肾宝糖浆质量标准研究

目的:建立肾宝糖浆质量标准.方法:通过TLC对肾宝糖浆中黄芪甲苷、人参皂苷Rg1、大黄素、蛇床子素进行鉴别;同时采用HPLC测定淫羊藿苷的含量.结果:TLC色谱中均能检出黄芪甲苷、人参皂苷Rg1、大黄素、蛇床子素;淫羊藿苷在0.14～1.76μg范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=1.94%).结论:方法简便可靠,重现性好,可用于肾宝糖浆的质量控制.     

维血宁颗粒的质量标准研究

目的:提高维血宁颗粒的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法 (TLC法 )对处方中虎杖、白芍、太子参进行定性鉴别;采用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP- HPLC法 )测定颗粒中大黄素的含量.结果: TLC鉴别方法专属性强、大黄素在 0.014 98～ 0. 074 90 μ g范围内进样量与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系, r=0.999 3,平均回收率为 99.89% (n=6),RSD=0.97%.结论:本质量标准可有效控制维血宁颗粒的质量.     

糖脂康胶囊的制备及质量控制

目的:制备糖脂康胶囊并对其质量标准进行研究.方法:以黄芪、丹参、大黄、壳聚糖等为主要成分制备糖脂康胶囊,采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对本品中的主要成分黄芪、白术、丹参进行定性鉴别;高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定本品中大黄素、大黄酚的含量.结果:TLC色谱中均能明显地检出黄芪、白术、丹参;HPLC法测得本品中大黄素、大黄酚的总量为2.37～2.89 mg·g-1,大黄素加样回收率为98.38%,RSD为1.24%;大黄酚加样回收率为97.76%,RSD为1.17%.定性、定量方法简便,准确,专属性强.结论:本品处方组成合理,制备工艺可行,符合胶囊剂质量要求,质量标准能够控制该制剂的内在质量.     

利胆片中药材的鉴别及大黄的含量测定

目的:提高利胆片的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法鉴别金银花、黄芩、知母及白芍,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定方中大黄的含量.结果:TLC鉴别斑点明显.含量测定大黄素0.01064～0.3192 μg、大黄酚0.02586～0.7758 μg,进样量与峰面积线性关系良好.平均加样回收率大黄素为99.80%,RSD=0.78%(n=6);大黄酚为99.72%,RSD=1.18%(n=6).结论:建立的TLC鉴别和HPLC含量测定方法专属性强、重复性好,可用于利胆片的质量控制.     

乳痛宁糖浆质量标准研究

目的:建立乳痛宁糖浆的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中当归、川芎进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定赤芍中芍药苷的含量。结果:TLC鉴别斑点清晰、分离度好、专属性强,阴性无干扰;芍药苷检测浓度在16.68～122.32μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均回收率为99.30%,RSD=0.88%(n=9)。结论:所建标准可用于乳痛宁糖浆的质量控制。     

雪梨止咳糖浆质量标准研究

目的:建立雪梨止咳糖浆的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对处方中的紫菀、款冬花、枇杷叶进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定紫菀中紫菀酮的含量。结果:TLC图谱中能清晰检出紫菀、款冬花、枇杷叶;紫菀酮进样量在0.106～1.696μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为99.26%,RSD=1.24%(n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于雪梨止咳糖浆的质量控制。     

止咳糖浆的质量标准研究

目的 制定止咳糖浆的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC法）对处方中陈皮进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定糖浆中黄芩苷的含量。结果 TLC鉴别方法专属性强,黄芩苷在5.36～85.76 μg·mL-1范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9（n=6）,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD=1.36%。结论 该质量标准可有效控制止咳糖浆的质量.     

蒙药益肾散的质量标准研究

目的:建立蒙药益肾散的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对制剂中大黄、诃子进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的含量:色谱柱为Inertsil C18,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL。结果:大黄、诃子的TLC图斑点清晰,分离度好。芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚检测进样量线性范围分别为23.55~117.75 ng(r=0.999 9)、44.72~223.62 ng(r=0.999 8)、43.18~215.90 ng(r=0.999 7)、77.41~387.12 ng(r=0.999 9)、46.02~230.10 ng(r=0.999 7);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为95.80%~99.66%(RSD=1.21%,n=6)、95.01%~98.07%(RSD=0.92%,n=6)、95.06%~97.84%(RSD=0.50%,n=6)、95.19%~97.66%(RSD=1.07%,n=6)、95.07%~98.20%(RSD=0.95%,n=6)。结论:该研究所建标准可用于蒙药益肾散的质量控制。     

复方补乌糖浆质量标准研究

目的:建立复方补乌糖浆的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中补骨脂、当归、川芎、丹参进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定方中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。结果:补骨脂、当归、川芎、丹参的TLC斑点清晰、分离度好。补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的进样量分别在0.030 4~0.304μg(r=0.999 1)和0.036 2~0.362μg(r=0.999 5)范围内与其峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;二者平均回收率分别为100.1%和102.4%,RSD分别为2.9%和2.7%。结论:所建标准可用于复方补乌糖浆的质量控制。     

痛风舒片质量标准研究

目的 建立痛风舒片的质量标准. 方法 采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对痛风舒片中的大黄、川牛膝进行定性鉴别; 用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定大黄中大黄素的含量. 结果 大黄、川牛膝的TLC特征明显,阴性对照无干扰,专属性强; 大黄素在0.031~0.310 μg范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率99.56%,RSD=1.62%. 结论 该文所建立的方法 能控制痛风舒片药品质量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.