Metabolic risk factors in the normolipidemic male patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease

The relationship of plasma lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) concentrations and plasma insulin response to oral glucose load to angiographically determined coronary artery disease (CAD) was investigated in 65 normolipidemic (plasma cholesterol less than 230 mg/dl and plasma triglyceride less than 150 mg/dl) males. According to the results of coronary angiography, the patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with normal coronary artery, NCA group (n = 21); and patients with coronary artery disease, CAD group (n = 44). No significant differences in concentrations of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride were observed between the CAD and NCA groups. In the CAD group cumulative lifetime tobacco consumption was higher and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was lower than those in the NCA group. The variables that correlated with the severity of CAD, defined by the number of lesions and percent stenosis, were levels of plasma apo A-I and apo B. Prevalence of subjects with reduced oral glucose tolerance did not differ between 2 groups. However, hyperinsulinemic response to oral glucose load was present in the CAD group. HDL-cholesterol concentration, the sum of plasma insulin levels and the magnitude of the early insulin response during oral glucose challenge were accurate predictors of the presence of but not the severity of CAD. Multivariate analysis of the data confirmed the independent effect of plasma levels of apo A-I and apo B on the severity of CAD. The present data indicated that plasma levels of apo A-I and apo B were powerful discriminators in the normolipidemic CAD patients and that a high insulin response might be an indicator of enhanced susceptibility to the distinct coronary atherosclerosis.     

Risk factors that discriminate 'high- risk' from 'low-risk' Japanese patients with coronary artery disease

Although various risk factors have been implicated in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary risk factors specifically related to the long-term prognosis for high-risk CAD have not been determined. The study enrolled 311 consecutive Japanese patients with CAD who underwent diagnostic coronary arteriography and divided them into 2 groups: (i) 135 high-risk patients with either impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction <50%) or multivessel disease and (ii) 176 low-risk patients with normal left ventricular function and 0- or 1-vessel disease. The prevalence of risk factors including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and lipid variables were compared between the 2 groups. The prevalence of DM, a serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level below 35 mg/dl and a serum lipoprotein (Lp) (a) level above 25 mg/dl was significantly higher in the high-risk group as compared with the low-risk group. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that DM (odds ratio (OR): 1.72, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02-2.92, p<0.05), a low HDL-cholesterol level (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.49-4.17, p<0.001) and a high Lp(a) level (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02-2.76, p<0.05) were all independent risk factors for high-risk CAD. However, if the patients with 0-vessel disease were excluded from the low-risk group, a low HDL-cholesterol level was found to be the only independent predictor for high-risk CAD (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.15-3.70, p<0.05). Among both men and smokers in this population, a higher Lp(a) level was found to be a significant predictor for high-risk CAD. A low serum level of HDL-cholesterol, a high serum level of Lp(a) and DM were significant predictors of high-risk in patients with CAD. Among patients with a significant coronary stenosis or left ventricular dysfunction, a low serum level of HDL-cholesterol was the only significant predictor for high-risk CAD.     

Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PURPOSE: To estimate the frequency of and examine risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a prospective longitudinal study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were SLE are enrolled in The Johns Hopkins Lupus Cohort, a prospective study of outcomes in 229 subjects with SLE. CAD was defined as angina, myocardial infarction, or sudden death. Data on CAD risk factors were obtained prospectively every 3 months and were analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: CAD occurred in 19 (8.3%) of 229 patients with SLE and accounted for 3 (30%) of 10 deaths as of December 31, 1990. Compared to subjects without CAD, those with CAD were more likely to have been older at both diagnosis of SLE (37.1 years versus 28.9 years, p = 0.004) and at entry into the cohort (47.1 years versus 34.7 years, p < 0.0001), to have a longer mean duration of SLE (12.3 years versus 8.1 years, p = 0.013) and a longer mean duration of prednisone use (14.3 years versus 7.2 years, p < 0.0001), to have a higher mean serum cholesterol (271.2 mg/dL versus 214.9 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) or a cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR] 14.5, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.9, 112.1), and to have both a history of hypertension (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3, 9.6) and a history of use of antihypertensive medications (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.8, 17.2). There were no significant associations with other known CAD risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, family history of CAD, race, or sex, or variables related to steroid therapy including the presence of cushingoid features or ever use of corticosteroids. The best multiple logistic regression model for CAD included age at diagnosis, duration of prednisone use, requirement for antihypertensive treatment, maximum cholesterol level, and obesity (using NHANES-II [National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey] definitions). CONCLUSION: Primary and secondary prevention strategies directed at hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity, as well as other known CAD risk factors, should be routinely employed in the management of patients with SLE.     

Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with renal failure

Cardiovascular mortality is markedly increased in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly those receiving dialysis. Coronary artery disease is the most important cause of death in these patients. As in the general population, older age, male gender, and the postmenopausal state in women are cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ESRD. However, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, known to promote cardiovascular disease in the general population, are particularly likely to do so in patients with ESRD because of their high prevalence in this population. In addition, nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hyperhomocystinemia, inflammation, elevated calcium x phosphate product, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidant stress, occur frequently in patients with ESRD. Vigorous treatment of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors has reduced cardiovascular risk in patients without ESRD. The extent to which such risk factor modification would alter cardiovascular risk in ESRD remains uncertain.     

不同性别冠心病患者主要危险因素的比较

目的 探讨不同性别患者吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、年龄与冠心病发病的关系.方法 2008年2月至6月在河北省唐山工人医院心内科收集病例113例,在河北省人民医院收集病例38例.核实全部病史情况.结果 总计151例患者中(男93女58)吸烟、患有高血压和糖尿病以及年龄在60岁以上的人所占百分比.男性分别为:33%,48%,23%,55%.女性分别为:5%,50%.43%,74%.吸烟比率男性明显高于女性(P<0.05).高血压对不同性别冠心病的作用强度无差别,而糖尿病和年龄对女性冠心病的作用强度明显大于男性(P<0.05).结论 不同性别冠心病主要危险因素存在差异,糖尿病是老年女性冠心病的主要危险因素.     

Risk factors for coronary artery calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease

<正>Objective To explore risk factors for coronary artery calcification(CAC)inpatients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Methods A total of 53 ESRD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis(3 times a week)from August 2014 to March 2015 in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were enrolled in the study.The patients were divided into the negative control group(13 ca-     

老龄冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者冠状动脉钙化危险因素分析

目的:分析老龄冠心病患者发生冠状动脉钙化的临床危险因素。方法:分析165例老年冠心病患者的心血管危险因素、生化数据。多排螺旋计算机体层扫描(MDCT)冠状动脉成像评估患者冠状动脉钙化情况,Agatston法计算钙化积分,多因素Logistic回归分析老龄冠心病伴冠状动脉钙化患者的危险因素。结果:钙化组患者收缩压水平、血肌酐及血尿酸水平、糖尿病发生率及吸烟率均高于非钙化组,差异有统计学意义(P0.023~0.035),多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.032,P=0.035)、收缩压(OR=1.546,P=0.024)、吸烟史(OR=1.328,P=0.029)、血肌酐增高(OR=1.325,P=0.025)、糖化血红蛋白(OR=1.697,P=0.031)、血尿酸水平(OR=1.732,P=0.015)为冠状动脉钙化性斑块形成的危险因素,Spearman分析显示糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐和尿酸水平与钙化积分呈线性相关。结论:老龄冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化程度与其糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐和尿酸水平正相关。     

Carotid stenosis and peripheral artery disease in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

The combination of a change in lifestyle toward Western habits and an aging society, has led to a steady increase in the incidence of atherosclerotic diseases in the Japanese population. Coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid stenosis (CS), and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are major manifestations of generalized atherosclerosis and increase the risk of cardiovascular events. However, the incidence of CS and PAD in Japanese patients with CAD is not well known, so the present study investigated this in 380 consecutive patients with CAD undergoing elective coronary aorta bypass grafting (CABG) at Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital between October 1999 and October 2001. The coexistence of CS and PAD in all patients was preoperatively evaluated by duplex ultrasonography and the ankle - brachial index (ABI). The average age of the study population was 66.09.1 years (range, 42-87). The number of male patients was 293 (77.1%). The incidence of CS was 13.7% and 15.3% for PAD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that no particular traditional atherosclerotic risk factor, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking, was able to predict either CS or PAD, but CS and PAD were independent predictors of each other. The results of the study suggest that CS and PAD were not only highly prevalent but also strongly associated with each other in this cohort of CAD patients. Accordingly, extracoronary atherosclerotic disease should be assessed in Japanese CAD patients.     

Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

High high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels protect against coronary artery disease (CAD) development. We hypothesized that patients with CAD and high HDL levels would have higher prevalence of other CAD risk factors compared with patients with CAD and normal HDL. We identified 41,982 patients from a single center with normal levels (40 to 60 mg/dl in men, 50 to 70 mg/dl in women) or high HDL levels (> or =70 mg/dl in men, > or =80 mg/dl in women) when last measured between January 2000 and April 2004. From this overall population, we characterized a cohort of 1,610 patients with CAD, including 98 patients with high HDL levels. We measured prevalence of traditional CAD risk factors by comparing these 98 patients with patients with CAD and normal HDL levels (n = 1,512). We performed manual chart review in patients (n = 196) matched 1:1 by age, gender, and HDL level to obtain further detail with regard to differences in family history and lifestyle factors. In patients with CAD, those with high HDL levels (98 of 1,610, 6.1%) were of similar age (71.1 vs 69.6 years, p = 0.23), had similar prevalence of hypertension (78.6% vs 88.7%, p = 0.30), lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (85.3 vs 90.9 mg/dl, p = 0.04) and triglycerides (87.1 vs 141.2 mg/dl, p <0.01), and a lower prevalence of diabetes (28.6% vs 38.4%, p = 0.05) compared with patients with normal HDL levels. In logistic regression models, patients with high HDL levels and CAD were less likely to have diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.95, p = 0.03) or obesity (adjusted odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.99, p = 0.046) than patients with normal HDL levels and CAD. In conclusion, patients with high HDL and CAD had a similar or lower prevalence of traditional CAD risk factors compared with patients with normal HDL levels and CAD.     

Comparison of major coronary risk factors in female and male patients with premature coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to analyse and compare the major coronary risk factors of female and male patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD) aged < or = 45 years. METHODS: We evaluated 4613 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography at our institution; 572 symptomatic patients (489 men and 83 women) diagnosed as having premature CAD (age < or = 45 years) were included in our analysis. For each patient, the presence of major coronary risk factors such as family history of CAD, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cigarette smoking were recorded. Besides, clinical presentation and angiographic findings were also recorded. RESULTS: The most common risk factor was cigarette smoking in young men (70.3%). However, the major coronary risk factor was hypercholesterolaemia in young women (67.5%). When we compared two groups with respect to major coronary risk factors, we found that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were significantly higher in young women than in young men (diabetes mellitus: 27.7% vs. 12.3%, respectively, P < 0.001, hypertension: 56.6% vs. 23.4%, respectively, P < 0.001). However, cigarette smoking was found to be significantly higher in men than in women (70.3% vs. 28.9% respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We have shown for the first time the impact of gender on the coronary risk factor profile in young Turkish patients with premature CAD. These findings may be useful for gender-based management and risk factor modification of young patients with premature CAD.     

老年男性冠心病患者冠状动脉造影结果的分析

目的探讨老年男性冠心病与中青年男性冠心病患者不同的临床表现及其与冠状动脉造影结果的关系。方法选自我院782例以冠心病诊断进行冠状动脉造影的男性患者,其中老年男性374例(老年组);中青年男性408例(中青年组)。根据临床表现2组分别分为自发性心绞痛患者、劳累性心绞痛患者、急性心肌梗死患者、陈旧性心肌梗死患者、疑诊冠心病患者。分析老年组与中青年组之间的不同构成,以及各组之间冠状动脉造影阳性率的比较。结果老年组患者中劳累性心绞痛的比例明显高于中青年组,两组患急性心肌梗死和陈旧性心肌梗死的比例相近,中青年组患者疑诊冠心病的比例明显高于老年组。老年组冠状动脉造影阳性率明显高于中青年组。结论老年组患者冠状动脉存在固定性狭窄的比例明显高于中青年组患者,应当针对这一特点进行相应的治疗。     

Risk factors for coronary artery sclerosis in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE:

To examine risk factors for coronary artery sclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS:

Patients with diabetes were divided into two groups based on whether their electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ischemic changes. In addition to traditional risk factors, other parameters (ie, serum levels of serotonin, homocysteine, thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue plasminogen activator, vascular endothelial growth factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1) were measured in both groups.

RESULTS:

In the group with ischemic ECG changes (n=13), systolic blood pressure was significantly higher than in the group with no changes (n=18). There were no significant differences in the serum levels of other factors; however, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels tended to be higher in the group with ischemic ECG changes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the sample of patients was limited, these results suggest that strict control of traditional risk factors, especially high blood pressure, is important for preventing coronary artery sclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.     

Risk factors and outcomes in patients with coronary artery aneurysms

Previous small series have provided conflicting data on the association between coronary artery aneurysms and traditional cardiac risk factors, as well as limited information on patient outcomes. This investigation sought to determine whether the presence of coronary artery aneurysms has an adverse affect on patient outcomes. The results show that coronary aneurysms were an independent predictor of mortality, and overall 5-year survival in patients with aneurysms was only 71%. We believe that clinicians should aggressively monitor and modify coronary risk factors in patients with coronary aneurysms.     

Progression of carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease

The authors investigated the relationship between the progression of carotid atherosclerosis and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). The two-year follow-ups of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in 50 patients with CAD were evaluated by B-mode high-resolution ultrasonography. The summed maximal thickness of carotid plaques increased by 3.2 to 10.1 mm (mean 1.06 mm, SD 2.42 mm). The extent of coronary atherosclerosis (p<0.02) and the serum total cholesterol level (p<0.01) were different between the progressing group (n=20) and the nonprogressing group (n=25) with carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid disease progression was significantly higher in patients with three-vessel coronary disease than in those without significant coronary disease (p<0.005). Age, serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, pack-years of smoking, % smokers, % hypertensives, and % diabetics were not different between the two groups. It was concluded that the severity of CAD was one of the strong predictors for carotid disease progression in patients with CAD.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者肾功能下降危险因素分析

目的:探讨冠心病(CAD)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者远期出现肾功能下降的相关危险因素。方法:连续纳入我院CAD合并2DM患者共7 552例,收集患者的基线资料、实验室检查、用药史、冠状动脉造影及血运重建史,根据随访的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)值将患者分为肾功能保留组及肾功能下降组,应用COX比例风险模型分析肾功能下降的危险因素。结果:和对照组相比,肾功能下降组年龄较大,男性、高血压病史、高脂血症病史、血运重建史比例较高,入院时收缩压、心率较高,但已婚比例较低。化验检查结果:肾功能下降组比对照组有更高水平的TC、LDL-C、HCY、尿酸、总胆红素、红细胞压积,但白蛋白、HDL-C、HGB、RBC水平却低于对照组。用药史:肾功能下降组应用ACEI/ARB、皮下注射胰岛素及利尿剂比例高于对照组,口服降糖药及抗血小板药物用药比例低于对照组。以多因素COX比例风险回归模型对远期肾功能下降进行危险因素分析,提示男性、年龄、心率、高血压史、高脂血症病史、血同型半胱胺酸浓度、血尿酸浓度为T2DM合并CAD患者远期肾功能下降的危险因素。结论:男性、年龄、心率、高血压史、高脂血症病史、血同型半胱胺酸浓度、血尿酸浓度为T2DM合并CAD患者远期肾功能下降之危险因素。     

Low testosterone level in middle-aged male patients with coronary artery disease

Background

Endogenous testosterone has been shown to provide a protective role in the development of cardiovascular diseases in men. This study investigated the changes of testosterone level and its relationship to the severity of coronary artery stenosis in middle-aged men with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

Serum testosterone concentration was measured in 87 middle-aged men patients with CAD including stable angina pectoris (SAP), unstable angina pectoris (USAP) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). All patients underwent coronary angiography and the severity of coronary stenosis was estimated by the Gensini coronary score. The patients with the severity of coronary artery stenosis of less than 50% served as control group.

Results

The levels of testosterone in SAP group (488.2 ± 96.8 ng/dl), USAP group (411.6 ± 128.6 ng/dl) and AMI group (365.3 ± 116.6 ng/dl) were significantly lower than that in control group (562.8 ± 110.2 ng/dl) (all p < 0.05). When compared with another group among SAP, USAP and AMI groups, the level of testosterone in the AMI group was the lowest, the USAP group was the median while the SAP group was the highest (all p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between angiographic Gensini score and testosterone level (n = 87, r = − 0.513, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis found that testosterone and BMI were independent predictors for CAD (testosterone: odds ratio 0.311, 95% confidence interval 0.174-0.512; BMI: odds ratio 1.905, 95% confidence interval 1.116-2.973).

Conclusion

The present study showed that middle-aged male patients with CAD present a lower level of serum testosterone and the testosterone level was negatively correlated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis.     

冠心病患者颈动脉斑块性质的危险因素及其与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性

目的探讨冠心病患者颈动脉斑块性质的危险因素以及斑块性质与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法选择2018年3月至2019年8月因可疑冠心病入住山西医科大学第一医院心内科或老年病科的患者,通过冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病并进一步行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声探查出存在颈部血管斑块的患者共127例,根据其彩色多普勒超声结果分为不稳定斑块组78例,稳定斑块组49例。收集其一般资料、血液指标、冠状动脉造影Gensini积分、冠状动脉病变支数,分析影响颈动脉斑块性质的危险因素及斑块性质与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,组间率的比较采用χ~2检验,均数比较采用t检验,斑块性质的危险因素采用二元logistic回归分析。结果颈动脉不稳定斑块组同型半胱氨酸及血尿酸分别为(19.87±13.13)μmol/L、(331.87±60.53)μmol/L,稳定斑块组分别为(13.40±3.74)μmol/L、(282.28±49.91)μmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);不稳定斑块组空腹血糖、胱抑素C、血肌酐、纤维蛋白原分别为(5.76±2.32)mmol/L、(0.98±0.24)mg/L、(71.24±14.89)μmol/L、(3.09±0.73)g/L,稳定斑块组分别为(5.59±1.79)mmol/L、(0.89±0.19)mg/L、(67.43±10.88)μmol/L、(2.90±0.57)g/L,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。颈动脉斑块性质的二元logistic回归分析显示,血尿酸与斑块的不稳定性存在关联(OR=1.020,95%CI 1.005～1.036;P0.05)。颈动脉不稳定斑块组Gensini积分与冠状动脉病变支数分别为(41.72±16.26)分、(1.96±0.79)支,与稳定斑块组[(31.80±9.54)分、(1.51±0.50)支]比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论冠心病人群中血尿酸水平的升高与颈动脉斑块的不稳定性密切相关。颈动脉斑块的不稳定性可作为预测及评估冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的指标。     

青年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的临床特点在青年与老年患者间的差异。方法回顾性分析48例青年冠心病患者与156例老年冠心病患者的临床资料,着重分析比较两组的危险因素及冠状动脉造影结果。结果青年组冠心病患者女性比例占6.25%(3/48),明显低于老年组的33.33%(52/156),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。青年组体质量指数明显高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(27.03±2.73)kg/m2vs.(25.16±3.05)kg/m2,P0.01]。青年组大量吸烟的比例也远高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[75.00%(36/48)vs.36.54%(57/156),P0.01]。老年组合并原发性高血压、糖尿病的发生率高于青年组,差异有统计学意义[51.28%(80/156)vs.16.67%(8/48),P0.01;30.77%(48/156)vs.6.25%(3/48),P0.01]。青年组血浆总胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及三酰甘油浓度与老年组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。青年组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度低于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(0.85±1.80)mmol/Lvs.(1.08±0.23)mmol/L,P0.01]。青年组血浆尿酸浓度高于老年组,差异有统计学意义[(349.10±67.02)mmol/lvs.(323.77±73.82)mmol/L,P0.01]。青年组冠状动脉病变以单支病变为主,且左前降支病变发生率最高。结论男性、肥胖、大量吸烟为青年冠心病主要发病危险因素,低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度和高尿酸浓度也可能为青年冠心病的危险因素;青年冠状动脉病变轻,以单支病变为主。