二尖瓣成形术治疗132例中、重度二尖瓣关闭不全患儿的中期疗效

目的 探讨儿童中重度二尖瓣关闭不全成形术的手术方法及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析132例中重度二尖瓣关闭不全患儿资料,年龄2个月～6岁,平均(18.9±7.2)个月;体质量4～21kg,平均(11.3±4.8)kg.先天性心脏病126例,感染性心内膜炎5例,马方综合征1例.全组患儿均在全麻中低温体外循环下,采用瓣环环缩术、人工瓣环成形术、瓣叶裂缺修补术、后瓣矩形或三角形切除成形术、腱索折叠等个体化的二尖瓣综合成形技术,同期矫治合并的心脏畸形,术中经食管超声(TEE)检查评价成形效果.结果 全组患儿术中TEE示131例无反流或轻度反流;1例中度反流再次行体外循环下二尖瓣成形.术中平均体外循环(80.0±31.1) min,平均主动脉阻断(48.0±17.9) min.早期死亡3例,病死率2.3％,其中2例为完全型房室间隔缺损患儿,分别于术后第7天死于心力衰竭,术后第2天死于低心排血量综合征;1例为大型室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患儿,术后1个月死于肺部感染.129例成功治愈出院,术后呼吸机辅助(34.4±31.9)h,术后住院(9.0±5.4)天.完整随访122例,时间2～74个月,平均(40.5±8.3)个月.随访期间无死亡.复查超声心动图提示中度反流7例,重度反流3例,4例患儿再次行二尖瓣成形或二尖瓣置换术.本组患儿5年生存率97.7％,免除再手术率92.0％.结论 儿童中重度二尖瓣关闭不全应早期行手术治疗,合并其他心脏畸形需同期矫治,手术治疗的早、中期效果满意.术中根据二尖瓣的具体病变情况,采取个体化的综合成形方法是成功治疗儿童中重度二尖瓣关闭不全的关键.     

二尖瓣成形术的临床研究(附131例报告)

目的 总结二尖瓣成形手术方法 和临床效果.方法 对131例各种病因引起的二尖瓣关闭不全实施成形手术,术中发现二尖瓣的病理改变有瓣环扩大、瓣叶脱垂、瓣叶裂、瓣叶增厚、钙化、赘生物形成和腱索断裂、三瓣化等.成形的方法有:瓣环环缩、交界缝缩、补片扩大前叶、双孔成形、后叶矩形切除、钙化灶及赘生物切除、人工瓣环植入等.术中采用注水试验和经食管超声检查成形效果.结果 手术死亡2例,二次开胸止血3例,急性肾功能衰竭2例.术后1周、3个月及9个月心脏彩超检查:左房内径、左室舒张末径缩小,左室射血分数提高.术后9个月心脏彩超检查:无或轻度返流98例,中度返流29例,重度返流2例(1例于10个月后行二尖瓣置换术).结论 术中根据瓣膜不同的病理改变特点,灵活采用多种成形方法 ,可以取得较好的成形效果,术中经食管超声或注水试验效果不佳者,应考虑瓣膜置换.     

先天性二尖瓣关闭不全的解剖特点和外科矫正

总结先天性二尖瓣关闭不全１０３例，单纯关闭不全１８例，合并其它先天性心血管病者８５例。４０例为腱索病变，６３例为瓣叶病变，大部分合并不同程度的瓣环扩大。行腱索成形１８例次，瓣叶成形４８例次，瓣环成形３４例次；行二尖瓣替换１７例。成形者中４９例完全矫正，３３例基本矫正，４例成形失败。作者认为，采用腱索、瓣叶和瓣环综合成形的方法，大部分先天性二尖瓣关闭不全均可矫正，部分无法成形者可选择完全保留瓣叶和瓣下结构，行瓣中瓣二尖瓣置入术。     

二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术在二尖瓣成形中的运用

目的 总结二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术的手术方法和临床效果.方法 对62例各种病因导致二尖瓣后叶脱垂伴关闭不全患者行二尖瓣后叶矩形切除、人工瓣环植入术.术中通过注水试验、经食管超声检查成形效果,术后通过心功能改善情况和心脏彩超复查结果来判断二尖瓣成形手术的效果.结果 全组无死亡,术中注水试验效果良好,经食管超声心动图检查二尖瓣反流消失或微量反流.术后平均随访14.5个月(6～24个月),左心房、左心室径缩小(P＜0.05),二尖瓣反流0～Ⅰ级27例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级3例,无明显收缩期前向移动.心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级58例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级4例.无患者再次行二尖瓣置换术.结论 二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术是治疗二尖瓣后叶脱垂的首选手术方法,掌握正确的手术方法,结合术中多次注水试验及经食管超声心动图检查成形效果,可以取得较好的手术效果.     

"缘对缘"瓣膜成形术在先天性心脏病合并重度三尖瓣关闭不全中的应用

目的 总结运用"缘对缘"成形技术治疗先天性心脏病病人的重度三尖瓣关闭不全的效果.方法 2001年4月至2010年3月,对14例先大性心脏病合并重度三尖瓣关闭不全病人采用常规三尖瓣瓣环成形和"缘对缘"技术行三尖瓣成形.年龄7～62岁,平均(31.2±16.1)岁.先大性心脏畸形包括继发孔房间隔缺损6例,房室管畸形5例,继发孔房间隔缺损合并二尖瓣关闭不全2例,三房心1例.结果 14例出院时均无不适,无住院死亡及术后并发症.术后超声心动图检查示三尖瓣关闭不全无或微量11例,轻度3例.随访3～97个月,平均(51.6±26.8)个月.随访时超声心动图检查示均无三尖瓣狭窄,三尖瓣关闭不全无或微量5例,轻度8例,中度1例.结论 "缘对缘"成形技术纠治先天性心脏病合并重度三尖瓣关闭不全简单、有效.     

后环缝缩矫正二尖瓣关闭不全

目的总结二尖瓣后环缝缩治疗二尖瓣关闭不全（ＭＩ）的临床经验。方法回顾近１０年采用后瓣环缝缩成形治疗ＭＩ的３５例,其中２７例合并先天性畸形,轻度ＭＩ３例,中度ＭＩ２４例,重度ＭＩ８例。全后瓣环缝缩７例,部分后瓣环缝缩２８例,同时行腱索成形７例,瓣叶成形１４例。结果全组无手术死亡。２１例（６００％）完成纠正ＭＩ,１１例（３１４％）基本纠正,３例（８６％）仍轻中度ＭＩ。随访３个月～１０年,３４例心功能Ｉ级,１例术后５年因肺动脉高压死于右心衰。结论二尖瓣后环缝缩是一种简单、安全和有效的瓣环成形方法     

婴幼儿二尖瓣关闭不全的成形术

总结１９９０年４月至１９９５年１２月收治婴幼儿二尖瓣关闭不全（ＭＩ）成形术的临床经验。本组７１例中男３５例、女３６例，年龄５个月～３岁、平均２．１岁，体重６～１４ｋｇ、平均１０．２ｋｇ，４１例（５７．８％）＜１０ｋｇ。重度二尖瓣关闭不全１６例，中度４４例，轻度１１例。主要病种包括：单纯ＭＩ３例，ＭＩ＋室间隔缺损和（或）动脉导管未闭３５例，ＭＩ＋房间隔缺损或单心房２２例（Ｉ孔型１６例，Ｉ孔型６例；单心房４例），ＭＩ＋Ｉ孔房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损１１例。手术根据二尖瓣的病理采用瓣交界缝缩、瓣环环缩、修补前瓣叶裂、腱索短缩及转移和后瓣叶成形及共同房室瓣修补等方法修复二尖瓣。同期矫治其它心内畸形。结果术后早期死亡４例（术后感染和低心排综合征各２例），死亡率５．６％。６７例出院病儿中４２例（６２．７％）随诊２个月～５年，平均１．１年。轻度二尖瓣关闭不全５例，中度４例，无重度者；心脏明显缩小。作者认为婴幼儿二尖瓣关闭不全可采用瓣膜成形术治疗，并能取得良好的术后早期和晚期结果。     

缘对缘瓣叶缝合技术治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的临床分析

目的 探讨缘对缘瓣叶缝合技术的特点及其治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年1月58例因退行性二尖瓣关闭不全行缘对缘瓣叶缝合技术治疗的患者的临床资料.58例患者中男性32例,女性26例;年龄43～65岁,平均(56±6)岁.二尖瓣中度反流18例,重度反流40例.前瓣叶脱垂50例,双瓣叶脱垂8例.58例患者均采用缘对缘瓣叶缝合技术,其中44例患者同期行瓣环成形术.通过电话、信件、门诊复查等方式进行随访.结果 围手术期无死亡和严重并发症发生.58例患者术后复查经胸超声心动图提示左心室、左心房明显缩小(P均＜0.05),二尖瓣反流明显改善(无反流9例、微量反流30例、轻度反流19例),且无狭窄发生.58例患者术后随访24～95个月,平均(58±20)个月.随访期间死亡2例,死亡原因均为非心源性.二尖瓣重度反流1例、中度反流3例,无狭窄发生.术后5年二尖瓣再次中重度反流免除率为91.9％.随访中根据手术时是否行瓣环成形术,将58例患者分成缘对缘瓣叶缝合组14例和缘对缘瓣叶缝合+瓣环成形组44例,生存分析显示,缘对缘瓣叶缝合+瓣环成形组患者术后远期二尖瓣再次中重度反流免除率更高(x2=4.034,P=0.045).结论 缘对缘瓣叶缝合技术治疗退行性二尖瓣关闭不全围手术期及术后远期成形效果良好,与瓣环成形技术联合应用可提高术后远期成形效果.     

二尖瓣脱垂的手术矫治

作者报告３５例二尖瓣脱垂采用成形术治疗的结果。病因为退行性变、先天性心脏病、外伤和风湿性心脏病。其中病变累及二尖瓣前叶者７例，后叶者２６例，前后叶病变者２例，均有瓣环扩大，腱索细长、断裂或瓣叶裂隙。手术采用部分瓣叶切除、折叠缝合、交界环缩或加用人工环固定疗效满意。作者就手术适应症和方法进行讨论     

冠心病合并二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的　探讨冠心病合并二尖瓣关闭不全 (MR)的外科治疗方法。方法　 1994年 4月至2 0 0 0年 10月 ,同期手术治疗冠心病合并MR病人 34例 ,其中二尖瓣轻度反流 1例 ,中度反流 2 5例 ,重度反流 8例。二尖瓣的病理改变主要表现为单纯瓣环扩大、瓣叶脱垂或二尖瓣腱索断裂。手术均在低温体外循环下进行。二尖瓣成形 (MVP) 2 7例 ;单纯二尖瓣前交界或双交界折叠环缩 15例 ;脱垂瓣叶切除后再缝合 9例 ;二尖瓣前叶脱垂部分直接缝合到相应的后叶形成双孔二尖瓣 3例 ;应用二尖瓣瓣环 2 0例 ;二尖瓣置换 (MVR) 7例 ,均选择机械瓣。结果　无手术或住院死亡和严重并发症。超声心动图检查提示平均左室舒张末径为 (5 3 0± 6 3)mm ,与术前比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 31例平均随访 2 9个月。无远期死亡。病人生活质量均明显提高。心功能I～II级 2 8例 ,III级 3例。超声心动图检查提示微量二尖瓣反流 6例 ,少至中度反流 3例。机械瓣功能正常。结论　冠心病合并中度以上MR应积极处理 ,二尖瓣成形应为首选     

Rheumatic mitral regurgitation: is repair justified by the long-term results?

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESThe best treatment for rheumatic mitral regurgitation is still under debate. Our goal was to assess the long-term results of mitral repair for rheumatic mitral regurgitation performed in 2 referral centres for mitral repair.METHODSPatients who underwent mitral valve repair between 1999 and 2009 were selected. Preoperative and postoperative data were prospectively entered into a dedicated database and retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to analyse long-term survival. Competing risk analysis was performed by calculating the cumulative incidence function for time to recurrence of mitral regurgitation ≥3+, mitral regurgitation ≥2+, mitral reoperation and the combined end point of repair failure (mitral regurgitation ≥ 3+ and/or mean gradient ≥ 10 mmHg and/or mitral valve REDO) with death as a competing risk.RESULTSA total of 72 patients were included. Mitral calcifications were present in 25 patients (34.7%). Most of the patients (65/72, 90.3%) underwent annuloplasty, and mixes of reparative techniques were used in 21 patients (29.2%). In-hospital mortality was 2.8%. Mean follow-up was 11.6 ± 5.16 (max 19.1 years), 98.6% completed. Survival at 14 years was 70 ± 6.27%. At 14 years, the cumulative incidence function of repair failure was 36.7 ± 6.52%. The presence of severe mitral annulus calcification was an independent predictor of repair failure.CONCLUSIONSMitral repair for rheumatic mitral regurgitation is characterized by a high rate of failure in the long term (14 years), particularly in patients with severe annular calcifications. These results call for a very selective approach when considering a repair strategy in this setting, especially in case of unfavourable anatomical conditions.     

Effect of local annular interventions on annular and left ventricular geometry

OBJECTIVE: Etiology-specific annular interventions and annuloplasty rings are now commercially available for the treatment of different types of mitral regurgitation; however, knowledge concerning the effects of local annular alterations on annular and left ventricular (LV) geometry is limited. METHODS: Seven adult sheep underwent implantation of eight radiopaque markers around the mitral annulus (MA) and eight markers on the LV (four each on two levels: basal and apical), and one on each papillary muscle tip. Trans-annular septal-lateral (SL) sutures were placed between the corresponding markers on the septal and lateral annulus at valve center (CENT) and near anterior (ACOM) and posterior (PCOM) commissures and externalized. Hemodynamic parameters and 4D marker coordinates were measured before and during SL annular cinching ('SLAC'; suture tightening 3-5 mm for 20s) at each suture location. Mitral annular SL diameter, annular area (MAA), and distance from the mid-septal annulus to the LV markers and papillary muscle tips were determined from marker coordinates every 17ms. RESULTS: End-systolic MAA decreased from 5.93+/-1.27 to 5.23+/-1.29(*)cm(2), 5.98+/-1.16 to 5.33+/-1.31(*)cm(2), and 6.30+/-1.65 to 5.61+/-1.37(*)cm(2) for SLAC(ACOM), SLAC(CENT), and SLAC(PCOM), respectively ((*)p<0.05 vs pre-cinching). Each SLAC intervention reduced the SL diameter at all three locations, while both SLAC(ACOM) and SLAC(CENT) affected ventricular geometry, and SLAC(PCOM) only slightly altered valvular-subvalvular distance. Only SLAC(CENT) altered papillary muscle position. CONCLUSIONS: Local annular SL reduction influences remote annular SL dimensions and affects LV geometry. The effect of local annular interventions on global annular geometry and LV remodeling should be considered in surgical or interventional approaches to mitral regurgitation and the design of new annular prostheses as well as supra-annular and sub-annular catheter interventions.     

Traumatic mitral insufficiency following percutaneous mitral dilation: anatomic lesions and surgical implications

Percutaneous mitral dilation is a widely accepted technique for treating pure mitral stenosis. Traumatic mitral insufficiency may occur secondary to this technique raising the problem of the feasibility of mitral valve repair. Twenty patients were operated on for traumatic mitral insufficiency following percutaneous mitral dilation. Three patients required emergency operations (within 6 h). In the other cases, surgery was carried out within the following days or weeks. Operative analysis of the mitral valves showed the following lesions: tear of the anterior leaflet (n = 4), tear of the posterior leaflet (n = 2), anterior (n = 4) or posterior (n = 9) paracommissural tear and papillary muscle rupture (n = 1). Associated chordal rupture was found in 3 patients. Septal perforation secondary to transseptal puncture was found in all cases. A septal tear of more than 10 mm was present in 4 patients. Surgery consisted of mitral valve reconstruction (n = 12) or mitral valve replacement (n = 8). Anatomic lesions following percutaneous mitral dilation may affect all the elements of the mitral valve apparatus. The possibility of repair depends more on the degree of calcification of the valve than on the extent of the leaflet tear.     

Augmenting mitral valve repair evaluation with intraoperative left ventricle pressure measurements

Surgical mitral valve repair remains the gold standard treatment of mitral regurgitation due to degenerative disease. Surgery is performed on the quiescent heart; therefore, assessments of valve repair success can only be made following separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Intra-ventricular pressure measurements are often made in percutaneous valve procedures but has yet been described at the time of surgical repair. As an example, the saline test, whereby normal saline is injected across the mitral valve from the left atrium into the left ventricle, on the arrested heart remains an integral component of surgical repair. However, the haemodynamics of the saline test have never been evaluated. We present a simple and novel technique to quantify the saline test by passing a 22-G catheter across the mitral leaflets during saline testing under maximal ventricle distension. The saline test may be less informative among patients in whom the maximum generated left ventricle diastolic pressure is low. These data may be of help to a surgeon interpreting intraoperative saline tests with the hope of a competent mitral valve. As well, it may provide support for intraventricular pressure monitoring at the time of mitral valve surgery.     

二尖瓣瓣中央型人工瓣置入术6例报告

对６例重度二尖瓣关闭不全患者采用二尖瓣瓣中心人工瓣膜置入术进行了报道，术中保留前后瓣叶及其瓣下结构。全组术后无死亡。５例患者经２８～６３月（平均４３．７月）随访，均已恢复正常生活及工作。文中讨论了此种换瓣术的手术方法和效果     

Usability,performance and safety of a new device for degenerative mitral regurgitation: in vivo chronic evaluation

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to evaluate the usability, performance and safety of an innovative mitral valve device in the chronic setting characterized by an intraventricular bridge, which enables artificial chordae anchoring and/or direct posterior leaflet fixation.METHODSTen female sheep were employed and underwent device implantation. Any interference of the device with leaflet motion, ease of device use, correct chordae length estimation and implantation were evaluated. Post-procedural valve competence and device performance were verified by periodic postoperative echocardiograms and laboratory examinations. Following euthanasia, gross anatomy and histology evaluation of the hearts and valves were performed to detect tissue abnormalities and inflammation reaction related to the device.RESULTSThe procedure was successfully completed in all 10 sheep. Lengths of the 2 chordae implanted were 23 (21.5–24) mm and 23 (22.5–24) mm. The time required to suture both pairs of the artificial chordae was 2.7 ± 0.7 min. At the 3-month follow-up, left ventricular function was normal. The transvalvular peak pressure gradient was 9 (7.5–10) and the mean gradient was 4 (3.5–4) mmHg. Upon necropsy and histological evaluation, no damage to left ventricle wall, valve leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles and absence of thrombus formation and inflammatory reaction were observed. Radiological images showed neither fracture of the device nor calcifications. Laboratory tests showed no signs of haemolysis.CONCLUSIONSIn vivo late tests confirmed the ease of correct chordal length estimation prior to implantation, short operative time and usability in flailed anterior leaflet repair. The absence of negative impact of the device on mitral leaflets motion, function and structure and successful repair might suggest that the device would be useful in complex degenerative mitral disease.     

二尖瓣修复术治疗感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者

目的探讨二尖瓣修复及置换术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者的疗效。 方法选取2014年1月至2016年1月于淄博市中心医院就诊的126例感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流患者为研究对象,根据治疗过程中手术方式不同分为研究组和对照组（各63例）,研究组患者采取二尖瓣修复术进行治疗,对照组患者采取二尖瓣置换术进行治疗。详细记录入组患者的气管插管时间、入住重症加强护理病房（ICU）时间、感染发生率、手术患者病死率、住院天数、住院花费等;记录患者心脏超声检查结果：左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期直径、左心室收缩末期直径、左心房直径及二尖瓣反流得分,并记录随访指标。 结果与对照组患者相比,研究组患者气管插管时间[（16.48 ± 8.06）h]、入住ICU时间[（2.12 ± 0.86）h]、术后病死率（1.59%）、住院时间[（22.46 ± 10.34）d]、栓塞发生率（4.76%）以及住院花费[（10.63 ± 3.57）万元]差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.35、P = 0.04,t = 3.68、P = 0.02,χ² = 4.67、P = 0.01,t = 4.03、P = 0.01,χ² = 1.69、P = 0.04,t = 3.06、P = 0.03）;研究组患者术后左心室射血分数[（49.06 ± 10.24）%]、左心房直径[（43.25 ± 8.98）mm]和二尖瓣反流得分[（1.12 ± 0.31）分]均小于对照组患者,左心室舒张末期直径[（52.46 ± 7.42）mm]和左心室收缩末期直径[（39.70 ± 8.09）mm]均大于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（t = 1.23、2.84、3.89、1.34、2.01,P = 0.04、0.02、0.01、0.03、0.02）。随访显示,研究组患者左心室射血分数[（61.38 ± 8.61）%]大于对照组患者（t = 5.31、P = 0.01）,左心室舒张末期直径[（48.69 ± 9.57）mm]和随访病死率（4.76%）均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t = 3.24、P = 0.02,χ² = 2.91,P = 0.03）。单因素方差分析显示入住ICU时间、插管时间和心功能衰竭史均为感染性心内膜炎患者手术死亡危险因素（t = 2.34、P = 0.01,t = 1.09、P = 0.03,χ² = 1.61、P = 0.02）。 结论二尖瓣修复术对感染性心内膜炎所致二尖瓣反流疗效和预后较好,能够缩短患者住院时间和降低入院费用。