非对比增强四维MR血管成像评价脑动静脉畸形

目的 评价非对比增强四维MRA(NCE 4D MRA)在评价脑动静脉畸形(AVM)中的价值。 方法 收集15例临床确诊且未经治疗的脑AVM患者,分别行NCE 4D MRA和DSA检查;观察AVM的供血动脉、畸形血管团大小及引流静脉,对比二者的诊断结果,并进行Kappa一致性检验。 结果 DSA检查时所见的15例共15个AVM病灶NCE 4D MRA均可显示。DSA和MRA显示AVM供血动脉的一致性好(Kappa=0.92, P<0.001),判断畸形血管团大小的一致性较好(Kappa=0.69,P<0.001),显示引流静脉的一致性中等(Kappa=0.50,P<0.001)。 结论 NCE 4D MRA能无创评价脑AVM的血管结构及血流动力学信息,具有潜在应用价值,但对引流静脉的显示效果有待改善。     

空洞检测算法自动化检测肺结节内空泡和空洞的可行性

目的 探讨利用空洞检测算法自动化检测肺结节内空泡和空洞的可行性。方法 收集经病理或随访证实的49例肺结节,其中良性16例,恶性33例,所有患者均接受胸部CT检查。由2名高年资影像科医师盲法对CT图像进行主观评价,得出有无空泡和空洞的结论。利用基于阈值的空洞检测算法对CT图像中指定的肺结节进行有无空泡和空洞的客观评价。对两种评价方法所得结果进行对比分析。结果 利用空洞检测算法对肺结节内空泡和空洞征象前后2次提取的数据稳定（Kappa=1）,与高年资医师主观判读结果差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.862,P=0.353）,且一致性较好（Kappa=0.785）,并可明显节约每个结节数据提取时间[(7.72s±2.26)s vs (24.48±8.24)s,t=14.64,P<0.001]。结论 利用空洞检测算法提取肺结节内空洞和空泡征象稳定、快捷,有望成为低年资医师诊断肺结节的辅助检测工具。     

低浓度对比剂结合能谱CT最佳单能量成像对胆囊动脉的显示能力

目的 评价低浓度对比剂结合能谱CT最佳keV成像技术对胆囊动脉的显示能力。方法 前瞻性选取体质量指数为25.15~34.91 kg/m²的90例患者,按照扫描方式和对比剂浓度分为能谱扫描低浓度对比剂组（A组）和常规扫描高浓度对比剂组（B组）。对两组分别测量胆囊动脉、相同层面竖脊肌的CT值及竖脊肌CT值的标准差,计算胆囊动脉与竖脊肌间的CNR和SNR。对胆囊动脉行VR、MIP及CPR。由2名观察者分别独立评价两组重建后的图像质量。对以上指标进行统计学分析,并进行观察者间一致性检验。结果 能谱CT单能量成像显示胆囊动脉的平均最佳keV值为（60.62±5.85）keV。A组胆囊动脉CT值、竖脊肌CT值均高于B组（P均<0.05）,但两组CNR及SNR差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。两名观察者主观评分一致性良好（Kappa=0.804、0.773）,主观评分差异无统计学意义（t=-0.243,P=0.808）。结论 低浓度对比剂结合能谱CT最佳单能量成像技术可提供良好的胆囊动脉的图像质量,并可显著降低对比剂用量。     

320排CTA诊断脑动静脉畸形破裂出血

目的 探讨320排CTA在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血诊断中的价值。 方法 收集接受颅脑CTA检查并经病理和(或)DSA证实的脑AVM破裂出血患者45例,均接受增强动态容积多期CT扫描;利用sub/add软件得到动脉期和静脉期减影数据,对其进行VR、MIP,获得仿真脑动脉、静脉减影图像;回顾性分析原始及重建图像。21例同时接受CTA与DSA检查,对CTA与DSA显示的供血动脉与引流静脉的数目进行统计学分析。 结果 CTA 检出44例脑AVM,其中幕上39例(颞叶最多,8例,顶叶次之,7例),幕下5例,均位于小脑;漏诊1例。AVM破裂出血表现为脑实质血肿41例,蛛网膜下腔出血4例;单条动脉供血37例,2条动脉供血7例;引流至浅表静脉窦29例,引流至深静脉15例。CTA与DSA对AVM供血动脉、引流静脉的显示差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 320排CTA可作为诊断脑AVM破裂出血安全、准确的首选影像学检查方式。     

肝局灶性病变超声造影与增强CT和MRI表现的比较

目的 比较肝局灶性病变CEUS与增强CT(CECT)、增强MRI(CEMRI)表现的异同,并分析差异原因。方法 回顾性分析我院70例肝局灶性病变患者的影像资料,共75个病灶,包括肝细胞癌39个,转移性肝癌6个,胆管细胞癌6个,局灶性结节性增生6个,肝硬化结节5个,肝血管瘤4个,坏死结节4个,其他5个。阅片医师对各时相增强水平、增强类型、有无新发病灶等进行评价。采用Kappa检验评估CEUS与CECT/CEMRI表现及医师阅片结果间的一致性,并分析不一致的影像表现。结果 CEUS与CECT/CEMRI在病灶是否存在确切无增强的坏死或瘢痕区域方面一致性最高(Kappa=0.68);在门静脉期病灶相对于周围肝实质的主要增强水平方面一致性最低(Kappa=0.48)。44.23%(23/52)的恶性病灶及21.74%(5/23)良性病灶的CEUS与CECT/CEMRI表现不完全一致。结论 CEUS与CECT/CEMRI各时相表现一致性较好,差异性表现多集中于恶性病变。病灶影像表现存在差异的原因可能与对比剂不同及病理组织特征等有关。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断缺血性脑血管病:与CTA、DSA对比分析

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）诊断缺血性脑血管病（ICVD）的价值。方法 回顾性分析107例ICVD患者（缺血组）及79例无ICVD患者（对照组）的TCCD和（或）TCD及颈动脉超声资料,观察颅外动脉及颅内动脉超声征象,并与CTA或DSA结果进行对照。采用Logistic回归模型评价CDU检测指标与ICVD的相关性。结果 经CTA或DSA证实,缺血组颅内动脉狭窄22例（22/107,20.56%）,颅外动脉狭窄77例（77/107,71.96%）;对照组颅内动脉均无狭窄,颅外动脉狭窄34例（34/79,43.04%）。缺血组与对照组比较,颅外动脉的IMT、斑块数量及性质、管腔狭窄程度差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。CDU诊断ICVD患者颅内动脉狭窄与CTA或DSA的一致性中等（Kappa=0.730）,诊断颅外动脉狭窄的一致性良好（Kappa=0.883）。ICA狭窄（P=0.005）、软斑/溃疡斑（P=0.002）、VA狭窄（P=0.029）与ICVD的发生相关。结论 CDU诊断ICVD患者颈动脉狭窄与CTA或DSA具有较好的相关性,ICA狭窄、软斑/溃疡斑、椎动脉狭窄是ICVD的危险因素。     

老年女性髋部脆性骨折患者的Singh指数分析

目的 探讨Singh指数在老年女性髋部脆性骨折患者骨密度评估中的应用价值。方法 将216例老年女性髋部脆性骨折患者按年龄分为4组,60~70岁组53例,71~80岁组83例,81~90岁组68例,>90岁组12例。行髋部X线摄影,评估患者健侧Singh指数,并将Singh指数≤Ⅳ级作为骨质疏松诊断标准。分析2名诊断医师间隔1个月前后两次评估Singh指数分级的一致性;比较各年龄组患者身高、体质量及体质量指数(BMI)及Singh指数的差异;并评价髋部Singh指数与患者年龄、BMI的相关性。结果 2名医师评估Singh指数分级的观察者内Kappa值分别为0.631、0.615,观察者间Kappa值分别为0.622、0.598。应用Singh指数诊断骨质疏松的总体检出率为89.35%(193/216)。各年龄组患者身高、体质量及BMI差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),Singh指数差异有统计学意义(H=56.077,P<0.001)。Singh指数与患者年龄呈负相关(r=－0.656,P<0.001),与BMI无相关性(r=－0.008,P=0.902)。结论 X线平片Singh指数虽然相对经济、简便且较为实用,但重复性较低,不能完全反映老年女性脆性骨折患者骨密度情况。     

18F-FDG PET/CT评估淋巴瘤累及脾脏

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT在淋巴瘤初始分期中评估脾脏受累的最佳方法。方法 回顾59例淋巴瘤患者治疗前初始分期的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT结果,采用脾脏肋单元计数（简称肋单元）、脾指数、脾内结节灶、脾脏最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）及目测脾内¹⁸F-FDG高摄取（简称PET目测法）评估脾脏是否受累,并与随访确诊结果进行一致性检验。结果 59例中,最终确诊初始分期中21例脾脏受累（阳性组）,38例无脾脏受累（阴性组）,两组肋单元（t=4.670,P<0.0001）、脾指数（t=4.688,P=0.0001）及SUV_max（t=4.971,P=0.0001）差异均有统计学意义;阳性组脾结节发生率和PET目测法明显高于阴性组（χ²=23.395、54.750,P均<0.0001）。根据肋单元、脾结节、脾指数、SUV_max、PET目测法评估脾脏受累的Kappa值分别为0.494、0.596、0.704、0.787、0.963。结论 淋巴瘤治疗前初始分期中,目测脾内存在局灶性或弥漫性异常¹⁸F-FDG高摄取是评估脾脏受累的最佳方法。     

320排容积CT心脏成像在小儿法洛四联症中的应用：与超声对比

目的 探讨320排容积CT心脏成像在小儿法洛四联症（TOF）诊断与治疗中的价值。方法 对20例临床拟诊为TOF的患儿行320排VCT检查,并将CT检查结果与同期超声检查结果对照。结果 20例患者中320排VCT确诊16例,US确诊18例;对16例320排VCT及US均诊断为TOF患儿的McGoon指数分别为1.13±0.04和1.01±0.04（t=1.521,P=0.149）;以手术为金标准,320排VCT及US对室间隔缺损检出率分别为80.00%（16/20）和90.00%（18/20,P>0.05）。320排VCT和US测量室间隔缺损最大径分别为（4.98±0.29）mm和（4.96±0.31）mm（t=0.258,P=0.800）,测量的TOF患儿主动脉骑跨率分别为（0.27±0.01）%和（0.28±0.01）%（t=-0.019,P=0.250）。结论 320排VCT可清楚显示患儿TOF各种畸形,可较准确地评估TOF患儿肺动脉发育及大于2 mm的室间隔缺损,对术前治疗计划的制定有重要意义。     

高分辨磁共振成像对直肠癌术前TN分期的应用价值

目的 评价高分辨磁共振成像(HR-MRI)对直肠癌术前TN分期的应用价值。方法 分析61例经手术病理证实的直肠癌患者的术前资料,由两名高年资影像医师协商阅片,并与最终手术病理结果对照。应用SPSS13.0软件对所得数据进行一致性检验。结果 HR-MRI用于直肠癌术前TN分期时,与病理T分期结果一致性好(Kappa=0.900,P<0.01)、与病理N分期结果的一致性较好(Kappa=0.716,P<0.01),HR-MRI对T分期的准确率为96.72%(59/61),N分期准确率为83.78%(51/61)。结论 HR-MRI可用于对直肠癌术前TN分期的评估。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。