肠内营养降低外科手术患者血液内毒素水平（大会发言）

目的观察肠内营养能否降低外科手术患者血液内毒素水平。方法41位接受外科大手术患者随机分成肠内营养组和肠外营养组,其中肠内营养组21例,肠外营养组20例。在术后第1日开始行肠内营养或肠外营养支持。术前、术后第3日和第8日抽血查白蛋白、纤维连接蛋白、转铁蛋白、r-GT、SGPT、胆红素以及内毒素。结果两组患者均未出现吻合口漏、腹腔感染等严重并发症。术前两组各项指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。术后第3日和术后第8日,两组蛋白指标无显著性差异(P>0.05)。术后,肠外营养组r-GT水平持续升高,而肠内营养则抑制了r-GT的升高,术后第8日两组r-GT水平有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。两组的SGPT和胆红素在手术前后无显著性变化(P>0.05)。术后第3日,EN组内毒素值有轻度升高,到术后第8日内毒素值开始下降。而PN组在术后第3日,内毒素值也开始升高,升高的幅度较EN组要大(P<0.01),术后第8日EN组内毒素有轻度下降,PN组内毒素则继续升高,其两者相比有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论和肠外营养相比,肠内营养能降低外科手术患者血液内毒素水平。     

老年患者胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方法对肝功能和临床结局的影响

目的比较胰十二指肠切除术后老年患者肠外营养（PN）联合肠内营养（EN）与单纯PN对术后内毒素血症、肝功能与临床结局的影响。方法回顾性总结我院不同时段接受胰十二指肠切除术老年患者共48例,其中术后接受PN联合EN营养支持的患者25例为研究组（PN＋EN组）,单纯给予PN营养支持的患者23例为对照组（PN组）。记录其一般资料、比较术后内毒素水平和肝功能变化,以及临床结局（死亡率、并发症、术后住院日和总住院费用等）。结果两组内毒素水平术后1d较术前均有升高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,后随时间逐渐下降,其中术后7和14d分别与术后1d的差值比较,PN＋EN组的下降幅度显著大于PN组（P〈0．01）;两组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素和直接胆红素值术后1d较术前均有升高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,术后逐渐下降,术后14d与术后1d的差值PN＋EN组下降幅度显著高于PN组（P〈0．05）;PN＋EN组感染并发症（2／25,8．0％）显著低于PN组（6／23,26．0％,P〈0．05）;总并发症发生率、术后住院日、总住院费用两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论老年患者胰十二指肠切除术后PN联合EN可降低内毒素血症、改善肝功能、减少术后感染并发症。     

肠外或肠内营养对消化道肿瘤患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的：比较肠内营养与肠外营养对消化道肿瘤患术后免疫功能的影响。方法：将40例消化道肿瘤患随机分为肠内营养（EN）组肠外营养（PN）组，每组20例，试验周期为7天。术后第2天开始予等热量、等氮量营养支持1周。检测术前和术后第8天患外周血淋巴细胞计数、林巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25（IL－2受体）和NK细胞等细胞免疫指标，以及IgG、IgM、IgA、补体C3、C4、CH50和CRP等体液免疫指标。结果：两组患均无严重感染性并发症发生。两组总淋巴细胞计数在术前与术后第8天均无显性变化。EN组CD3、CD4、CRP和IgM水平明显升高，PN组NK细胞水平明显下降，而IgA水平明显升高。结论：术后肠内营养安全且可行。肠内营养可改善T辅助细胞功能，并维持NK细胞的正常水平；而肠外营养可抑制机能的细胞免疫功能。外科 营养对于体液免疫影响不大。     

支链氨基酸强化的肠内肠外营养对肝硬化大鼠术后肝功能及血浆氨基酸谱的影响

目的探讨支链氨基酸（BCAA）强化的早期肠内肠外营养支持对肝硬化大鼠肝部分切除术后肝功能及血浆氨基酸谱的影响,为临床合理应用提供实验依据。方法将24只雄性SD肝硬化大鼠按编号法随机分为肠内营养组、肠内营养＋BCAA组和肠外营养＋BCAA组3组,3组大鼠行肝部分切除术后1d分别进行等热量等氮量营养支持,共5d。术后6d测定大鼠体重、肝功能、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、肝组织白蛋白mRNA的表达、Ki67蛋白表达指数及进行血浆氨基酸谱分析。结果与术前比较,术后肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA、肠外营养＋BCAA组大鼠体重均减轻（P〈0．05）。术后肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组碱性磷酸酶水平升高（P〈0．05）;肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养＋BCAA组血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶水平升高（P〈0．05）。术后肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA组血清前白蛋白水平降低（P〈0．05）,转铁蛋白差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA、肠内营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组血浆中亮氨酸、异亮氨酸明显升高,酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸明显降低（P〈0．05）;肠外营养＋BCAA组与肠内营养＋BCAA组比较,各氨基酸浓度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA、肠内营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组总氨基酸及芳香族氨基酸均降低,BCAA及BCAA／芳香族氨基酸比值升高（P〈0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA组肝组织白蛋白mRNA表达水平及Ki67蛋白表达指数均降低（P〈0．05）。结论BCAA强化的肠内肠外营养支持能改善肝硬化大鼠血浆氨基酸失衡,恢复血浆中BCAA／芳香族氨基酸比值;肠内营养在改善肝功能、促进肝脏蛋白质合成和肝硬化大鼠肝切除术后残肝肝再生方面优于肠外营养,但仍不能提高血浆白蛋白水平。     

围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的 研究围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响.方法将80例食管癌患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组与肠外营养（PN）组,以不同方式营养支持至术后第7天.所有患者均于术前、术后第1、8天测量IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和α-抗胰蛋白酶.结果术后第1天,PN组免疫球蛋白均下降（P〈0.05）,EN组IgA下降（P〈0.05）;术后第8天两组免疫球蛋白均较术后第1天升高（P〈0.05）;EN组术后第8天免疫球蛋白均明显高于PN组（P〈0.01）;两组术后第1天的CD4淋巴细胞较术前下降（P〈0.05）,EN组术后第1天CD8明显升高（P〈0.01）,EN组术后第8天的CD4、CD4/CD8均高于PN组（P〈0.01）,CD8低于PN组（P〈0.05）;术后第1天CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶较术前均显著升高（P〈0.01）,术后第8天较术后第1天均显著下降（P〈0.01）;术后第8天EN组患者CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶均显著低于PN组（P〈0.01）.结论围手术期对食管癌患者进行肠内营养支持,能提高患者免疫能力,降低术后全身炎性反应,有利于术后恢复,值得推广.     

老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的:研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的安全性和合理性.方法:选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的26例病人,随机分为肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组,每组13例.检测手术前后人体测量学指标及血红蛋白(Hb)、血浆清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TFN)和纤维连接蛋白(Fn),同时观察胃肠功能恢复情况.两组营养支持均为等热量.结果:术后两组病人的人体测量学指标和Hb、ALB差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05);术后第8 d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡;术后第4、8 d时,两组的Fn比术前明显升高(P＜0.05、P＜0.01),而且术后第8d时EN组的上升比PN组更明显(P＜0.05);肛门排气时间EN组比PN组早(P＜0.05).结论:老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内营养支持,可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复和改善营养代谢.     

胃切除术后早期肠内营养的临床观察

目的 探讨胃切除术后肠内早期营养的临床疗效。方法 将36例胃切除患随机分2组,术后48h内均给于肠外营养支持,48h后I组继续行肠外营养,Ⅱ组改行肠内营养（能全力）,连续5天。肠内制剂通过置留于空肠或十二指肠降部的鼻十二指肠／空肠管。结果 术后第7天两组病人体质量（m)、上臂肌围长（AMC）、转铁蛋白（TRF）等较术前明显增加（P均＜0．05）,但两组各项指标相比差异无显性意义;两组病人术前和术后7天血浆蛋白（ALb)、前白蛋白（pALb)的值相比差异均无显性意义;Ⅱ组氮平衡比I组恢复快。结论 早期肠内营养安全有效,能更早恢复氮平衡。     

胃肠术后合理早期营养支持评估及监测

目的探讨胃肠术后早期肠内营养的方法和意义，以促进病人的早期康复。方法对42例胃肠术后病人术中留置复尔凯（flocare）螺旋型鼻肠管，术后早期给肠内营养（EN），对照组39例术后给予肠外营养支持（TPN）。结果两组病人前白蛋白、术后第7d、第12d对比，有统计学意义（P〈0．01），并发症、通气时间、住院天数对比，有统计学意义（P〈0．05），刀口均早期愈合。结论胃肠术后早期营养切实可行、安全可靠，肠功能恢复快，并发症少。     

消化道肿瘤术后早期营养对免疫和应激反应的作用

目的 比较消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）与术后早期完全胃肠外营养（TPN）对患者应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将择期进行消化道恶性肿瘤根治手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例），两组患者分别于术后24小时开始等热量、等氮营养治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后1周CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、IgM、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素2（IL2）水平的差异。结果EEN＋PN组术后7天CD3、CD4、IgM显著高于TPN组（P〈0．05）；TPN组术后1天IL2显著高于EEN＋PN组（P〈0．05）。两组患者术前、术后7天CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、CRP、TNFα差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论EEN＋PN在改善应激和免疫指标方面优于TPN，可成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

胃癌术后空肠内营养的护理

目的 探讨胃癌根治术后空肠营养的可行性及安全性,总结肠内营养的临床护理经验。方法收集近2年来胃癌患者119例,分为肠内营养组（EN组）和肠外营养组（PN组）,分析两组患者术后营养变化、肛门排气及排便时间、住院费用及并发症等。结果术后体重变化、肠功能恢复时间、住院费用及并发症发生率,EN组均较PN组减少（P〈0．01）。结论胃癌术后空肠内营养可明显改善患者术后营养状况,促进肠功能恢复,并降低住院费用和并发症发生率。     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.     

Parenteral Nutrition Utilization After Implementation of Multidisciplinary Nutrition Support Team Oversight

Background: Multidisciplinary nutrition teams can help guide the use of parenteral nutrition (PN), thereby reducing infectious risk, morbidity, and associated costs. Starting in 2007 at Harborview Medical Center, weekly multidisciplinary meetings were established to review all patients receiving PN. This study reports on observed changes in utilization from 2005–2010. Materials and Methods: All patients who received PN from 2005–2010 were followed prospectively. Clinical data and PN utilization data were recorded. Patients were grouped into cohorts based on exposure to weekly multidisciplinary nutrition team meetings (from 2005–2007 and from 2008–2010). Patients were also stratified by location, primary service, and ultimate disposition. Results: In total, 794 patients were included. After initiation of multidisciplinary nutrition meetings, the rate of patients who started PN decreased by 27% (relative risk [RR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.84). A reduction in the number of patients receiving PN was observed in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and on the acute care floor (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53–0.77 and RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64–0.99, respectively). The rate of patients with short‐duration PN use (PN duration of <5 days) declined by 30% in the ICU (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51–0.97) and by 27% on acute care floors (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.51–1.03). Conclusions: Weekly multidisciplinary review of patients receiving PN was associated with reductions in the number of patients started on PN, total days that patients received PN, and number of patients who had short‐duration (<5 days) PN use.     

肠内营养与肠外营养支持的代谢效应

对比术后病人应用肠外(parenteral　nutrition,PN)与肠内(enteral　nutrition,EN)营养支持的代谢效应。20例病人,随机分为肠外营养组(对照组)及肠内营养组(研究组)。于手术后第5～11天给病人以传统的标准肠外营养或肠内营养剂爱伦多(Elental)支持。结果:(1)对照组病人的体重下降2.8±0.2kg,研究组病人的体重下降2.1±0.3kg,两组之间有差异(P=0.09)。(2)对照组的累积氮平衡 105.2±9.2mg·kg~(-1)/7d,研究组的累积氮平衡 184.8±33.2mg·kg~(-1)/7d。研究组明显优于对照组(p=0.03)。(3)血清谷氨酰胺(glutamine)的变化,对照组术前为630±20mmol/L,术后为594±26mmol/L,术后无显著性差异(P=0.55)。(4)血清亚油酸(linolicacid)的变化,对照组术前为101.4±37.7ug/ml,术后116.1±11.2ug/ml,术后血清亚油酸无显著性差异(P=0.65)。研究组术前为151.9±31.2ug/ml,术后101.2±16.5ug/ml,术后有降低,但没有显著性差异(P=0.11)。本研究结果表明,手术后肠功能恢复时,给予肠内营养爱伦多支持比传统的标准肠外营养支持有较好的代谢效应,但必需脂肪酸的补充量尚嫌不足。