阴道毛滴虫致男性不育的机制研究

目的调查了解男性泌尿生殖系阴道毛滴虫（Tv）感染情况与不育的关系,及发生机制的研究。方法涂片、瑞-姬（W—G）染色和培养用光学双目显微镜观察了1986例精液内Tv及精子的活率、活力等指标;采用肝-胨-糖培养方法,对Tv体外培养后,除去虫体,留取培养液,稀释成3个不同浓度,将10例正常生育男性的优化精子分为等体积的（A、B、C、D）4组：A组加入未培养Tv的原培养液,B、C、D组依次加入（1．2×10^8／L、6×10^8／L、1．2×10^9／L）梯度培养液,分别于37％水浴箱中孵育0．5、1、2、4h观察精子运动参数。结果Tv检出率为38％,Tv感染者精子运动参数明显低于正常生育者（P〈0．01）。Tv培养液浓度在6×10^8／L以上时,精子的活率和活力与对照组相比均显著降低（P〈0．05）,并呈浓度时间依赖性。结论Tv对精子运动能力有明显的损害作用及代谢产物是其主要的损害抑制因素,是造成不孕不育的重要原因之一。     

子宫内膜异位症不孕妇女腹腔液对精子运动及穿卵的影响

目的探讨子宫内膜异位症（内异症）性不孕妇女的腹腔液对人精子运动及穿卵率的影响。方法将行诊断性腹腔镜检查的不孕妇女40例分为内异症组20例,根据r—AFS分期：早期（Ⅰ／Ⅱ）12例,晚期（Ⅲ／Ⅳ）8例,对照组20例为其它原因不孕者,酶标双抗体夹心法（ELISA）测定两组患者腹腔液肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）的含量;正常人精液按1：1比例和两组腹腔液共同孵育,测定精子运动参数（平均曲线速度、平均直线速度、平均路径速度、直线前向运动百分率）和去透明带地鼠卵穿透试验的变化。结果内异症组腹腔液TNF—α含量高于其它原因不孕组（P〈0．05）,且晚期内异症组的TNF-α又明显高于早期患者（P〈0．05）;内异症组四项精子运动参数指标均低于对照组,与TNF—α含量呈负相关（P〈0．05）;内异症组穿卵数值明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论体外观察内异症不孕患者腹腔液对精子活力及穿卵受精能力有明显抑制作用,内异症患者腹腔液内TNF—α值升高与疾病程度正相关,可能是导致不孕的机理之一。     

乙型肝炎病毒感染对精子DNA完整性影响的研究

目的探讨HBV感染对精子DNA完整性的影响及其应用意义。方法对12例乙型肝炎病毒感染男性患者（患者组）和11例血清乙肝表面抗原阴性健康男性（对照组）同时进行精子染色质扩散试验与精液常规参数检测。结果患者组的精子DNA碎片化指数DFI为（23．4±10．2）％,对照组精子DF1为（11．6±5．9）％,两组差异有统计学意义,P〈0．01。患者组精子浓度、前向活动率（a＋b）明显低于对照组,P〈0．叭。患者组精子正常形态率、活动率明显低于对照组,P〈0．05。结论乙型病毒感染不仅对精液的常规参数造成不同程度的影响,对精子DNA也会造成严重的损伤。     

非淋球菌感染对精液质量影响的探讨

目的了解生殖道非淋球菌患者精子密度、精子活率和抗精子抗体的变化及其对生育影响。方法选取生殖道非淋球菌（沙眼衣原体、解脲支原体）感染患者50例，对其精液常规参数和抗精子抗体进行动态分析比较。结果生殖道感染非淋球菌患者治疗前精子密度32．26±5．59，精子活率34．12±21．63，畸形率35．99±7．29和抗精子抗体滴度15，64±6．85；治疗后精子密度59．27±7．03（P〈0．05），精子活率57．01±15．74（P〈0．05），畸形率15．45±6，74（P〈0．05），抗精子抗体滴度8．66±5．44（P〈0．05）。结论生殖道非淋球菌感染会影响精液质量的多项指标，导致男性不育。     

精液白细胞对精液主要参数及精子功能的影响分析

目的探讨精液白细胞含量与精液主要参数和指标的关系。方法按照WHO人类精液实验室手册要求检测精液中的白细胞、主要参数、精子形态分析、精子顶体酶活性、精浆抗体（AsAb）、解脲支原体等，分析精液白细胞与男性不育相关因素的关系。结果238例男性不育患者中有75例（31．5％）精液中白细胞〉1×10^6个／ml，设为白细胞精子组；163例（68．5％）患者精液中白细胞≤1×10^6个／ml，设为非白细胞精子组。白细胞精子组的精子密度、精子活动率、a＋b级活力精子率、精子顶体酶阳性率均低于非白细胞精子组（P〈0．05）；而精子畸形率、精浆抗体（AsAb）、解脲支原体阳性率均高于非白细胞精子组（P〈0．05）。两组的精液量、pH值和液化时间差异无显著性。结论精液中白细胞含量与精液质量有密切的关系，是导致男性不育的重要原因。     

解脲支原体感染对男性不育患者精子DNA完整性和精液常规参数的影响

目的研究解脲支原体（UU）感染对男性不育患者精子DNA完整性和精液常规参数的影响。方法216例男性不育患者分为UU阳性组（120例）和UU阴性组（96例）,另外选取60例健康体检者作为对照组。分别进行DNA完整性、精子密度、精子活动率和精子形态等指标的检测,其中DNA完整性以DNA断裂指数（DFI）表示。结果与UU阳性组相比,UU阴性组和对照组的精液精子密度和精子活动率均明显升高（P〈0．05）,而精子畸形率和DFI却明显降低（P〈0．05）;与UU阴性组相比,对照组精子密度和精子活率均明显增高（P〈0．05）,而精子畸形率和DFI没有明显差异。结论解脲支原体感染可能会损伤男性精子DNA及影响精子数量活力及形态,是引起男性不育的原因之一。     

密度梯度离心后精子悬液中弹性硬蛋白酶浓度和精子DNA完整性的测定

目的检测体外授精过程中精液和经密度梯度离心后精子悬液中弹性硬蛋白酶(PMN-Elastase)的浓度与精子DNA的完整性,探讨密度梯度离心对精浆中PMN-Elastase的作用和精子DNA的损伤情况。方法选择我中心64例进入体外受精周期患者,其中根据女方取卵手术当天男方精液检测PMN—Elastase不同浓度将患者分为A组(15例):含量1000ng/ml(显性感染);B组(20例):含量290-1000ng/ml(隐性感染);C组(20):含量290ng/ml(正常水平),分析和比较处理前后三组精子悬液中PMN-Elastase的浓度和DNA完整率。结果三组处理后的精子悬液中A组PMN-Elastase前后浓度没有明显区别(P0.05),B组和C组浓度明显下降(P0.05);三组处理后的DNA完整率均明显提高(P0.05),经过长时间孵育均明显降低(P0.05)。结论高浓度PMN-Elastase的精液经密度梯度离心后的精子悬液中PMN-Elastase浓度并不增加,精子活力和DNA完整率增加,可能不影响受精结局。     

孕酮对正常生育男性精子头部胞浆内游离钙离子浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）的影响

目的：定量分析生育男性获能后单个精子的[Ca^2 ]i基础水平以及10μM孕酮刺激后的[Ca^2 ]i动态改变。方法：生育健康男子10例，手淫法留取精液。精液液化后，应用上游技术分离活动良好的精子，之后将精子悬液置于3‘70C培养2h使之获能。获能后精子移人Petri培养皿，每皿加入终浓度为8．85μmoL／L的钙荧光探针Fluo-3／AM，370C避光孵育40min。     

两种稀释液在精液常规分析中的应用比较

目的探索通过计算机辅助分析（CASA）能较真实反映高密度精子质量的精液稀释液。方法对64份高密度精液（粘稠标本30份，非粘稠标本34份）均予以生理盐水和自体精浆等比稀释，后用CASA分析原液、生理盐水稀释液、精浆稀释液。并对生理盐水稀释液人工计数精子密度及活力。结果非粘稠精液：经CASA分析，原液密度明显高于精浆稀释液（P=0．003）或生理盐水稀释液（P=0．001）的密度，两种稀释液的密度相近（P=0．076）；原液活力明显低于精浆稀释液（P=0．001）或生理盐水稀释液的活力（P〈0．001），生理盐水稀释液的活力明显高于精浆稀释液的活力（P〈0．001）；CASA分析和人工计数生理盐水稀释液的密度（P=0．372）和活力（P=0．060）相似。粘稠精液：经CASA分析，原液和精浆稀释液的密度相近（P=0．054），二者均较生理盐水稀释液的密度明显增高（P〈0．001），原液和精浆稀释液的活力相似（P=0．288），二者均明显低于生理盐水稀释液的活力（P〈0．001）；CASA分析和人工计数生理盐水稀释液的密度（P=0．073）和活力（P：0．161）相似。结论行精液常规分析时，非粘稠的高密度精液，用自体精浆稀释后，CASA分析的参数能较真实反映患者精子质量；粘稠的高密度精液，生理盐水是相对较好的稀释液。     

乌鲁木齐地区483例男性不育患者精液分析

目的探讨彩色精子质量分析系统在男性不育的诊断与疗效评估中的应用价值。方法应用WUY-9000伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对乌鲁木齐地区483例不育男性和240例生育男性精液从精液量、精予总数、精子密度、精予活力、精子活率及各种精子动态参数进行研究和分析。结果不育组在精液量、酸碱度两项常规参数方面，与正常生育组相比较，两组间无显著性差异（P〉0．05），但在精子总数、精子密度（包括a、b、c、d级精子总数）、精子活率、A级精子率及B级精子率等方面，两组间有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。不育组STR、LIN略低于正常生育组，两组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05），VSL、VCL、VAP、ALH4项精子动态指标均呈显著性降低，两组之间也具有显著性差异（P〈0．01），而WOB、BCF、MAD3项指标与正常生育组比较。两组间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论采用彩色精子质量分析系统对不育患者的精液进行多项常规和动态参数分析，可为临床上男性不育症的诊断和治疗提供有力的参考依据，也为生殖医学度优生学等相关科研工作提供了重要的研究工具。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.