双侧肾癌的诊治与预后（附6例报告）

目的：探讨双侧肾癌（Bilateral renal cell carcinoma,BRCC）患者的诊治与预后。方法：1999年1月～2006年1月我院共诊治BRCC患者6例,平均发病年龄53（35～74）岁。其中双侧同时性肾癌3例,异时性肾癌3例。肿瘤位于肾上极6枚,中极7枚,下极1枚;左肾6枚,右肾8枚;肿瘤平均直径4．6（3～7）cm。3例同时性肾癌患者,2例行双侧同期手术,1例行分期手术。其中2例行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧保留肾单位手术（NSS）;1例一侧先行NSS,2周后再行对侧肾癌根治术。3例异时性肾癌患者均行分期手术治疗,均行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧NSS术。结果：6例随访12～156个月,平均84．5个月。肿瘤转移2例,分别死于肺转移和骨转移;肿瘤局部复发2例;无瘤生存2例。结论：NSS是目前较为理想的双侧肾癌治疗方法。治疗双侧肾癌的原则为尽可能切除肿瘤和最大限度保存。肾功能。     

同时性散发性双肾癌的手术治疗策略研究

目的:探讨同时性散发性双侧肾癌的手术治疗策略。方法:回顾性分析64例同时性散发性双肾癌患者的临床及病理资料。男47例,女17例,年龄25~69岁,平均51岁。59例患者无任何临床症状为体检时发现,2例以血尿就诊,3例以腰痛就诊,均未伴淋巴结及远处转移。肿瘤临床分期为T1a38例,T1b17例,T2a9例。结果:64例患者均行后腹腔镜手术治疗。4例患者行双侧肿瘤的同期手术切除,2例发生术后急性肾功能衰竭,行短期透析治疗。60例行双侧肿瘤分期手术切除,其中33例行双侧保留肾单位手术(NSS-NSS组),19例先行一侧根治性肾切除术后行另一侧保留肾单位手术(RN-NSS组),7例先行保留肾单位手术后行另一侧根治性肾切除术(NSS-RN组)。双侧肿瘤切除术后各组肌酐分别为89、110、102μmol/L。1例行双侧根治性肾切除,术后行常规透析治疗。术后随访7~99个月,中位随访时间49个月,50例患者无瘤生存,2例局部复发,5例发生转移,7例死亡。结论:后腹腔镜分期保留肾单位手术是同时散发性双肾癌的首选治疗策略,在完整切除肿瘤的同时最大限度的保留肾功能。患者预后不因双侧肾脏受累而受到明显影响。     

von Hippel-Lindau病的肾脏病理学特点

目的 探讨von Hippel—Lindau(VHL)病肾脏损害的病理特点及VHL多发性肾癌的治疗。方法 回顾性分析6例同一VHL病家族伴有肾脏损害患者的临床及病理资料；1例为双肾多发性囊肿，5例为双侧肾癌伴多发性囊肿。结果 5例双肾癌10侧肾脏中，行保留肾单位手术5侧，肾癌根治术3侧，带瘤随访2侧。1例多发肾囊肿者仅随诊观察。术后病理实质性肿块均为透明细胞癌。Fuhrman分级结果：Ⅰ级14枚，Ⅱ级6枚。TNM病理分期：T1N0M04例、T2N0M01例。切除14枚可疑的肾囊肿，术后病理恶性囊肿1枚，余为单纯囊肿。术后随访9～113个月，平均47个月，5例患者均存活且无肿瘤复发及远处转移；5例肾功能正常，1例肾功能较术前差，但无需血透治疗。结论 VHL病中肾脏损害包括肾癌及肾囊肿，常为双侧多发性，肿瘤为透明细胞癌且分级分期低。保留肾单位手术是治疗VHL病中肾癌的有效方法。     

肾细胞癌的保肾手术方法探讨

近年来 ,在双侧肾细胞癌 (简称肾癌 )、独肾肾癌或对侧肾脏存在严重疾病等需保留足够肾单位的病例 ,甚至某些对侧肾脏正常的早期肾癌中施行保留肾单位手术 (简称保肾手术 )的报道越来越多 ,并取得近似肾癌根治术的临床效果。然而局部复发仍是保肾手术的主要问题。合理的术式对减少局部复发、提高手术效果是十分重要的。资料和方法自 1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月 ,我院施行肾细胞癌根治术 10 2例 ,其中 ,男 6 8例 ,女 34例 ,年龄 2 5～ 78岁 ,平均 5 7 2岁。所有病例均经术后病理检查证实 ,并重新作分期、诊断。分期按“恶性肿瘤国际临床病…     

肾癌、肾错构瘤保留肾单位的手术治疗

目的探讨肾细胞癌（RCC）、肾错构瘤（AML）保留肾单位手术（NSS）的可能性和疗效。方法对30例肾癌15例肾AML患者行47人次保留肾单位的手术治疗，肾癌瘤体直径平均2．83cm，肾AML瘤体平均直径5．7cm。无症状22例，有症状23例。单侧肾癌28例，肾AML13例；双侧肾癌1例，肾AML2例，术后孤立肾肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常37例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变8例。全部通过电话对其随访。结果45例手术均成功。术后随访平均63个月，除1例肾癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移而死亡外，2例肾AML行选择性动脉栓塞（SAE），余均无瘤生存至今。结论肾癌、肾AML保留肾单位的手术治疗在适应证下是安全有效的。     

保留肾单位肾癌切除术的疗效与随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾癌手术疗效。方法 26例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除术患者，男16例，女10例，平均年龄47岁。肿瘤直径1．1～4．0cm，平均2．8cm。T1 21例，T2 5例。透明细胞癌22例．颗粒细胞癌3例，囊性肾癌1例。10例有腰痛、血尿、低热等症状，无症状16例。单侧24例，双侧1例，术后孤立肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常22例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变4例。术后定期行腹部CT、超声及尿常规检查，复查肾功能。结果 26例手术均成功。术后平均随访41个月，除1例肾转移癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移死亡外，余25例肿瘤无复发，无瘤生存至今。结论 保留肾单位的肾癌剜除术安全有效。适用于对侧肾功能正常肿瘤直径≤4．0cm的局限性肾癌，对于对侧肾脏有病变或孤立肾癌是必要的选择。     

保留肾单位的手术治疗肾癌(附16例报告)

目的 :探讨保留肾单位的手术治疗早期小肾癌的效果。方法 :行保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌 16例 ,其中双侧肾癌 2例 ,孤立肾肾癌 1例 ,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损肾癌 4例 ,对侧肾正常肾癌 9例。肿瘤平均直径 2 .8cm。 6例只行肿瘤切除术 ,10例行部分肾切除术。病理分期 :T110例 ,T2 6例。结果 :平均随访 5 2 .8个月 ,2例出现局部复发 ,1例死于肺部转移。生存时间 >8年 2例 ,>5年 8例 ,>3年 10例 ,>1年 15例。结论 :保留肾单位的手术是早期局限性肾癌的有效治疗方法 ,直径≤ 4cmT1～T2 期局限性肾癌是对侧肾正常的单侧肾癌保留肾单位手术的良好适应证     

遗传性肾癌11例临床分析

目的 探讨遗传性肾癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析11例遗传性肾癌患者的临床资料,其中男8例、女3例,年龄32～67岁,平均48岁;4例为双侧肾癌,4例为多发肾癌.2例诊断为希佩尔-林道病综合征,6例诊断为家族性肾透明细胞癌,3例诊断为遗传性乳头状肾癌.10例患者行保留肾单位的手术和（或）肾癌根治术,1例未手术.结果 随访12～114个月,4例发生肿瘤复发,1例死于肿瘤转移,2例死于其他原因,4例无瘤生存.结论 遗传性肾癌发病年龄较早,肿瘤双侧、多中心发病率较高,应尽量行保留肾单位手术.     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌(附46例报告)

目的:探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法:对1993年2月～2006年10月共46例采用保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中双侧肾癌4例,孤立肾癌3例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌25例,对侧肾正常的肾癌14例。结果:46例患者术前均未发现转移灶。术后组织病理学结果示肾透明细胞癌36例,颗粒细胞癌6例,混合性细胞癌4例。术后42例(91%)获随访,随访时间6～160个月,平均随访65个月。5、10年生存率分别为94%、86%。3例术后出现局部复发和远处转移。结论:保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全有效,手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

双侧肾细胞癌21例报告

目的 探讨双侧肾细胞癌手术治疗的疗效。方法 1990年1月至2005年1月收治双侧肾细胞癌患者21例。其中同时性10例，异时性11例。肿瘤位于肾上极15枚，中极19枚，下极20枚；左肾28枚，右肾26枚。肿瘤直径0．5～16．0cm，平均4．5cm。2例伴下腔静脉癌栓。17例经手术治疗。6例同时性肾癌中，5例行双侧一期手术，1例行分期手术。其中1例行双肾部分切除术；1例行双肾部分切除及左肾上腺切除术；3例行一侧肾癌根治术及对侧肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术及下腔静脉切开取癌栓术。11例异时性肾癌均分期手术。其中3例行双肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾肿瘤剜出术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术加下腔静脉切开取癌栓术；6例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术。未行手术治疗4例．其中行介入治疗1例，生物学治疗1例，保守治疗2例。结果 21例随访3个月～24年，平均3．4年。17例手术治疗者中，13例未见肿瘤复发和转移，术后肾功能均可；1例术后10个月出现左上肺转移，已带瘤存活9个月；1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发，经生物学和中药治疗，已带瘤存活5个月；2例死于肿瘤转移。4例未手术者中，1例10个月后死于胰腺转移，1例4个月后死于肾衰竭，1例6个月后死于脑血管意外，1例伴腹膜后淋巴结转移者经化疗和生物学治疗，病情稳定，已带瘤存活7个月。异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术，对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间为7个月～18年。结论 双侧肾癌并非手术禁忌，如果采取积极的治疗措施，仍可获得满意的手术效果。保肾手术是目前较为理想的治疗方法，如果保留足够的肾实质，患者仍可获得良好的生存状态。     

Simultaneous bilateral adrenal involvement by renal cell carcinoma: experience with 3 cases

We report 3 cases of renal cell carcinoma and synchronous bilateral adrenal metastases discovered preoperatively with computerized tomography and other imaging techniques. Surgical treatment consisted of radical nephrectomy through a transperitoneal approach, with adjunctive lower polar resection in a patient with bilateral renal tumors, and contralateral adrenalectomy. Subsequent steroid treatment was given.     

Bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma: report of three cases

We report here three cases of bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma. One of the 3 patients underwent bilateral partial nephrectomy, while the other 2 underwent combined partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy. All patients received adjuvant therapy of interferon-alpha and tegafur uracil. In the management of synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma, we discussed the selection of surgical procedure for primary lesions, i.e., based on the renal function of both sides, and the necessity of adjuvant therapy in such cases.     

Bilateral synchronous sporadic renal cell carcinoma: surgical management, oncological and functional outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the functional and oncological outcomes of surgical treatment of bilateral synchronous sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 2006, 57 patients with bilateral synchronous sporadic RCC were identified from our kidney database. The mean (range) follow-up was 4.8 (0.1-23.8) years; 28 patients (49%) had radical nephrectomy (RN) and contralateral nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), and 22 (39%) had bilateral NSS. The oncological outcome and long-term renal function were analysed. RESULTS: After excluding four patients (7%) with bilateral benign renal tumours, six (11%) with metastatic bilateral RCC and three (5%) who had bilateral RN, the cancer-specific outcome was analysed. For 44 patients with bilateral RCC who had surgery with intent to cure and avoid dialysis, 13 (30%) had stage pT1a, 10 (23%) pT1b, nine (17%) pT2 and 12 (27%) pT3 disease. At 5 and 10 years, the cancer-specific survival rates were 86% and 75%, and the local recurrence-free survival rates were 87% and 80%. The median serum creatinine level at the latest follow-up was 1.18 mg/dL in patients after bilateral NSS and 1.40 mg/dL after unilateral NSS and contralateral RN (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These long-term data support the concept that NSS, whenever possible bilateral, is the treatment of choice for bilateral synchronous sporadic RCC. NSS provides adequate local tumour control and cancer-specific survival. Preservation of renal function is more efficient with bilateral NSS than with unilateral NSS and contralateral RN.     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

The role of nephron sparing surgery for metastatic (pM1) renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Studies have demonstrated increased time to progression when cytoreductive nephrectomy is performed for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We evaluated the role of nephron sparing surgery in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected all patients with pM1 renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy, and all patients with pM0 renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney from 1970 to 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry. RESULTS: We identified 16 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Solitary kidney was present in 12, 3 had bilateral synchronous disease and 1 had elective nephron sparing surgery. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 81%, 49% and 49%, respectively. We identified 404 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 51%, 21% and 13%, respectively. The pM1 nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney cases were more likely to have early (33% vs 10%, p = 0.009) or late (50% vs 19%, p = 0.018) complications compared with pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. There were no significant differences in early (p = 0.475) or late (p = 0.350) complications between pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases and 139 pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer specific survival rates in pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases were comparable to pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. Although there were differences in early and late complications between the pM1 nephron sparing surgery and pM1 radical nephrectomy groups, there were no differences when compared with imperative pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. This study demonstrates that nephron sparing surgery can achieve adequate cytoreductive therapy while preserving renal function, with postoperative complication rates similar to those of pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases.     

RENAL ONCOCYTOMA: MULTIFOCALITY, BILATERALISM, METACHRONOUS TUMOR DEVELOPMENT AND COEXISTENT RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

PURPOSE: We analyzed a large series of cases of renal oncocytoma to define the incidence of coexistent renal cell carcinoma, multifocality, bilateralism and metachronous tumor development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1980 and 1997, 100 men and 38 women with a mean age of 68 years with oncocytoma, were treated surgically at our institution. We analyzed tumor characteristics and reviewed specimens for coexistent renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS: Tumors were discovered incidentally in 58% of the cases. Specimens were obtained from 84 radical and 70 partial nephrectomies. Tumor size ranged from 0.3 to 14.5 cm. (median 3.2). Oncocytoma was unilateral in 131 cases (95%) and bilateral in 7 (5%), while there were multiple oncocytomas in 8 (6%). Mean followup was 41 months (range 0 to 200). The disease specific survival rate was 100% and no patient had metastasis. In 6 patients (4%) metachronous oncocytoma developed during followup. No patient had locally recurrent oncocytoma after partial nephrectomy for a solitary renal oncocytoma. Renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma were found in 14 patients (10%), including unilateral synchronous disease in 9 and bilateral synchronous disease in 5. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the benign nature of renal oncocytoma. Multifocality, bilateralism and metachronous tumor develop in approximately 4 to 6% of all cases. Renal cell carcinoma coexisted in 10% of oncocytoma cases.     

450例肾细胞癌的临床回顾分析

目的:探讨肾细胞癌的临床特征、预后因素及诊治情况。方法:回顾性分析1999年1月-2005年1月期间收治的450例肾细胞癌患者临床特征、诊疗方法和预后情况。结果:450例平均年龄54.2岁。术后病理检查提示透明细胞癌375例,颗粒细胞癌40例,其他类型肾细胞癌35例。临床分期为T1N0M0期267例,T2N0M0期142例,T3期以上(含T3期)41例,其中偶发肾癌263例,有症状肾癌187例。行肾癌根治性切除术372例,保留肾单位手术78例,其中静脉癌栓取出术8例,术后行α-干扰素治疗161例。平均随访时间37个月(4-60个月)。结论:B超、CT是目前早期诊断肾癌的重要手段;早期行根治性肾切除术仍是最有效的治疗方法,保留肾单位的肾部分切除术对局限性小肾癌是一项可供选择的手术方法,尤其适合于对侧并发肾脏疾病的患者;联合生物治疗对肾细胞癌晚期患者有一定效果。     

Surgical management in synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma

Six patients with synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma were treated surgically over a 7-year period in our department. They were all males and the mean age was 60.3 years. They comprised 7.1% of all patients with renal cell carcinoma encountered during the same period. In four out of the six cases, radical nephrectomy for the larger tumor plus partial nephrectomy for contralateral kidney was performed simultaneously. In the remaining two cases, bilateral partial nephrectomy was performed simultaneously or as separate procedures. Two patients required chronic hemodialysis and died of cardio-pulmonary insufficiency on the 70th and 75th day. One patient, who underwent bilateral partial nephrectomy with incomplete tumor removal, subsequently died of metastatic disease at 27 months. Although one of them required transient hemodialysis, the remaining three patients were alive and disease-free 84, 42, and 17 months after operation, without evidence of tumor. This series suggests that partial nephrectomy is an appropriate option in the management of selected cases of bilateral renal cell carcinoma.