测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中主药含量的新方法

目的 :建立苯扎溴铵消毒液中主药苯扎溴铵含量测定的新方法。方法 :利用氨基磺酸铵与亚硝酸钠在酸性条件下反应生成氮气 ,除去苯扎溴铵消毒液中的亚硝酸钠 ,样品不经分离 ,用紫外法测定。结果 :苯扎溴铵在 0 .1～ 0 .4mg·ml-1的浓度范围内呈良好的线性 (r =0 .9998) ,平均回收率在 99.8% ,RSD为 0 .85 %。结论 :本法可用于苯扎溴铵消毒液的测定 ,结果可靠 ,方法简便 ,适用于基层医院     

紫外法测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中亚硝酸钠的含量

目的：建立苯扎溴铵消毒液中亚硝酸钠的含量测定方法。方法：测定滤第为354nm,溶剂为水。结果：在0.4mg/ml-2.4mg/ml范围内,亚硝酸钠的浓度与吸光度线性关系良好。平均回收率为99.8%,RSD为0.4%。结论：紫外分光光度法可准确测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中亚硝酸钠的含量。     

双波长比值光谱法测定新洁尔灭消毒液的含量

目的应用双波长比值光谱法测定新洁尔灭消毒液中苯扎溴铵和亚硝酸钠的含量。方法根据苯扎溴铵和亚硝酸钠的吸收光谱和比值光谱,选择254.0和262.5nm作为两组分的测定波长。结果苯扎溴铵在0.12～0.36g·L-1,亚硝酸钠在0.6～1.8g·L-1范围内质量浓度与吸收度线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为101.0%和100.2%。结论方法具有操作简便,灵敏度和准确度高,重现性好等优点。     

双波长分光光度法测定牙周康的含量

目的　测定牙周康中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量。方法　采用双波长分光光度法,甲硝唑以 314nm为测定波长,2 5 1nm为参比波长;芬布芬以 2 83nm为测定波长,340nm为参比波长,在上述波长下,分别测定吸收度值。结果　甲硝唑在 4 1～9 6 μg·ml-1,芬布芬在 3 1～ 7 2 μg·ml-1范围内,浓度与吸收度差值呈良好线性关系,甲硝唑平均回收率为 99 9%(RSD =0 33% ),芬布芬平均回收率为 10 0 0 %( RSD =0 2 7% )。结论　该法简便、快速、准确。     

吸收度线性组合分光光度法测定苯扎溴铵消毒液的含量

目的：建立测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中苯扎溴安及亚硝酸钠含量的方法。方法：应用吸收度线性组合分光光度法，不经分离直接测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中苯扎溴铵，亚硝酸钠的含量，在256，258，352，354nm波长处分别测定吸收度，通过线性组合计算苯扎溴铵和亚硝酸钠的含量。结果：苯扎溴铵的平均回收率为99．43％（RSD＝0．25％）。亚硝酸钠的平均回收率为99．82％（RSD＝0．42％）。结论：方法简便，快速，准确，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氯胺酮注射液的含量

目的　采用HPLC法测定盐酸氯胺酮注射液的含量。方法　采用AgilentODS色谱柱 ,4 6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm ,流动相 :四氢呋喃 -水 -三乙胺 (5∶95∶0 2 )磷酸调节 pH值 3 5 ,检测波长 :2 6 9nm ,流速为 1 0ml·min-1。结果　加样回收率为99 6 % (RSD为 0 8% ,n =9) ;盐酸氯胺酮在 0 4 0 4mg·ml-1～ 1 6 16mg·ml-1范围内浓度与面积呈良好的线性关系。结论　本法测定盐酸氯胺酮注射液的含量 ,结果准确 ,重复性好     

差示分光光度法测定呋麻滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 　测定呋滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量。 方法 　采用差示分光光度法。结果 　盐酸麻黄碱在浓度为 0 .2～ 1mg· ml- 1范围内线性关系良好 ,r=0 .9999,平均回收率为 10 1.0 % ,RSD为 2 .3 %。 结论　该方法简便、快速、结果准确。     

等吸收度法测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中主药含量

目的测定苯扎溴铵消毒液中主药的含量。方法等吸收度法。结果亚硝酸钠在383．3nm和262．5nm波长处等吸收，苯扎溴铵浓度在100．0～350．0μg／mL范围内与383．3nm和262．5nm波长处的吸收度之差△A线性关系良好，△A=1．25125C-0、00163、r=0．9998（n=6）。苯扎溴铵的平均回收率为100．16％，RSD=0．36％（n=6）。结论等吸收度法具有操作简便、灵敏度和准确度高、重现性好等优点。     

罗红霉素电子药膜含量测定方法的研究

目的 :建立测定罗红霉素电子药膜中主药含量的方法。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法 ,色谱柱为YWG C18柱 ,流动相为乙腈—甲醇— 0 .5 %乙酸铵 (10 0 80 6 0 ) ,检测波长为 2 35nm。结果 :精密度及稳定性均良好 ,在 0 .3～ 1.7mg·ml- 1范围内 ,峰面积与浓度 (mg·ml- 1)呈良好的线性关系 ,r =0 .9998,平均回收率为 99.2 3% ,RSD为 0 .84 %。n =5。结论 :本方法简便、专属、重现性好 ,可用于罗红霉素电子药膜剂的含量测定。     

甲癣搽剂中联苯苄唑和水杨酸的含量测定

目的:测定甲癣搽剂中联苯苄唑及水杨酸的含量。方法:采用双波长分光光度法测定其含量,测定波长在(254.0±0.5)nm,参比波长在(329.0±0.5)nm处测定联苯苄唑的含量;在波长(302.0±0.5)nm处测定水杨酸的含量。结果:联苯苄唑浓度在1.512～4.536 mg·L~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系。其回收率为99.5％,RSD为0.34％;水杨酸浓度在5.210～31.260 mg·L~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系。其回收率为98.5％,RSD为0.28％。结论:该实验方法简便,快速,操作简单,测定结果准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.