慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者侵袭性肺曲霉病

曲霉(aspergillus)在自然界中分布广泛,空气中每立方米含有1~100个曲霉孢子,分生孢子的大小约2~3μm,完全可以通过呼吸到达肺泡,造成机会性感染。曲霉的种类很多,但只有少部分致病,90%的人类曲霉感染由烟曲霉所致。临床上一般将肺曲霉病分为曲霉球、变态反应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,ABPA)和侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillo-sis,IPA)等3种类型,其中IPA危害最大、病死率最高。过去20年中,随着艾滋病、血液病及实体器官移植患者的增多,广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂及激素等治疗增加,IPA的发生率也逐渐升高。慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者痰标本中培养出曲霉通常被认为是污染,但越来越多的证据表明,严重COPD患者也存在发生IPA的高风险,COPD患者曲霉感染是个值得重视的问题[1-2]。一、流行病学长期以来,人们对COPD患者并发IPA的认识不多,目前有限的临床资料大多来源于尸检结果,因此COPD患者IPA的发生...     

血清半乳甘露聚糖水平检测对COPD患者侵袭性肺曲霉菌感染的诊断价值

目的探究血清半乳甘露聚糖水平检测对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者侵袭性肺曲霉菌感染（IPA）的临床意义。方法选取42例具有IPA高危因素的COPD患者,采用回顾性诊断标准进行分组：COPD确诊IPA 组、COPD可疑IPA 组和COPD排除IPA 组,比较三组的血清半乳甘露聚糖吸光度值。以确诊和排除 IPA 的患者作为阳性和阴性病例,分析血清半乳甘露聚糖水平检测在不同阳性判断临界值下的灵敏度与特异度。结果按照回顾性标准,COPD确诊IPA 组有18例、COPD可疑IPA 组有12例、COPD排除IPA 组有12例。三组患者的吸光度值分别为：1.69±0.87、1.38±0.79和0.27±0.60。 COPD确诊IPA 组与COPD可疑IPA 组的吸光度值均高于COPD排除IPA 组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=4.92、4.01,P均＜0.05）,而COPD确诊IPA 组与COPD可疑IPA 组之间比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0.99,P＞0.05）。不同半乳甘露聚糖阳性界定值显示：当半乳甘露聚糖取0.7作为阳性界定值时,其对COPD合并 IPA 的诊断灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为87.30%、96.50%、87.20%及96.50%。结论血清半乳甘露聚糖的检测对于COPD患者侵染肺曲霉菌感染有较好的检测诊断作用,但并不能有效的区分COPD患者合并IPA患者的诊断级数,并且当血清半乳甘露聚糖临界值为0.7时,对于COPD患者侵染肺曲霉菌感染有较高的诊断价值。     

PCR检测痰曲霉菌在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病中的诊断价值

目的：探讨荧光定量PCR检测痰曲霉菌在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, IPA）中的诊断价值。 方法：采用前瞻性观察性研究，入组2015年4月至2017年3月因COPD急性加重入住复旦大学附属中山医院的49例患者。收集患者常规痰液真菌培养后剩余的痰液，采用荧光定量PCR检测曲霉菌。同时分析患者的一般资料，包括临床症状、影像学资料、实验室检查结果。 结果：49例患者中18例诊断为IPA，多见于全身应用糖皮质激素及广谱抗生素的患者。该病确诊较困难，多依赖临床诊断，荧光定量PCR检测痰液中曲霉菌在COPD患者合并IPA诊断中的敏感性和特异性分别为72.2%、87.1%。 结论：COPD患者发生IPA并不少见，荧光定量PCR检测痰中曲霉菌对其具有早期诊断价值。     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者非侵入性标记物研究

目的比较慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者和健康受试者非侵入性标记物,评估其与吸烟的关系。方法选取在我院治疗的稳定期COPD戒烟患者52例（COPD EX组）,稳定期COPD吸烟患者36例（COPD S组）,在我院体检的健康的吸烟者23例（HE S组）,健康的戒烟者23例（HE EX组）。比较所有受试者呼出气冷凝物（EBC）、痰液中前列腺素E2（PGE2）和异构前列腺素15 F2t isoprostane（15 F2t IsoP）的水平、呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）、痰细胞计数和肺功能。结果与COPD S组比较,COPD EX组的FeNO值明显提高;与两健康组比较,两COPD组EBC中15 F2t IsoP水平明显升高（P＜0.05）;与同等健康状况的戒烟者比较,吸烟者尿液中15 F2t IsoP水平升高（P＜0.05）。结论不同类型炎症性标志物的联合检测分析可用于对COPD患者呼吸炎症的综合评估。     

Fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a frequently occurring symptom in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite this, relatively few studies have objectively assessed patients' perceptions of fatigue and the impact of perceived fatigue on their everyday lives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, duration and severity of fatigue among patients with COPD and the impact of perceived fatigue on cognitive, physical and psychosocial functioning in comparison with controls. METHOD: The Fatigue Impact Scale, including physical, psychosocial and cognitive dimension and structured questions about the frequency, duration, and severity of fatigue was mailed to 44 outpatients with COPD and 88 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls. In total 36 patients and 37 controls completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (47.2%), reported fatigue every day during the preceding month compared with 13.5% of the control group (P < 0.001). The duration of fatigue was more than 6 hours in 52.7% of the patients and 44.4% reported that fatigue was either the worst or one of the worst symptoms they had, compared with 18.9% (P < 0.001) and 10.8% (P < 0.01) in the control group. The patients reported a significantly greater impact of fatigue on cognitive, physical and psychosocial functioning compared with the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that fatigue is a highly prevalent symptom, which impacts on patients' functional condition and needs to be professionally assessed and managed.     

Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cardiac arrhythmias are commonly associated with chronic obstructive lung disease and these arrhythmias can impair arterial blood oxygenation. The etiology of the arrhythmias is multifactorial. The treatment of the arrhythmias is largely the treatment of the deranged physiology and the underlying pulmonary disease. The association of arrhythmias with chronic obstructive lung disease portends a poor prognosis.     

Depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults in the United States and worldwide. Depression is a common comorbidity in this population, but often goes undiagnosed in persons with COPD. Because the presence of depression has the potential to negatively impact COPD-related outcomes, it is essential for health care practitioners involved in the care of patients with COPD to diagnose and treat COPD and the associated comorbidities, including depression. Although there is a lack of comprehensive guidelines for treating depression in those with COPD, an algorithm has been proposed to screen and manage depression in these patients. Several questionnaires are available that can be used to assess and assist in diagnosing depression in these patients. Following diagnosis, antidepressant therapy should be considered along with nonpharmacological strategies, such as pulmonary rehabilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill immunocompetent patients

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe and well recognized infection in patients with hematological malignancies. However, increasing number of studies has reported the emergence of IPA in critically ill immunocompetent patients, mainly represented by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, with an estimated incidence of 2%. These patients are characterized by multifactorial impairments in their local defense. The major risk factors are systemic steroid use and administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. IPA is responsible for high mortality, and its usual clinical, radiological, and biological specificities are generally absent in the immunocompetent patient. Rapid diagnosis requires histological evidence. Sensitivity of lower respiratory tract cultures and serology remains poor. The detection of galactomannan fungal antigen in the bronchoalveolar lavage may offer an interesting alternative diagnostic tool. The first-line recommended antifungal treatment is voriconazole, but other therapies exist like amphotericin, which was largely used in the past. We conducted a literature review focusing at IPA in the critically ill immunocompetent patients, in order to analyze its epidemiology, physiopathology, prognosis, diagnostic methods, and treatment.     

无创机械通气在老年慢性阻塞性肺病中的实施效果分析

目的探讨无创机械通气在老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)中的应用效果。方法将120例老年COPD患者随机分成2组,试验组给予常规治疗加无创机械通气治疗,对照组给予常规治疗,对比2组总体疗效、血气参数变化、住院天数、住院费用以及并发症方面的差异。结果试验组治疗有效率(73.3%)显著高于对照组(46.7%)(P<0.01)。在pH值、PaO2、Pa-CO2等血气指标,以及住院时间、呼吸纠正时间、住院费用等方面,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论无创机械通气治疗老年COPD成功率高,安全有效,费用低廉,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Metabolic disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

AIM: To characterize cell dysregulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at local and systemic levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 48 patients with COPD were examined (mean disease duration 11.2 +/- 7.2 years, mean age 58 +/- 4.2 years). Content of glutathione, and activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase in whole blood (Novgorodtseva T.P., 2003), catalase in erythrocytes (Karpichenko A.I., 1999) were determined. Products of lipid peroxidation in exhaled breath condensate were defined to reveal diene conjugates of hydroperoxides, ketodienes, coupled trienes (Khyshiktuyev B.S., 1996). RESULTS: An evident oxidation stress at the local level was revealed in patients with COPD in deficiency of enzymatic antiperoxide link of anti-oxidant defense that is characterized by increased quantity of lipid peroxidation intermediants both in heptane and isopropanol phases.     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病病人的护理

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（IPA）是怖曲霉菌病中最严重的类型,诊断困难,治疗棘手,除肺部病变外,尚可合并曲霉菌败血症和其他器官受累。近年来由于广谱抗菌药物、糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的大量应用、器官移植和肿瘤放、化疗的广泛开展及艾滋病的流行造成IPA的危险因素增加[1],糖尿病造成免疫妥协易继发多种感染,曲霉菌病也不例外,糖尿病应作为IPA的危险因素引起医师的重视[2]。     

营养支持对改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能及体质量的效果观察

目的 评价营养支持对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）患者肺功能、体质量及康复的影响。方法 50例COPD患者在治疗前及30 d后测定体质量、第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、分钟通气量（MV）、动脉血氧及二氧化碳分压（PaO2 及PaCO2）,并随机分为两组,除常规治疗外,试验组在日常饮食基础上每日加服能全素,对照组仅为日常饮食。结果 两组PaO2及 PaCO2均较治疗前改善（P< 0.01）,实验组FEV1、MV较治疗前改善（P< 0.05）,所有指标与对照组相比均明显改善（P< 0.01）。结论 合理的营养支持及营养物质的构成比有效地阻止COPD患者营养状态和肺功能的进一步恶化,促进康复。     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病病人的护理

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)是肺曲霉菌病中最严重的类型,诊断困难,治疗棘手,除肺部病变外,尚可合并曲霉菌败血症和其他器官受累.近年来由于广谱抗菌药物、糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的大量应用、器官移植和肿瘤放、化疗的广泛开展及艾滋病的流行造成IPA的危险因素增加[1],糖尿病造成免疫妥协易继发多种感染,曲霉菌病也不例外,糖尿病应作为IPA的危险因素引起医师的重视[2].IPA多发生在有严重基础疾病的病人,预后差,病死率达50％～100％[3].这对有效治疗和护理提出了更高要求.我院呼吸科2007年10月-2010年10月收治IPA住院病人11例,经过系统的治疗、采取有效的护理措施,取得满意的疗效.现报道如下.     

Palliative care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This article considers the place of palliative and end of life care in the management of people with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This respiratory disease has considerable morbidity and mortality, which affect patients, their families and carers, and healthcare provision. Many nurses working with older people will encounter patients with advancing COPD which may be their main problem or part of multiple comorbidities. This article aims to help nurses recognise declining respiratory status and understand the challenges faced by this particular group of patients, their families and carers. It follows recommendations that end of life care should be considered and dealt with in this group of patients (Department of Health 2008, National Clinical Guideline Centre 2010). It explores palliation and end of life and then considers more practical applications to support nursing care at the end stage of the disease.