中医药治疗骨转移癌痛的进展

疼痛是肿瘤骨转移患者难以忍受的症状之一,具有顽固性、持续性、进行性加重等特点,发病机理尚不明确。西医治疗方案以三阶梯止痛药为主,联合放化疗等个性化治疗;中医治疗包括中药口服、中药外敷、针灸、穴位贴敷、中药注射、埋线等多种方式,起到活血化瘀止痛等功效。且中医治疗价廉惠民、无成瘾性、操作便捷、毒副反应少,因此成为骨转移癌痛治疗的研究热点。中西医联合用药可增强止痛效果,实现优势互补,且作用持久,明显提升患者生活质量。本文综述了骨转移癌痛的中医治疗进展,为后续研究提供参考。     

Research on complementary/alternative medicine for patients with breast cancer: a review of the biomedical literature.

PURPOSE: This article reviews English-language articles published in the biomedical literature from 1980 to 1997 that reported results of clinical research on complementary and alternative medical treatments (CAM) of interest to patients with breast cancer. METHODS: We searched 12 electronic databases and the bibliographies of the retrieved papers, review articles, and books on CAM and breast cancer. The retrieved articles were grouped by end point: breast cancer (eg, tumor size, survival), disease-related symptoms, side effects of treatment, and immune function. Within each end point, we organized the articles by modality and assessed study design, findings, and qualitative aspects. RESULTS: Of the more than 1,000 citations retrieved, 51 fit our criteria for review. Of the articles reviewed, 17 were randomized clinical trials; three of these were trials of cancer-directed interventions, two of which involved the same treatment (melatonin). Seven articles described observational studies, and the remainder were reports of phase I or II trials. Relatively few CAM modalities reportedly used by many breast cancer patients were mentioned in articles retrieved by this process. Most articles had shortcomings. CONCLUSION: Although many studies had encouraging results, none showed definitively that a CAM treatment altered disease progression in patients with breast cancer. Several modalities seemed to improve other outcomes (eg, acupuncture for nausea, pressure treatments for lymphedema). If CAM studies are well-founded, well-designed, and meticulously conducted, and their hypotheses, methods, and results are reported clearly and candidly, research in this controversial area should acquire credibility both in the scientific community and among advocates of unconventional medicine.     

Citation indexes do not reflect methodological quality in lung cancer randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Citation factors are applied to assess scientific work despite the fact that they were developed commercially in order to compare competing journals. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is a relationship between citation factors and a trial's methodological quality using published randomised trials in lung cancer clinical research. Material and methods All of the randomised trials included in nine systematic reviews performed by the European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP) were assessed using two quality scales (Chalmers and ELCWP). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-one articles were eligible. The median overall ELCWP and Chalmers quality scores were 61.8% and 49.0%, respectively, with a correlation coefficient (r(s)) of 0.74 (P <0.001). A weak association was observed between citation factors and quality scores with the respective correlation coefficients ranging from 0.18 to 0.40 (ELCWP scale) and from 0.21 to 0.38 (Chalmers scale). American authors published trials significantly more often in journals with high citation factors than European or non-American authors (P <0.0001), despite no better methodological quality. Positive trials, which were significantly more likely to be published in journals with higher citation factors, were of no better quality than negative ones. CONCLUSION: Journals with higher citation factors do not appear to publish clinical trials with higher levels of methodological quality, at least for trials in the field of lung cancer research.     

扶正减毒颗粒在肺癌及食管癌放疗中的应用观察

目的:评价中成药扶正减毒颗粒在肺癌及食管癌放疗中所起作用。方法:对80例食管癌及肺癌放疗患者随机分成用药组和对照组,用药组40例患者饭前半小时温开水200毫升冲服扶正减毒颗粒,3次/日,1袋/次,从放疗开始服用至放疗结束,对照组饭前半小时服用200毫升温开水。对比放疗前后各种指标的变化情况。结果:用药组在减轻放疗损伤方面疗效明显,尤其在口干、纳呆、乏困、咽下疼痛和心烦失眠方面,扶正减毒颗粒可以明显减轻不良反应。结论:在肺癌和食管癌放疗期间配合服用中药扶正减毒颗粒可以起到明显的减毒、改善临床症状的作用。     

Five-year change in statistical designs of phase II trials published in leading cancer journals

This study compares the evolution in statistical design reporting for phase II cancer clinical trials published in the six following leading journals: American Journal of Clinical Oncology, Annals of Oncology, British Journal of Cancer, Cancer, European Journal of Cancer and Journal of Clinical Oncology. Only articles where tumour response was considered as the primary endpoint were selected. A total of 393 phase II trials published in 1995 (n=185) and 2000 (n=208) were reviewed. Neither sample size nor design parameters were specified in 157 (85%) and 113 (46%) papers in 1995 and 2000, respectively. 28 (15%) and 95 (46%) papers included at least some information on the statistical designs used: Gehan (4.3% and 3.3%), Fleming (2.2% and 4.3%), and Simon (2.7% and 11.0%). Ad hoc, non-referenced methods were used in 5.9% and 27.3% articles in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Although there is an increase in the mention of at least some statistical design parameters in phase II cancer clinical trials over a 5-year period in these selected cancer journals, the use of referenced methods is still short or often inadequate.     

晚期胃癌治疗进展*

胃癌在全球最常见恶性肿瘤中排名第四位,是恶性肿瘤第二大死因;其发现多在晚期,已经失去了根治性手术机会。晚期胃癌治疗手段主要包括姑息性手术治疗、放疗、化疗、生物免疫治疗、中医药治疗。姑息性手术治疗主要用于减轻患者肿瘤负荷,或减少并发症的发生;放疗在局部晚期胃癌的治疗中具有一定的效用。化疗在晚期胃癌治疗中可发挥主导作用,对有症状的患者有姑息性治疗效果。由FAX 方案到ECF/DCF 方案,再到REAL-2 试验、ML17032、SPIRITS 试验等几项里程碑式的随机性Ⅲ期临床研究结果的公布,关于晚期或转移性胃癌化疗的研究一直是关注的焦点,随着EOX 、XP、S-1/CDDP 、IF 、FOLFOX 、XELOX等化疗方案相继提出,晚期胃癌的临床疗效有了进一步提高,但目前尚未得到优势明显的标准治疗方案。胃癌的生物免疫治疗也逐渐成为研究热点,它是对手术和化、放疗的有益补充,但还不能作为主干性疗法。无论手术、放疗,或是化疗、生物免疫治疗,其在发挥疗效的同时,均具有明显的副作用。因此,采用中药内服外用、针灸推拿、心理干预等多种综合治疗手段,发挥中西医结合在缓解临床症状、对化、放疗减毒与增效、提高患者生存质量、预防肿瘤复发与转移、逆转肿瘤细胞多药耐药、治疗癌性腹水及癌性疼痛等方面的特色与优势,同样具有重要临床价值。      

Trends in clinical trials reports in common cancers between 1989 and 2000.

PURPOSE: Cancer clinical trials can be dichotomized into pilot (phase I and phase II) and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The best data source for evidence-based medicine is from RCTs. However, many patients prefer to enroll onto pilot trials, and many investigators prefer to conduct or refer their patients to pilot trials. This exploratory study sought to describe the epidemiologic patterns of clinical trial reports in common cancers. METHODS: A structured review was conducted of MEDLINE citations of all English clinical trials reports published between 1989 and 2000 in breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and female genital cancers, plus leukemias and lymphomas. Each report was classified by design (RCT, pilot, or other) and country. The abstracts of RCTs were reviewed for sample size. Reports addressing screening or prevention were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 12,035 reports, of which 3,560 were from RCTs, were found. The annual growth in RCT reports in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer was significant (range, 4.8% to 8.5% per year) but was insignificant in leukemias, lymphomas, and female genital and lung cancers (range, 0.1% to 4.3% per year). Within each cancer, the average sample size per report did not change during the 12 years. Nonrandomized trial reports increased on average 15.1% per year (range, 10.1% to 23.2%). The United States accounted for 30% of all RCT reports and 45% of pilot trial reports. CONCLUSION: The faster growth in nonrandomized compared with RCT reports may reflect rapid advances in cancer biology or different structural, commercial, and financial incentives, especially in the United States compared with Europe. Unless additional studies show evidence of an increase in their quality, the modest growth in RCT reports may limit future evidence-based cancer care.     

中国淋巴瘤治疗随机对照临床试验文献分析

目的 依据循证医学及医学临床科研设计原则,通过分析中国淋巴瘤治疗领域随机对照临床试验文献,评估临床试验研究质量,为规范治疗试验、提高研究质量提供依据.方法 选择万方数据库（1989年至2012年）、中国知网（1979年至2013年）,以“淋巴瘤”、“随机”、“对照”、“病人”或“病例”或“患者”为检索词,对中国期刊2000年1月至2011年12月间发表的随机对照临床试验文献进行检索.同时以“Chinese／China”、“randomized controlled trials”、“lymphoma”为检索词,在PubMed数据库中进行检索.对文献研究对象的选择标准、样本含量、随机方法的应用、组间均衡性比较、盲法的应用、统计学方法的应用、随访情况等进行描述性分析.结果 在两个中文数据库中共检得有效文献120篇,在PubMed数据库中检索所得文献均包括在这120篇文献中.其中,对具体随机方法进行说明者37篇（30.8％）,有明确纳入、排除标准者33篇（27.5％）,样本数＜ 60例者55篇（45.8％）,对基线资料可比性进行描述者61篇（50.1％）,对随访情况进行描述者43篇（35.8％）,仅1篇文献提及单盲法.结论 研究结果可从一个侧面反映出中国淋巴瘤治疗性随机对照临床试验总体研究质量不高,证据的可信度低,质量与循证医学标准有一定差距.     

Publications About Hearing in Otorhinolaryngology Journals from Chinese Authors: A 11-Year Survey of the Literature

Hearing loss is a leading cause of disability in China. However, the research status in the field of hearing among Chinese individuals in the three major regions of China: Mainland (ML), Hong Kong (HK) and Taiwan (TW), are unknown. The output of hearing articles published in international otorhinolaryngology journals from these three regions were compared in this study. Articles published in 31 international otorhinolaryngology journals related to hearing originating from the ML, TW and HK from 2000 to 2011 were retrieved from the PubMed database search. The number of total articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, case reports, and articles published in the top 5 international otorhinolaryngology journals were assessed in terms of quantity and quality comparisons. The total number of articles from the three regions increased significantly from 2000 to 2011. There were 379 articles from ML (143), TW (180) and HK (56) in the past 10 years. The number of articles published per year from the ML has exceeded those from TW in 2009 and HK in 2003. TW had the most articles (46) published in the top 5 international otorhinolaryngology journals among the three regions. The total number of articles from the three major regions of China increased significantly from 2000 to 2011. The numbers of articles published per year from the ML have exceeded those from TW and HK. However, the quality of articles from TW is better than that from ML.     

扶正减毒颗粒在肺癌及食管癌放疗中的应用观察

目的：评价中成药扶正减毒颗粒在肺癌及食管癌放疗中所起作用。方法：对80例食管癌及肺癌放疗患者随机分成用药组和对照组,用药组40例患者饭前半小时温开水200毫升冲服扶正减毒颗粒,3次/日,1袋/次,从放疗开始服用至放疗结束,对照组饭前半小时服用200毫升温开水。对比放疗前后各种指标的变化情况。结果：用药组在减轻放疗损伤方面疗效明显,尤其在口干、纳呆、乏困、咽下疼痛和心烦失眠方面,扶正减毒颗粒可以明显减轻不良反应。结论：在肺癌和食管癌放疗期间配合服用中药扶正减毒颗粒可以起到明显的减毒、改善临床症状的作用。     

中药治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的研究进展

慢性粒细胞白血病是一种造血干细胞克隆性增殖所致的骨髓增殖性疾病.经过多年研究,中药在治疗慢粒方面取得了一定成效.目前在中药治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的临床应用中,多为中药与化疗药物的联合用药,单独应用中药治疗仅见于个案报道.本文从临床出发,以药物实践推荐为分类方式,对当前应用的中药的基础动物实验和临床研究两方面为主就其进展作...     

大剂量阿片类药物治疗癌性疼痛回顾性分析

目的：观察大剂量阿片类止痛药物控制国人癌性疼痛的疗效及安全性。方法：八一医院肿瘤内科２００５年１月～２００９年２月住院治疗晚期恶性肿瘤患者中,有２１例因重度疼痛而需要大剂量阿片类（口服吗啡等效剂量为≥３００ｍｇ／ｄ）治疗,回顾性分析其临床诊断,阿片类滴定时间、剂量、使用持续时间以及毒副反应。结果：２１例中,１６例为胃肠道肿瘤;１４例存在骨骼转移,８例有腹膜后淋巴结转移;躯体痛１４例,神经性疼痛和内脏痛各９例。治疗过程中１７例患者经历阿片类转换。滴定至最大剂量的时间为４～３７８ｄ（中位时间９２ｄ）。最大剂量范围为３３０ｄ～１２００ｍｇ／ｄ（中位数４５０ｍｇ／ｄ）。大剂量阿片类持续时间为１２～２５５ｄ（中位时间６１ｄ）。出现疼痛后生存期为２～４５个月（中位数１１个月）。未出现威胁生命的毒副反应。结论：大剂量阿片类止痛药对具有重度疼痛的国人晚期肿瘤患者是安全有效的。     

165例癌痛患者癌症相关神经病理性疼痛的诊疗现状调查

目的 通过调查癌症疼痛的患者中神经病理性疼痛的发生比例及其诊疗现状,了解临床医生对于神经病理性疼痛的认知情况,从而进一步规范难治性癌痛的临床诊疗。方法 本研究为非干预性、开放性、观察性的临床研究。调查对象为2010年10月—2012年3月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肿瘤科住院及门诊病人,主诉有疼痛者。共发放调查问卷206份,回收问卷206份,按照事先设定的入选和剔除标准,共收集符合标准的癌症疼痛患者165例(80.10%)。使用NRS、LANSS和IDPain量表评估165名患者的疼痛程度和疼痛性质。记录患者临床相关镇痛药物的用药情况和用药不良反应。结果 癌痛患者中癌症相关神经病理性疼痛为103例,发生比例为62.42%。癌症相关神经病理性疼痛的发生比例与性别、年龄因素无关。疼痛程度严重者,发生神经病理性疼痛的比例更高。54例(52.43%)患者在使用常规镇痛药物的同时合并使用了针对神经病理性疼痛的辅助用药,不良反应发生率低。结论 癌症相关神经病理性疼痛已经引起了一部分临床医生的重视。针对神经病理性疼痛的辅助镇痛药物对神经病理性疼痛疗效肯定,副作用小,可以大大提高疼痛的控制率和缓解率。     

Evidence report on the treatment of pain in cancer patients

Pain associated with cancer is of widespread concern. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the best available evidence on the efficacy of treatments of cancer-related pain. The sources used were MEDLINE, CancerLit, and the Cochrane Library from 1966 through April 2001, as well as bibliographies of meta-analyses and review articles. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on cancer pain treatment. We recorded the study characteristics, patient and disease characteristics, treatment comparisons, outcome measures, and results. The methodological quality, applicability, and magnitude of treatment effect for each study were graded. We screened 24 822 titles and selected 213 RCTs to address specific questions. RCTs of cancer pain control often enroll few subjects, have low methodological quality, offer little detail about pain characteristics and mechanisms, and involve heterogeneous interventions and outcomes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, selected adjuvant medications, bisphosphonates, radionuclides, external radiation, palliative chemotherapy, and neurolytic celiac plexus block are each efficacious in relieving cancer pain. However, the retrieved RCTs indicate no difference in the analgesic efficacies of NSAIDs versus other NSAIDs, NSAIDs plus opioids versus NSAIDs alone, or NSAIDs versus opioids. Studies of adjuvant medications and behavioral therapies are too few and varied to synthesize. RCTs of the analgesic effects of corticosteroids were not retrieved in our review, although we did conduct supplemental evidence reviews concerning pain control in oral mucositis, acute herpes zoster, or postherpetic neuralgia. RCTs confirm the efficacy of diverse interventions in relieving cancer pain. The optimal initial and subsequent sequence of choices among analgesic drug types cannot be inferred from the retrieved RCTs. Patient preferences, the relative efficacy of different routes of drug administration, the side effects of analgesics, and the relation of pain control to quality of life have not been studied comprehensively. The quantity and quality of scientific evidence on cancer pain relief compare unfavorably with evidence related to treatment of other high-impact conditions, including cancer itself. One contributor to this gap is the heterogeneity of outcomes instruments employed: of 218 retrieved trials, there were 125 distinct pain outcomes assessed. In the current era of patient-centered care, improving the quality and combinability of trials on cancer pain relief should be a high research priority.     

基于循证医学的临床常用癌痛微创介入技术

癌痛严重影响肿瘤患者的生命质量,临床上仍有一部分患者药物治疗后未能获得满意的疼痛缓解。微创介入在其中发挥了重要意义。根据循证医学证据,建议使用腹腔神经丛或内脏神经阻滞治疗上腹部癌痛、上腹下丛阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致内脏痛、经皮椎体成形或椎体后凸成形术治疗肿瘤所致椎体疼痛。肋间神经阻滞治疗胸壁癌痛、奇神经节及鞍区阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致会阴部癌痛只有在临床研究中或是无有效缓解手段时作为一种体恤性治疗使用。     

基于文献分析的食管癌精准治疗研究

目的探寻食管癌精准治疗的研究进展和未来的发展方向,为患者的个体化治疗或精准治疗临床研究提供参考信息。方法检索万方医学网和科学引文索引(SCI)网络版数据库中关于食管癌精准医学相关文献,并从文献的年发文量、发表期刊、发文机构、国家和地区、学科分布和关键词频率等对检索结果进行计量分析。结果共检索到中文文献6 869篇,英文文献7 773篇。近10年中文文献总体呈逐年下降趋势,而英文文献正好相反,且英文文献中发文量最大的国家为中国（4 136篇,532%）,远超过排名其次的美国（1 657篇,213%）和日本（835篇,107%）;在中外文献中高发文机构均为中国高校,分别以河北医科大学第四医院（中文文献187篇,200%）和郑州大学（英文文献442篇,57%）为首;中英文文献内容均以肿瘤学为主,分别为5 082篇（830%）和3 946篇（508%）。研究热点主要是食管鳞状细胞癌的发病机制、诊断标志物和预后改善。结论近10年食管癌的研究主要偏向于早期癌变基因及其致癌作用机制探索的基础研究,根据食管癌患者的基因型、表型、环境和生活方式等各方面因素的异质性从而制定出个性化诊断和治疗措施,是临床研究的关注重点。     

中国非小细胞肺癌患者时辰化疗疗效及安全性的Meta分析

目的:总结目前已发表的有关中国非小细胞肺癌患者时辰化疗的临床研究,探讨中国非小细胞肺癌患者时辰化疗的疗效及安全性。方法:在Cochrane Library、PubMed、中国知网、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库中检索已公开发表的非小细胞肺癌患者时辰化疗的随机对照试验,对符合标准的文献提取相关临床效应指标进行Meta分析。结果:总共纳入29篇研究,Meta分析结果显示:针对中国非小细胞肺癌人群,时辰化疗能明显提高治疗效果,同时显著降低化疗中常见毒副反应的发生（P<0.05）。结论:时辰化疗可以有效提高中国非小细胞肺癌患者近期治疗效果,同时还能减轻多种化疗所致重度毒副反应,是一种值得进一步研究的治疗手段。