7 of the unilateral cases, the levator labii superioris muscle flaps were used to obtain a tension free closure and for filling out the defect below the nostril sill. None of the patients had wound infection, wound dehiscence or scar widening. The functional loss resulting from the transposition of the flap is compensated for by the remaining synergistic muscle, the zygomaticus minor. This method of muscle repair seems to be completely benign, and the muscle flap dissection can be performed easily and safely. Requests for reprints: Dr. O. Kivanc, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Balcali Hospital, Adana, Turkey     

上唇方肌内眦头肌皮瓣在面中部缺损修复中的应用

介绍一种新的鼻唇沟皮瓣转移方式——上唇方肌内眦头肌皮瓣,简述该皮瓣的应用解剖、手术操作方法。应用该肌皮瓣,在9例病人中,分别修复下眼睑、眶下区、上唇、鼻尖部缺损,全部获得成功。     

A型肉毒毒素矫正面神经麻痹患者口角歪斜的临床研究

目的：通过健侧面肌注射A型肉毒毒素来矫正患者存在或遗留的口角歪斜和鼻唇沟不对称，满足爱美患者的要求.方法：将近几年来在门诊就诊和收治的一部分面瘫患者依据一定标准纳入治疗观察对象，除对照组外将他（她）们随机分为若干治疗组：升降（口角肌）组（含降口角肌、提口角肌、颧大肌和颧小肌）、笑肌组和联合组，除对照组外各组在健侧面肌相应肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素5U，2周后观测每个患者双侧口角到门齿中缝的距离差.结果：各治疗组的口角歪斜均得到一定的纠正，其中升降组的效果小一些，但鼻唇沟不对称明显得到改善;笑肌组效果较明显，但表情动作受到的影响较大;联合组效果最明显，鼻唇沟变得对称而表情动作受到的影响大.结论：健侧面肌注射一定剂量的A型肉毒毒素可以矫正周围性面瘫患者的口角歪斜和不对称的鼻唇沟。     

鼻唇沟除皱术的局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法对１０例成人尸体２０侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究，发现鼻唇沟形成机理，改进手术方法。结果提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤—皮下组织与ＳＭＡＳ—表情肌之间产生剪切应力及向下相对位移，鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动，形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为１３例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术，获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论鼻唇沟除皱手术须在ＳＭＡＳ表面、皮下组织深面正确层次中进行，切断ＳＭＡＳ与表情肌及上唇的联系，解剖复位颧颊部组织，重建颧弓韧带。     

鼻唇沟除皱术局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的 提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法 对１０例成人尸体２０侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究,发现鼻唇沟形成机理,改进手术方法。结果 提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤－皮下组织与ＳＭＡＳ－表情肌之间产生剪切就力及向下相对位移,鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动,形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为１３例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术,获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论 鼻唇沟除皱手术须     

鼻唇沟除皱术的局部解剖学与临床应用研究

目的提高鼻唇沟除皱手术效果。方法对10例成人尸体20侧鼻唇沟局部解剖及组织切片研究,发现鼻唇沟形成机理,改进手术方法。结果提出表情肌长期反复运动使得皮肤—皮下组织与 SMAS—表情肌之间产生剪切应力及向下相对位移,鼻唇沟部位上下两种质地、结构密度相差较大的组织之间产生相对运动,形成了鼻唇沟及鼻唇沟脊。采用新手术方法为13例患者进行鼻唇沟除皱手术,获得较好的近期及远期效果。结论鼻唇沟除皱手术须在 SMAS 表面、皮下组织深面正确层次中进行,切断 SMAS 与表情肌及上唇的联系,解剖复位颧颊部组织,重建颧弓韧带。     

鼻唇沟区域解剖学研究

目的 对颌面整形美容外科提供形态学依据。方法 对20例成人新鲜尸头行10％福尔马林血管灌注固定后，在手术放大镜下进行形态学观测。结果 ①首次对少数国人与鼻唇沟区域相关的各表情肌逐块进行长、宽、厚的显微解剖测量。②测得鼻唇沟内侧脂肪厚度为1．3mm，外侧为4．5mm。③鼻唇沟内侧真皮层有肌纤维附着，外侧也有稀少肌束附着。④面部有浅肌肉宰不但存在腱膜，还由筋膜、肌肉、腱膜共同构成一个立体网状结构。结论 进一步证实了有关SMAS中央腱的理论假说。     

鼻唇沟区域解剖学研究

目的对颌面整形美容外科提供形态学依据。方法对２０侧成人新鲜尸头行１０％福尔马林血管灌注固定后,在手术放大镜下进行形态学观测。结果①首次对少数国人与鼻唇沟区域相关的各表情肌逐块进行长、宽、厚的显微解剖测量。②测得鼻唇沟内侧脂肪厚度为１３ｍｍ,外侧为４５ｍｍ。③鼻唇沟内侧真皮层有肌纤维附着,外侧也有稀少肌束附着。④面部表浅肌肉之间不但存在腱膜,还由筋膜、肌肉、腱膜共同构成一个立体网状结构。结论进一步证实了有关ＳＭＡＳ中央腱的理论假说。     

改良上睑提肌缩短术治疗中度和重度上睑下垂

目的 探讨应用改良上睑提肌缩短术治疗中、重度先天性上睑下垂的疗效.方法 对30例中、重度先天性上睑下垂患者(包括2例上睑下垂术后欠矫和复发患者),采用联合睑板切除的上睑提肌缩短术.术中睑板切除量根据睑板的宽度设计,上睑提肌切除量＝(上提量-睑板切除宽度)× (4～5) mm.并分离睑结膜和上睑提肌,切除一定量的睑结膜以防止结膜脱垂,对术后效果进行随访观察.结果 30例除3例矫正不足外,余均获得良好上提效果,上睑缘弧度自然,无严重并发症,仅少数患者早期有轻度睑裂闭合不全.结论 改良上睑提肌缩短术适用于中、重度先天性上睑下垂患者及上睑下垂术后欠矫的患者,在矫正畸形和改善外观方面均能达到良好的效果.掌握手术操作要点,有助于在功能和外形上取得满意效果.     

协同开睑术矫治上睑下垂的临床研究

克服以往手术单肌负荷过大,提肌力＜５ｍｍ者提肌手术出现矫正不足和额肌手术后有明显兔眼及上睑迟滞等现象,并使术后开睑功能更接近生理。改变以往治疗中单一利用额肌或提上睑肌矫治的方法,采用提上睑肌折叠瓣—额肌协同开睑矫正重度上睑下垂。本组３８例５３只眼重度上睑下垂,经提上睑肌折叠瓣额肌吻合术矫治,疗效满意。协同开睑术矫治重度上睑下垂比单一提上睑肌或额肌手术更为合理。     

Anatomy of the SMAS Revisited

Despite the relevance of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in facial rejuvenation a clear anatomic definition of the SMAS is still lacking. Therefore, the morphology of the SMAS in 18 cadavers was investigated using different macroscopic and microscopic techniques. The region-specific anatomy of the SMAS is described in the forehead, parotid, zygomatic, and infraorbital regions, the nasolabial fold, and the lower lip. The SMAS is one continuous, organized fibrous network connecting the facial muscles with the dermis. It consists of a three-dimensional scaffold of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and fat cells. Two different types of SMAS morphology were demonstrated: type 1 SMAS architecture is located lateral to the nasolabial fold with relatively small fibrous septa enclosing lobules of fat cells, whereas type 2 architecture is located medial to the nasolabial fold, where the SMAS consists of a dense collagen–muscle fiber meshwork. Overall, it was demonstrated that different facial regions show specific morphological characteristics, and thus region-specific surgical interventions may be necessary in facial rejuvenation.     

Surgical treatment of rings around the eyes

The subcutaneous dissection of the furrow of the rings around the eyes reveals the continuity of the orbicularis oculi muscle, pars orbitalis and the levator labri superioris alaeque nasi. Precise suture of these two muscles eliminates this furrow. Results are stable.     

Correction of non-traumatic retraction of a unilateral upper eyelid

Six patients with retracted unilateral upper eyelid were operated on by cutting the levator and Muller's muscles under local anesthesia. 1% lidocaine was infiltrated into the eyelid and the tissues superficial to the orbicularis oculi muscle. It is important that the infiltration should not enter the deep layer of the muscles to avoid paralysis of the superioris levator palpebra muscle. Incision is made on the upper eyelid about 6mm above the lid margin. The cutting of the levator and Muller's muscles should be limited to the central portion and leave a strip of muscles intact on both sides. The extent of cutting is decided by adequate correction of lid retraction. With the opposite palpebral fissure as a guide the cutting is extended bilaterally until overcorrection by 1 mm is reached. Adequacy of correction is obtained when the patients can open and close the eyelid. The results in these 6 cases were satisfactory and deformities were corrected.     

眶隔筋膜瓣及提上睑肌与额肌瓣吻合悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂

目的：研究利用眶隔筋膜瓣、提上睑肌腱膜联合额肌瓣悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂的临床效果。方法：术中切开眶隔,形成蒂在睑板上缘的眶隔筋膜瓣,在眉部分离形成额肌瓣,将这两瓣与提上睑肌腱膜重叠缝合固定,建立与额肌的连接,悬吊上睑并矫正下垂畸形。结果：采用此方法对27例35侧重度上睑下垂的眼睑进行了治疗,随访3～6个月,其中31侧眼睑取得了满意的效果,额肌收缩时患睑睁大两侧眼裂大小对称,睑缘位置正常,外形自然,睑缘弧度及重睑外形满意。矫正不足4侧,后行二次手术而修复。结论：利用眶隔筋膜瓣、提上睑肌腱膜联合额肌瓣重叠吻合悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂,上睑悬吊牢固,不易复发,保持了眼睑的原有结构,睑缘和重睑线弧度及外观满意,畸形矫正效果良好,优于传统的上睑提肌腱膜瓣悬吊和单纯额肌悬吊的方法。