儿童颅内单发小炎性肉芽肿

目的：总结儿童颅内单发小炎性肉芽肿的临床特点和治疗经验。方法：自1997年1月-2001年6月手术治疗颅内单发小炎性肉芽肿患儿24例，占同期全年龄组颅内炎性肉芽肿总病例数的47.06%（24、51），平均年龄10.67岁，男女之比为2.4：1。美以癫痫发作最为常见，占79.17%（19、24）。病灶分布以顶枕叶多见（50.00%），额叶次之（29.17%）。结果：非特异性肉芽肿14例，占58.33%，寄生虫性肉芽肿10例，占41.67%，二周围组织水肿程度有所不同。病灶均经手术全切除，随访15例患儿均临床痊愈。结论：“小环形”强化病灶是颅内炎性肉芽肿的特征性表现，符合手术指征，显微外科手术全切除是最佳的治疗选择。     

青少年颅内单发黄色肉芽肿1例报告

患儿,男性,6岁,系剖腹产,因家长发现患儿左侧颞部明显包块5个月于2010年11月20日到我院就诊,无头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐、发热及抽搐等伴随症状.头颅MRI检查示:左侧颞部脑表面富血供占位灶(图1A).查体:体温36.5℃,脉搏80/min,呼吸18/min,全身皮肤粘膜未发现黄染,无皮疹、皮下出血及皮下结节.     

癫痫型脑血吸虫肉芽肿的手术治疗

目的总结有癫痫发作的脑血吸虫病肉芽肿的外科治疗经验。方法对武汉同济医院1955年以来，手术治疗的250例患者进行临床资料回顾性分析及术前评估。结果250例患者无手术死亡，随访196例，有180例癫痫术后得到控制。结论对于癫痫型脑血吸虫肉芽肿，在抗癫痫药物治疗无效及有明显颅内占位效应时都应尽早手术，术中的脑电监测是手术成功的关键。     

儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向开放显微手术

目的 探讨儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向开放显微手术治疗方法。方法 对31例儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫病变直径在0．4～2．5cm之间的患采用CT脑立体定向仪定位,显微镜下切除病灶。结果 31例均在显微镜下操作将病灶完整切除,无手术并发症及死亡。随访8个月～3年,经CT复查证实无复发,癫痫消失,脑电图正常。结论 儿童脑内小肉芽肿继发癫痫的CT脑立体定向显微手术切除脑内病灶,定位准确,安全有效,值得推广。     

儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫的手术治疗

目的明确儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫的手术治疗效果。方法回顾我院从2010年2月至2014年5月经手术治疗27例儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫患儿的病例资料。分析儿童海绵状血管瘤的临床特点,随访患者手术后癫痫缓解情况。手术后癫痫治疗情况用Engle’s分级进行评估,并对手术效果及预后进行分析。结果所有患者均行手术切除。术后1例基底节区病变切除后出现对侧肢体偏瘫,经治疗后到随访时神经功能已恢复至术前状态。1例术后出现颅内感染,经治疗后好转出院。手术后癫痫缓解良好,Engle’s分级1级25例,2级1例,3级1例。患者中无死亡及严重并发症患者。结论儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫手术治疗可有效治疗癫痫,并可避免海绵状血管瘤再次出血而改善患者预后。对多发病变及长期癫痫患者术前需充分评估。     

颅内罕见炎性肉芽肿二例报道并文献复习

颅内因弓形虫和霉菌引起的炎性肉芽肿临床相当少见,多数患者系因人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、器官移植或长期应用免疫抑制剂所继发的机会感染[1-2].既往因弓形虫和霉菌引起的颅内炎性肉芽肿报道极少,术前误诊率高.郑州大学第一附属医院神经外科自2008年3月至2010年1月收治经病理证实的因弓形虫和霉菌引起的颅内炎性肉芽肿各1例,术前均误诊,现报道并结合文献分析总结如下.     

颅内炎性肉芽肿的手术治疗

目的总结采用螺旋CT导向的立体定向开放直视手术切除颅内炎性肉芽肿的方法、技术要点及指征。方法应用CRW头颅立体定向系统技螺旋CT头颅影像三维重建系统，将立体定向技术与开放手术相结合，直视下准确定化病灶，显做镜下全切病变组织，并配合药物治疗25例颅内炎性肉芽肿的病人。结果25例病人均治愈，随访6个月～3年，复查CT示病灶均消失；癫痫症状消失8例，发作次数逐渐减少ll例，应用抗癫痫药物能够控制癫痫发作；缓解、大痛及其他症状。无手术并发症发生。结论该手术方法安全、微创。     

简易定位局麻锁孔开颅颅内病变摘除术

目的探讨高危病人颅内浅表病灶的定位及手术方法。方法采用简易定位工具对31例高危病人颅内病变进行定位,行局麻下锁孔开颅病变切除术。结果手术时间40~130min,平均85min。术后1~2周复查CT,示病变均全切。病理结果:转移瘤16例,脑膜瘤7例,非特异性炎症3例,胶质瘤2例,脑猪囊尾蚴病1例,结核瘤1例,脑血管畸形1例。结论简易定位方法简便易行,创伤小,耗时短,费用少,在无立体定向仪情况下特别适用。     

神经导航辅助手术治疗颅内占位性病变(附48例分析)

目的探讨神经导航系统在颅内占位性病变切除手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析48例颅内占位病变病人的临床资料,均行术中实时导航,采用直切口或弧形切口、小皮瓣及小骨窗入路,显微镜下手术切除病变。结果本组神经导航系统的实际误差为1.9～4.1 mm,平均2.7 mm。镜下病变全切除41例,次全切除5例,大部分切除2例。术中出血少,均未输血。除3例术后出现对侧肢体偏瘫外,其余病例功能均有所好转或无变化;未出现严重并发症,无术后死亡。结论借助神经导航系统可以精确定位颅内病变,在其导引下进行头皮切口、骨窗大小、皮质切口和脑内入路的个体化设计,可使实际操作更准确、方便和直观。     

颅内神经节细胞胶质瘤的临床表现、影像学特点及其预后分析（附18例报告）

目的探讨神经节细胞胶质瘤的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗方法及预后。方法回顾性分析18例神经节细胞胶质瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗方法及随访结果。结果所有患者均行手术治疗,肿瘤全切16例,次全切除2例,复发1例,再次手术治疗。所有病例术后均随访2-6年,16例恢复正常工作和学习;14例术后癫痫缓解,3例需要服用药物控制癫痫。1例3年后复发,二次手术后恢复正常。结论神经节细胞胶质瘤预后相对良好,手术是目前其主要的治疗方法,早期发现,早期治疗,有助于提高患者生存质量和减少复发率。     

Seizure recurrence in patients with solitary cystic granuloma or single parenchymal cerebral calcification: A comparative evaluation

BackgroundSolitary cysticercus granuloma and single parenchymal calcified lesion are two common neuroimaging abnormalities in Indian patients with epilepsy. In this study, we evaluated the frequency and predictors of seizure recurrence in patients presenting with new onset epilepsy or single epileptic seizures and these two different imaging findings.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 115 patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. All patients were clinically evaluated and were treated with oxcarbazepine. No anti-helminthic treatment was prescribed. The patients were followed up for 6 months. In the solitary cystic granuloma group, repeat computed tomography was done after 6 months.ResultsThe study included 80 patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma and 35 patients with a single calcified lesion. Twenty (25%) patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma and 12 (34.3%) patients with parenchymal calcified lesion had a seizure recurrence during the study period (p = 0.307). After 6 months, 57 (71.3%) patients in the solitary cysticercus granuloma group demonstrated complete resolution of the granuloma and in 21 (26.2%) patients the granuloma transformed into a calcified lesion. In the solitary cysticercus granuloma group, a family history of seizure, serial seizures and calcification on follow-up neuroimaging (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with recurrence of seizures. In patients with a single parenchymal calcified lesions, electroencephalographic abnormalities and serial seizures (p = <0.05) were significant predictors of recurrence. Kaplan–Meier statistics revealed that the seizure recurrence rate was insignificantly higher in patients with calcified lesions than in patients with solitary cysticercosis granulomas.ConclusionIn conclusion, in patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma, a family history of seizures, serial seizures and calcification of the granuloma, and in patients with a calcified brain lesion, electroencephalographic abnormalities, family history of epilepsy and serial seizures were associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence.     

Short course of prednisolone in Indian patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma and new-onset seizures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of a short course of oral corticosteroids in Indian patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma with seizures. METHODS: In this open-label, randomized, prospective follow-up study, 97 patients with new-onset seizures and a single enhancing computed tomography (CT)-detected lesion of cysticercosis were randomly divided in two groups to receive either antiepileptic monotherapy alone (n = 48) or antiepileptic monotherapy with prednisolone (n = 49). The patients in the latter group received prednisolone, 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days, followed by tapering over next 4 days. The patients were followed up for 6 months. Repeated CT scans were performed after 1 and 6 months. RESULTS: The majority of patients were young. Simple partial seizure, with or without secondary generalization, was the commonest seizure type encountered. Follow-up CT scans at 1 and 6 months demonstrated a significantly better response for prednisolone as far as complete resolution of CT lesion was concerned. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested significantly less probability of seizure recurrence for prednisolone-treated patients. At 6 months, Kaplan-Meier estimated risk of seizure after first seizure was 2% in prednisolone-treated patients in comparison to 13% for those who were not given prednisolone. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term prednisolone therapy helps in rapid resolution of solitary cysticercus granuloma in Indian patients with new-onset seizures. Resolution of lesions is associated with improved seizure-related prognosis.     

Temporal lobe gangliomas in children

The ganglioglioma, a mixed tumor with neuronal and glial elements, occurs occasionally in children and young adults. Its incidence, clinical presentation, radiological features, and natural history have not been clearly defined. A review of 111 primary brain tumors treated at our institution shows that 9.0% were gangliogliomas. The temporal lobe was the most common site involved. All patients presented with seizures but were neurologically intact. The CT scan showed a partially calcified mass, frequently isodense or nearly so, with minimal enhancement. Complete removal produced dramatic improvement in seizure control. Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are reserved for tumors showing malignant changes in the astrocytic component. Patients with chronic epilepsy, or whose seizures escape control despite anticonvulsants, should be examined with this tumor in mind. Following removal of these low-grade temporal lobe tumors, fewer seizures are seen, and the long-term prognosis is very good.Presented to the 13th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery     

功能磁共振成像对顽固性癫痫手术前的功能区定位的初步研究

目的 利用功能磁共振成像技术显示顽固性癫痫患者脑内致痫灶周围重要功能脑区的位置，避免手术损伤及术后功能障碍。方法 对4例顽固性癫痫患者于手术前分别进行了运动、语言及视觉的磁共振脑功能成像扫描。结果 4例患者经不同刺激任务的功能成像扫描及数据处理后，均成功地显示了各自相应的运动、语言、视觉功能活动区的范围及程度，为致痫灶与其周围不同脑功能区的关系提供了直观、准确的信息。结论 功能磁共振成像的临床应用是一项极具前景的工作，它对神经外科完整切除脑内病灶，同时减少因手术而导致的脑功能障碍提供了极大的帮助。     

儿童颅脑损伤后癫痫的高危因素研究

目的　分析儿童颅脑损伤后并发癫痫的危险因素。方法　对２８６ 例年龄６ 个月至１４ 岁的颅脑损伤住院患者,采用 Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ 模型分析 Ｇ Ｃ Ｓ 评分、意识状态及 Ｃ Ｔ 结果等１０ 种因素与颅脑损伤后癫痫的关系。结果　单因素分析显示： Ｇ Ｃ Ｓ评分、意识状态及 Ｃ Ｔ 结果与颅脑损伤后癫痫有关,经多因素分析,仅 Ｇ Ｃ Ｓ 评分有意义。结论　儿童颅脑损伤后癫痫与 Ｇ Ｃ Ｓ评分≤８ 分、意识障碍及 Ｃ Ｔ 结果异常有关,上述因素同时存在时,仅 Ｇ Ｃ Ｓ 评分≤８ 分是颅脑损伤后癫痫的危险因素。     

缺血性脑血管病颅内动脉狭窄的危险因素

目的　研究缺血性脑血管病颅内动脉狭窄的危险因素。方法　对 5 2 5例缺血性脑血管病患者进行经颅多普勒超声检查 ,化验血脂包括总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯。结果　有高血压、糖尿病的缺血性脑血管病患者容易发生颅内动脉狭窄 ,其相对危险度、卡方值、P值分别为 1 6 0 7、2 0 97;7 0 97、11 183;0 0 0 8、0 0 0 1。颅内动脉狭窄更常见于既有高血压又有糖尿病者 ,其相对危险度、卡方值、P值分别为 2 197、9 6 0 6、0 0 0 2。颅内动脉狭窄组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (mmol/L) (1 0 9± 0 32 )比非狭窄组 (1 2 3± 0 4 0 )低 (t检验 ,P =0 0 4 2 )。结论　缺血性脑血管病颅内血管狭窄的危险因素有高血压、糖尿病等 ,保护因素有高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。     

立体脑电图引导的射频热凝术治疗儿童药物难治性癫痫的疗效(附71例报告)

目的探讨立体脑电图(SEEG)引导的射频热凝术(RF-TC)治疗儿童药物难治性癫痫的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院癫痫中心2017年1月至2018年12月收治的71例药物难治性癫痫患儿的临床资料。发作类型为局灶性发作伴或不伴泛化62例,局灶性发作合并癫痫性痉挛6例,局灶性发作合并肌阵挛发作2例,单纯癫痫性痉挛1例。影像学表现为皮质发育畸形27例,海马硬化9例,发育性或低级别肿瘤8例,脑软化灶5例,合并2种类型病变5例,头颅MRI阴性17例。所有患儿均接受SEEG引导的RF-TC治疗。通过门诊复诊及电话随访评估患儿的癫痫发作情况,并采用单因素分析法探讨手术疗效的影响因素。结果71例患儿植入颅内电极5~14根/例。8例患儿行RF-TC后出现一过性神经功能损伤。69例随访(1.2±0.5)年(0.5~2.5年),2例失随访。末次随访时,45例(65.2%)无发作,24例仍有癫痫发作,其中18例(26.1%)发作减少>50%;术后随访时间>1年的42例患儿中,25例(59.5%)无发作。2例脑室旁结节状灰质异位患儿发作均控制1年以上,局灶皮质发育不良患儿的术后6个月的无发作率为85.7%(18/21)。单因素分析结果显示,手术疗效与电极植入目的(方案)有关(P=0.007),而与手术年龄、病程、癫痫发作类型、MRI阴性无关(均P>0.05)。结论对于儿童药物难治性癫痫,SEEG引导的RF-TC是一种安全、有效的治疗手段,其适用于体积小或深在的病灶,亦可探索MRI阴性的癫痫网络,为多发病灶、累及功能区者提供了手术机会,并能辅助切除性手术制定计划、评估疗效。     

Intractable seizure disorder associated with chronic herpes infection HSV1 detection in tissue by the polymerase chain reaction

We describe the pathological findings and report the detection of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) in the brain in three patients who presented with intractable seizures. All three patients had a previous history of HSV1 encephalitis and went on to develop a medically refractory seizure disorder necessitating surgical intervention. HSV1 encephalitis was clinically diagnosed and treated at 6 months, 3 years, and 7 months and surgical resection was done at 8.5 years, 6 years, and 3 years, in cases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Pathological examination revealed chronic encephalitis in all three cases, with microglial nodules, intraparenchymal, perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic infiltrates, and gliosis. While immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were negative for viral pathogens, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed HSV1 genome. These cases represent examples of chronic herpes encephalitis and seizure disorder with presence of viral genome in the brain long after the initial episode of treated herpes encephalitis. Received: 15 September 1997