固相片段法合成利拉鲁肽

目的 研究利拉鲁肽的固相合成。方法 通过汇聚式合成策略，利用固相片段缩合法制备利拉鲁肽。以芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)保护的氨基酸为原料，分别合成4个全保护多肽片段，依照肽序依次偶联得到全保护利拉鲁肽主链[GLP-1(7-37)],经缩合反应在第20位赖氨酸引入侧链N^α-棕榈酰基-L-谷氨酰基，最后将其从树脂上切割并脱保护得到利拉鲁肽。结果与结论利拉鲁肽粗肽收率为25.65%,纯度为52.35%。采用制备型反相高效液相色谱技术进行分离纯化后，利拉鲁肽纯度为98.42%。该合成工艺反应条件温和、操作简单、合成周期短，是实验室规模下较好的利拉鲁肽制备方法。     

固相合成法制备环肽Hymenistatin-1及其含statine的类似物

目的研究固相合成法制备Hymenistatin-1[HS-1,序列为cyclo-(-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Leu-Ile-Ile-)]及其statine类似物的工艺步骤和影响因素。方法采用Fmoc或Boc保护α-氨基,以HBTU/NMM为缩合剂进行直链肽接肽反应、以BOP/HOBt/DIEA为缩合剂进行环化固相合成HS-1及其类似物。用色谱仪和质谱仪对合成的环肽及其杂聚肽类似物进行纯化鉴定。结果多肽合成收率可达65%,经反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)柱对合成的多肽进行纯化后纯度均达到90%以上,通过基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行质谱仪(MALDI-MS)检测所合成的环肽及环肽类似物的分子质量与理论分子质量相符。结论成功合成出了较高纯度的目标多肽化合物。     

鳖甲抗肝纤维化活性多肽的固相合成

目的固相合成鳖甲抗肝纤维化活性多肽,为开发抗肝纤维化多肽药物提供结构明确的受试品。方法采用固相合成法,以Fmoc保护氨基酸和Wang树脂为原料,经1 氧 3 双二甲胺羧基苯骈三氮唑四氟化硼盐、N 甲基吗啡啉缩合,以20%哌啶的N,N 二甲基甲酰胺溶液进行脱保护,用三氟乙酸切割试剂将多肽粗品从Wang树脂上切割下来。结果经反相高效液相色谱分析纯化,可得纯度>98%的目的肽,经质谱鉴定其相对分子质量与理论值一致。结论该合成方法条件温和、副反应少,操作简便,纯化效率高,可用于大规模合成目的肽。     

普兰林肽的固相合成

目的:探索普兰林肽的固相合成、氧化条件及纯化方法。方法:采用Fmoc固相多肽合成法,以Rink Amide-AM树脂做载体,HBTU/HOBt/DIEA做缩合剂,逐步缩合得到全保护线性普兰林肽树脂,以TFA/苯甲硫醚/苯酚/H2O/EDT/TIS配比的裂解液脱除保护基团,分别采用空气,二甲基亚砜,双氧水氧化两个半胱氨酸的巯基形成一对二硫键,半制备反相高效液相色谱法纯化。结果:合成含37个氨基酸以及一对二硫键的普兰林肽经RP-HPLC和MALDI-TOF-MS确证,粗品纯度在50.0%以上,粗品经半制备型反相高效液相色谱纯化,所得精肽的纯度大于95.0%,总收率为30.5%。结论:该方法简单,合成的产品成本低,纯度高,可为工业化生产提供借鉴。     

脱苏氨醇奥曲肽的微波辅助合成

利用自制100 ml微波反应管通过微波辅助固相肽合成技术制得奥曲肽原料药中关键有关物质脱苏氨醇奥曲肽(1)。采用Fmoc策略以2-Cl-Trt-树脂为固相载体,经上载、缩合、脱保护、裂解等操作合成还原型脱苏氨醇奥曲肽,再用空气氧化法并加入活性炭快速氧化得到1,总收率62.9%,单批次产量达3.5 g,中间体及终产物经高分辨质谱及氨基酸分析确证,并通过圆二色谱法研究了环合前后多肽构象的变化。该方法比传统固相合成方法快捷,为研究奥曲肽的关键有关物质提供了可行的合成方法。     

Fmoc法固相合成普兰林肽

以Fmoc保护的氨基酸为原料,Amide Rink MBHA树脂为载体,按照氨基酸序列进行耦合制得普兰林肽,同时考察了裂解条件.应用反相高效液相色谱得到纯度98%以上的样品.     

脊髓肽MP-2的Fmoc法固相合成、HPLC纯化及其活性检测

目的：用固相法合成脊髓肽MP02并验证其生物活性。方法：采用Fmoc固相法对脊髓肽MP02进行仪器自动合成，通过正交实验对反应条件进行了优化，肽-树脂复合物酸裂解后获得小肽粗品。用高效液相色谱法对所得粗品纯化制备，并利用LC—Ms色谱仪确定目标产物，最后对纯品的生物活性进行检测。结果：通过正交实验优化PSSM08多肽合成仪合成MP02的反应条件，粗品得率达到82％，HPLC峰归一化法检测纯度为62．9％，中压柱制备后纯品纯度达到96．7％。纯品对S180肿瘤细胞进行抑瘤试验，证明MP-20．25mg·kg-1对S180有明显抑制作用，抑瘤率50．4％，且毒性低，不影响动物的发育生长。结论：合成实验证明，Fmoc固相合成法合成脊髓肽MP-2，操作条件温和且粗品得率较高，质谱检定主峰为目标峰后中压柱进行制备，分离操作简单，可以进行小批量生产；活性试验证明MP-2具有抑制肿瘤S180生长的效果，为进一步进行药效学验证提供了初探基础。     

醋酸阿托西班制备工艺的研究

目的探讨醋酸阿托西班的固相合成工艺及纯化方法,以得到高纯度醋酸阿托西班。方法采用Fmoc氨基酸为原料,采用固相合成方法,以Rink-AM树脂为载体,TBTU/HOBt为缩合剂催化合成直链肽,以碘/乙醇液为氧化剂,采用固相环化,两个游离单巯基的氧化生成二硫键而得到目标环肽,体积比例为95/2.5/2.5裂解液TFA/EDT/Water裂解,制得阿托西班粗品,液相分析粗品的纯度为86.24%,制备反相高效液相色谱法纯化,制得醋酸阿托西班,纯度〉98%。结果合成醋酸阿托西班粗品,经制备反相高效液相色谱纯化,纯度〉98%。结论该方法简单,合成成本低,纯度高,可用于工业化生产。     

西曲瑞克的固相合成

目的 优化西曲瑞克的固相合成条件及纯化方法。方法 采用Fmoc固相合成法,以Rink Amide-AM Resin为固相载体,以DIC/HOBt或DIC/HOAt为缩合剂,采用制备型反相高效液相色谱法进行纯化。 结果 合成西曲瑞克粗肽,粗品纯度为94.8%。粗肽经制备型反相高效液相色谱纯化,所得精肽的纯度高达99%,总收率为62%。结论 该合成方法简单易行,产品纯度及收率都很高,适合用于西曲瑞克的工业化生产。     

高效液相色谱法蒸发—光散射检测器分离和分析肽

高效液相色谱法蒸发──光散射检测器分离和分析肽ＢｏｎｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉＲ．大量制备肽需要达到ＧＭＰ条件，即化合物的纯化，以得到有生物等效作用的肽。由于肽是由氨基酸、氨基酸衍生物及试剂合成，所以很需要严格的分析过程。反相高效液相色谱法已经作为选择肽和氨基...     

Transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin loaded in flexible liposomes with bioavailability enhancement: comparison with ethosomes

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-loaded flexible liposomes (flexosomes) were formulated for transdermal delivery, and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with LMWH-loaded ethosomes. Flexosomes had similar particle size compared with ethosomes, but their deformability was higher than that of ethosomes (76.7% vs. 46.8%). In vitro, flexosomes demonstrated 2.6-fold higher permeability coefficient than ethosomes. In comparison to LMWH aqueous solution, skin deposition of flexosome increased 3.2-fold, while that of ethosome increased only 2.0-fold. In vivo, after the topical application of flexosome to hairless mouse, [anti-Xa]_max was 1.11?IU/mL, while ethosomes showed only 0.32?IU/mL. Moreover, AUC_0–24?h of flexosomes was 2.5-fold higher than ethosomes. In conclusion, the enhanced skin permeation and bioavailability of LMWH can be achieved with flexosomes in comparison with ethosomes. The LMWH transdermal delivery via flexosomes has the potential to replace the parenteral dosage forms for the treatment of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and cardiovascular events.     

Transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin loaded in flexible liposomes with bioavailability enhancement: comparison with ethosomes

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-loaded flexible liposomes (flexosomes) were formulated for transdermal delivery, and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with LMWH-loaded ethosomes. Flexosomes had similar particle size compared with ethosomes, but their deformability was higher than that of ethosomes (76.7% vs. 46.8%). In vitro, flexosomes demonstrated 2.6-fold higher permeability coefficient than ethosomes. In comparison to LMWH aqueous solution, skin deposition of flexosome increased 3.2-fold, while that of ethosome increased only 2.0-fold. In vivo, after the topical application of flexosome to hairless mouse, [anti-Xa](max) was 1.11?IU/mL, while ethosomes showed only 0.32?IU/mL. Moreover, AUC(0-24?h) of flexosomes was 2.5-fold higher than ethosomes. In conclusion, the enhanced skin permeation and bioavailability of LMWH can be achieved with flexosomes in comparison with ethosomes. The LMWH transdermal delivery via flexosomes has the potential to replace the parenteral dosage forms for the treatment of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and cardiovascular events.     

醋氯芬酸醇质体的制备及体外经皮渗透考察

目的:制备醋氯芬酸(ACF)醇质体并考察其对离体大鼠的透皮能力。方法:采用乙醇注入均质法制备醋氯芬酸醇质体,利用正交试验优化处方;对其粒径、包封率、形态及大鼠离体皮肤经皮渗透量进行考察。结果:优选处方为乙醇用量45%,大豆磷脂用量3%,醋氯芬酸用量0.35%。制备的醇质体平均粒径为102 nm,包封率为48%。醋氯芬酸醇质体的24 h经皮渗透量为821.8μg.cm-2是其45%乙醇溶液的6.36倍。结论:醇质体能显著提高醋氯芬酸经皮渗透量,是经皮给药的优良载体。     

肉桂提取物醇质体凝胶经皮给药研究

目的 制备肉桂提取物醇质体凝胶,考察肉桂提取物醇质体凝胶的透皮速率影响因素。方法 采用注入法制备肉桂提取物醇质体,将醇质体与羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）凝胶混合制备肉桂提取物凝胶,采用♂SD大鼠皮肤和Franz单室扩散池作体外经皮研究,HPLC测定不同时间点接受池的肉桂酸含量,考察不同HPMC浓度、不同促渗剂和促渗剂浓度对肉桂提取物醇质体凝胶渗透速率的影响。结果 不同HPMC浓度作为肉桂提取物醇质体基质时经皮渗透速率：2%HPMC〉3%HPMC〉4%HPMC〉5%HPMC≈醇质体。2%氮酮-丙二醇（1∶1）处理显示最好的促渗效果,渗透速率与醇质体相比：（4.38±0.47）μg·h1·cm2vs（1.53±0.31）μg·h1·cm2。结论 2%HPMC制备的肉桂提取物醇质体凝胶,能提高肉桂透皮速率,醇质体凝胶有望开发为肉桂提取物经皮给药剂型。     

High throughput screening of transdermal formulations

Purpose. Applications of transdermal drug delivery are limited by low skin permeability. Many chemicals have been used to enhance skin permeability, however, only a handful are actually used in practice. Combinations of chemicals are likely to be more efficient in enhancing skin permeability compared to individual enhancers. However, identification of efficient enhancer combinations is quite challenging because many chemical enhancers interact with each other and with the skin in a complex manner. In the absence of a fundamental knowledge of such interactions, we need to rely on rapid methods to screen various enhancer combinations for their effectiveness. In this paper, we report a novel high throughput (HTP) method that is at least 50-fold more efficient in terms of skin utilization and up to 30-fold more efficient in terms of holdup times than the current methods for formulation screening (Franz diffusion cells). Methods. A high throughput method was developed based on skin conductivity and mannitol penetration into the skin. This method was used to perform at least 100 simultaneous tests per day. Detailed studies were performed using two model enhancers, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC). The predictions of the high throughput method were validated using Franz diffusion cells. Results. High throughput screening revealed that mixtures of SLS and DPC are significantly more effective in enhancing transdermal transport compared to each of them alone. Maximum efficiency was observed with near-equimolar mixtures of SLS: DPC. The predictions of the HTP method compared well against those made using Franz diffusion cells. Specifically, the effect of surfactant mixtures on skin conductivity and mannitol permeability measured using Franz cells also showed a maximum at near-equimolar mixtures of SLS: DPC. Conclusions. The novel HTP method allows rapid screening of enhancer formulations for transdermal applications. This method can be used to discover new and effective enhancer mixtures. At the same time, these data may also broaden our understanding of the effect of enhancers on skin permeability.     

Dependence of Skin Permeability on Contact Area

Purpose. We report that experimentally measured skin permeability to hydrophilic solutes increases with decreasing contact area between the formulation and the skin. Our results suggest that an array of smaller reservoirs should thus be more effective in increasing transdermal drug delivery compared to a large single reservoir of the same total area. Methods. Experimental assessment of the dependence of skin permeability on reservoir size was performed using two model systems, an array of liquid reservoirs with diameters in the range of 2 mm to 6 mm and an array of gel disk reservoirs with diameters in the range of 3 mm to 16 mm. Full thickness pig skin was used as an experimental model. Two molecules, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and oleic acid, were used as model penetration enhancers. Results. Mannitol transport per unit area into and across the skin increased with a decrease in the contact area between the skin and the formulation. Mannitol permeability increased approximately 6-fold with a decrease in the reservoir size from 16 mm to 3 mm in presence of 0.5% SLS in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) as a permeability enhancer. Similar results were obtained when oleic acid was used as an enhancer. Conclusions. To explain the observed dependence of transdermal transport on contact area a simple mathematical model based on skin geometry in the reservoir was developed. The model predicts a lateral strain in the skin due to preferential swelling of skin upon penetration of water. We propose that this lateral strain is responsible for the increased skin permeability at lower reservoir sizes.     

Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated liposome versus ethosome for skin delivery for photodynamic therapy

Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an alternative therapy for many non-melanoma skin cancers. The major limitation of this therapy, however, is the low permeability of ALA through the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin. The objective of the present work was to characterize ethosomes containing ALA and to enhance the skin production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), compared to traditional liposomes. Results showed that the average particle sizes of the ethosomes were less than those of liposomes. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency of ALA in the ethosome formulations was 8-66% depending on the surfactant added. The particle size of the ethosomes was still approximately <200 nm after 32 days of storage. An in vivo animal study observed the presence of PpIX in the skin by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results indicated that the penetration ability of ethosomes was greater than that of liposomes. The enhancements of all the formulations were ranging from 11- to 15-fold in contrast to that of control (ALA in an aqueous solution) in terms of PpIX intensity. In addition, colorimetry detected no erythema in the irradiated skin. The results demonstrated that the enhancement ratio of ethosome formulations did not significantly differ between the non-irradiated and irradiated groups except for PE/CH/SS, which may have been due to a photobleaching effect of the PDT-irradiation process.     

综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法对几种促透剂促透效果的比较

目的 建立一种简单有效的快速评价促透剂透皮吸收促进效果的方法，并比较综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法的促透剂评价结果。方法 以氨茶碱作为模型药物，氮酮、薄荷醇、冰片、油酸及其联用作为促透剂，SD大鼠背部离体皮肤作为渗透屏障，HPLC测定接收液中的药物浓度，计算累积渗透量、渗透系数、稳态流量、滞后时间和增渗倍数，运用综合主成分分析法对促透效果进行综合评价；测定在促透剂作用下的大鼠皮肤电阻随时间的变化，评价促透剂对皮肤的作用程度。结果 用Franz扩散池方法结合综合主成分分析法，得到对氨茶碱有促透效果的促透剂有油酸加冰片以及薄荷醇，且油酸加冰片的促透效果大于薄荷醇；用皮肤电阻法测得有促透作用的是油酸加冰片、薄荷醇加氮酮、薄荷醇、氮酮、油酸、冰片加氮酮以及薄荷醇加冰片，且作用程度依次递减。采用皮肤电阻法评价的促透效果与采用体外透皮吸收试验评价的结果基本平行(r=0.886 9)。结论 综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法都可以客观评价促透剂的效果，且2种方法具有明显的相关性。     

中药骨伤凝胶贴剂的经皮渗透性研究

目的 探讨药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对中药骨伤凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响。方法 以羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素为评价指标，采用桨碟法评价凝胶贴剂的体外释放行为，采用Franz扩散池法考察药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对凝胶贴剂透皮吸收的影响。结果 与氮酮和薄荷脑相比，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯对于羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素的促渗作用最好，其最佳用量为3%，200目的药粉相对于80目在体外释放及有效成分的经皮吸收方面没有明显影响。结论 药粉目数对凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响不显著，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯透皮吸收促进剂能显著提高凝胶贴剂的透皮吸收。     

乙醇和丙二醇单用与联用对曲安奈德喷雾溶液透皮性能的影响

目的 对曲安奈德喷雾溶液进行体外透皮试验,考察乙醇和丙二醇单用与联用时对曲安奈德喷雾溶液体外透皮功能的影响。方法 选取新西兰白兔腹部皮肤,用Franz扩散池法对曲安奈德喷雾溶液进行体外透皮试验,用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定曲安奈德含量,用单因素方差分析法对各组间的透皮吸收速率进行对比分析。结果 乙醇和丙二醇联用时的透皮吸收速率均显著高于单用时的透皮吸收速率（P<0.05）,且乙醇和丙二醇联用时对曲安奈德喷雾溶液的促透作用顺序为10%乙醇+25%丙二醇>10%乙醇+20%丙二醇>15%乙醇+25%丙二醇>15%乙醇+20%丙二醇。结论 10%乙醇和25%丙二醇联用时可使曲安奈德喷雾溶液的透皮功能达到最佳化。