复方氨酚葡锌片质量标准的提高研究

目的:建立同时测定复方氨酚葡锌片中对乙酰氨基酚含量及溶出度和盐酸二氧丙嗪含量及含量均匀度的HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）柱,流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液（50:50）,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm。结果:对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为8.09～80.88μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）;平均回收率为100.36%,RSD为0.6%（n=6）;盐酸二氧丙嗪的线性范围为4.00～40.00μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均回收率为99.74%,RSD为1.3%（n=6）;对乙酰氨基酚溶出度和盐酸二氧丙嗪的含量均匀度均符合要求。结论:该方法简单,快速,准确,可为复方氨酚葡锌片的质量控制提供依据。     

HPLC法同时测定白英叶中绿原酸、咖啡酸及芦丁的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定白英叶中绿原酸、咖啡酸及芦丁含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法,Angilent ZorbaxODS C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,柱前加保护柱;流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:0.6 ml·min^-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长327 nm。结果:绿原酸质量浓度在2.16～43.20μg.·ml^-1（r=0.999 5）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为99.05%,RSD=1.29%;咖啡酸质量浓度在2.15～43.04μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为100.04%,RSD=1.65%;芦丁质量浓度在5.24～104.74μg·ml^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率99.60%,RSD=1.74%。结论:该方法准确、重复性良好,能同时测定白英叶中的3种有效成分,可用于白英药材及饮片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定参芪养心滴丸中哈巴俄苷和肉桂酸的含量

目的:建立参芪养心滴丸中哈巴俄苷和肉桂酸的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法;色谱柱为Kromasil-C₁₈柱（200mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-1%醋酸（28:72）;流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为278 nm。结果:哈巴俄苷进样浓度在0.68～21.92μg·ml^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.15%,RSD为1.15%（n=6）;肉桂酸进样浓度在1.09～35.00μg·ml^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.42%,RSD为1.14%（n=6）。结论:该方法无干扰,准确、重复性良好,可作为产品的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定麻黄水煎液中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定麻黄水煎液中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量。方法:采用Diamonsil C₁₈柱（250mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以甲醇-0.5%SDS-磷酸-三乙胺（60:40:1.25:1）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为210 nm。结果:盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱浓度分别在16.00～64.00μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 4）和3.86～15.42μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 1）范围内呈现良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.15%和101.30%,RSD分别为2.09%和1.55%（n=9）。结论:该方法可靠、准确、重复性好,可用于麻黄水煎液中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定口腔溃疡液中3组分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定口腔溃疡液中氯霉素、醋酸地塞米松及盐酸丁卡因等3组分的含量。方法:色谱柱采用Kromasil C₁₈柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,甲醇-水-乙腈（45:45:10）（含0.02%庚烷磺酸钠,0.34%磷酸二氢钾,用三乙胺调pH至6.5）为流动相。检测波长240～340nm。结果:氯霉素在8.527-25.581mg·ml^-1（r=0.9992）,醋酸地塞米松在0.127～0.381mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,盐酸丁卡因在5.014～15.019mg·ml^-1（r=0.9992）浓度范围内线性关系良好。氯霉素的平均回收率为99.16%,RSD为0.47%;醋酸地塞米松的平均回收率为99.03%,RSD为0.62%;盐酸丁卡因的平均回收率为100.40%,RSD为1.16%。结论:该方法具有操作简便,结果准确的优点,可用于口腔溃疡液中的氯霉素、醋酸地塞米松及盐酸丁卡因的质量控制。     

HPLC测定平肝口服液中大黄素和单参素的含量

目的:建立平肝口服液中大黄素和单参素的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法进行含量测定。大黄素的色谱条件为色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:甲醇-水（80∶20）;检测波长:287 nm;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温:25℃;进样量:20μl。丹参素的色谱条件为色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse SB-C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:甲醇-1%醋酸溶液（2∶98）;检测波长:280 nm;流速1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温:30℃;进样量:20μl。结果:大黄素在26.75⁴28.00μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为102.7%,RSD为0.76%（n=6）。丹参素钠在10.17¹62.77μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.5%,RSD为1.47%（n=6）。结论:该方法结果准确,重复性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

盐酸法舒地尔异构体杂质的HPLC含量测定

目的:建立盐酸法舒地尔原料中异构体杂质的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱:以苯基键合硅胶为填充剂的Kromasil 100-5 Phenyl C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相:磷酸缓冲盐（10 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢铵,用1%磷酸调p H至4.0）-乙腈（80∶20）,检测波长:275 nm,柱温:40℃,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,进样量:10μl。结果:盐酸法舒地尔及其异构体杂质分别在0.151³.018μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）和0.101².014μg·ml^-1（r=1.0000）浓度范围内线性关系良好;盐酸法舒地尔异构体杂质的平均回收率为101.9%,RSD为0.98%（n=9）。结论:该法简便、准确好、灵敏度强,可作为盐酸法舒地尔原料异构体杂质的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定亚甲蓝注射液含量及其有关物质

目的:建立HPLC法测定亚甲蓝注射液的含量及有关物质。方法:色谱柱:Waters Symmetry C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:0.3%磷酸溶液-乙晴（70∶30）;检测波长:246 nm;柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,进样量:10μl。结果:亚甲蓝峰与杂质峰之间分离度良好;亚甲蓝和杂质A分别在2.0⁶0.0μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）和0.2³.2μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;亚甲蓝的平均加样回收率为99.75%,RSD为0.86%（n=9）。结论:建立的方法简便、准确,专属性好,精密度高,可用来测定亚甲蓝注射液含量及其有关物质。     

HPLC法测定盐酸地芬尼多片中杂质的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定盐酸地芬尼多片中杂质烯化合物含量的方法。方法:采用岛津SHIMADAZU VP-ODS C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.5%三乙胺溶液（用磷酸调pH至4.0）-甲醇（44:56）为流动相;流速为0.8 ml·min^-1;检测波长为210 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:盐酸地芬尼多与杂质烯化合物及其他杂质完全分离,烯化合物的浓度在0.310～6.195μg·ml^-1范围内,与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 9（n=7）;最低检出限为1.24 ng,最低定量限为3.96 ng;低、中、高3种浓度的回收率分别为99.3%（RSD=0.6%）、99.2%（RSD=0.3%）、99.7%（RSD=0.3%）。结论:该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、结果准确,可用于盐酸地芬尼多片有关物质的检查中杂质烯化合物的含量测定。     

复方氨溴索氯雷他定胶囊溶出度测定方法的研究

目的：建立HPLC法测定复方氨溴索氯雷他定胶囊中盐酸氨溴索和氯雷他定的溶出度方法。方法：以0.1mol/L盐酸溶液1 000 ml为溶出介质,转速为50 r/mi n,取样时间为20 min,以溶出度第二法（桨法）测定。采用KromasilC18（50 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈（1∶1）的流动相,检测波长为247 nm,柱温为室温。结果：盐酸氨溴索的线性方程Y=1.4×106X-2.298×104（r=0.999 7）,在6～36 mg/L浓度范围内线性良好,平均回收率为100.63%,RSD为0.7%;氯雷他定线性方程：Y=2.2×106X-9 278.9（r=0.999 9）,在1～6 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系均良好,平均回收率为99.60%,RSD为1.8%。结论：本方法准确可靠,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.