运城市改水降氟10年监测结果分析

目的了解掌握运城市地方性氟中毒改水后现状.方法采用流行病学调查方法.结果原重病区侯家卓改水后饮水氟含量10年间稳定在1.0mg/L以下,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率及氟斑牙指数,随改水时间的延长而逐渐降低,改水12年后无中度病例发生,15年后流行强度达阴性,儿童尿氟含量保持在较低水平,成人氟骨症症状亦逐渐减轻.原中病区杜东庄改水后水氟为1.25 mg/L超过改水标准,虽然以上几种指标呈下降趋势,但都高于侯家卓.结论①饮水型地方型氟中毒病区改水后保证水源的质量(水氟含量稳定在1.0 mg/L以下),是防治此病的关键.②虽然饮水氟含量达标且稳定,儿童氟斑牙指数达阴性,但氟斑牙患病率仍达22.03%,认为氟斑牙患病率以＜25%作为评价指标较为合理.     

广东省韶关市饮水型氟中毒现状调查

目的了解改水后广东省韶关市所辖乐昌市和始兴县地方性氟中毒(地氟病)病区病情现状。方法采用流行病学调查方法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙采用Deans法分度诊断；饮水氟测定采用离子选择电极法。结果乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委的5个村饮冷泉水的水氟均值1．63mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率44．45%,16岁以上人群氟骨症临床检出率3．80%,氟骨症X线临床检出率8．0%。始兴县的6个病区村改水后饮水氟范围在0．23～0．59mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率8．61%；罗坝镇廖屋村饮水氟均值为2．10 mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率68．75%。结论乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委5个饮用冷泉水的自然村为饮水型氟中毒轻病区；始兴县罗坝镇廖屋村还是饮水型地氟病病区,需要改换饮用水源,才能控制地氟病的流行。     

2013年新疆饮水型氟中毒监测分析

目的了解新疆饮水型氟中毒流行现状,为防治工作提供依据。方法按照《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案（试行）》要求,选取10个县（市、区）作为监测点,每个监测点抽取3个村,对已改水村进行改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测;检查每个村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean氏法。结果监测已改水村26个,水氟含量合格工程22个,合格率84．62％;监测未改水村4个,水氟含量〉1．2mg／L且≤2．0mg／L的村有2个,水氟含量〉2．0mg／L且≤4．0mg／L的村有2个,无水氟含量〉4．0mg／L的村;已改水村检查8～12岁儿童1942人,氟斑牙检出率21．94％,氟斑牙指数0．46;4个村改水工程水氟超标村共计检查8～12岁儿童330人,氟斑牙检出率62．12％,氟斑牙指数1．77;未改水村检查8～12岁儿童647人,检出氟斑牙患者178例,氟斑牙检出率27．51％,氟斑检查牙指数0．57。结论新疆氟中毒监测区儿童氟斑牙病情稳定,部分改水工程水氟超标,今后应保证改水1二程质量,提高防治效果,加强改水力度,未改水村尽快改水。     

广东省地方性氟中毒10年监测结果分析

目的 了解与掌握地方性氟中毒的病情动态.方法 采用流行病学调查方法 .结果 安全村改水后饮水氟含量稳定在1.0 mg/L 以下,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率、中度以上氟斑牙患病率及氟斑牙指数,随着改水后的时间延长呈逐渐下降的趋势;成人氟中毒症状与体征、骨Χ线逐渐减轻,尿氟含量也保持在较低的水平.湖陂、大寨2村改水后的饮水氟不稳定,经常超标,上述4项指标下降趋势不显著,并高于安全村.结论 饮水型氟中毒病区改水后设施的运转是否正常及是否保证饮水含氟量稳定在<1.0 mg/L以下,是预防饮水型地方性氟中毒的关键.     

五华县地方性氟中毒病情现状调查分析

目的掌握五华县地方性氟中毒的病情现状，为今后预防地方性氟中毒提供科学依据。方法在19个病区村中随机抽取9个，采用分层整群抽样方法，对轻、中、重病区分别随机抽取各3个病区村为调查点。调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、成人氟骨症患病情况；检测饮水氟含量、8～12岁儿童尿氟含量；调查改水情况。结果8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙总患病率为18．03％，未检出重度氟骨症患者；饮水氟平均浓度为0．54mg／L；8～12岁儿童尿氟含量的几何均值为1．02mg／L；调查点总改水率100％。结论五华县地方性氟毒病情基本得到控制，原有氟中毒患者病情逐渐减轻的趋势，个别病区村的改水设施需要进一步加强管理。     

四平市地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的了解病区县及监测点的改水现状及地方性氟中毒病情。方法检测病区县及监测点防氟井使用情况、居民饮水氟含量。采用Dean氏法调查监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率；调查监测点16岁以上人群氟骨症患病情况和8～12岁儿童、16岁以上人群尿氟含量。结果病区县79个防氟井中，有29眼（36．71％）完好并可正常使用，其中有20眼（68．97％）饮水氟含量正常。2个监测点饮水氟含量分别为4．78mg／L和0．68mg／L；8～12岁儿童尿氟均值分别为4．53mg／L和1．89mg／L；8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为96．88％和33，33％；16岁以上人群氟骨症检出率分别为8．00％和3．67％；氟骨症患者尿氟均值分别为4．39mg／L和2．17mg／L。结论病区县大多数病区饮水氟含量超标，地方性氟中毒防治形势严峻。防氟改水是控制地方性氟中毒的有效方法，应进一步加强。     

2004—2013年平凉市饮水型地方性氟中毒改水降氟后病情监测结果分析

目的掌握改水降氟后氟中毒病情动态变化规律,评价改水降氟的效果。方法按《全国饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案》要求,在未完成改水前的2003年,对监测村的水源水、居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙、尿氟,16岁以上成人氟骨症、尿氟进行监测;2004-2013年每年4～5月份按上述监测内容进行连续监测。结果监测点所在村改水前饮用水水氟含量（3．62±0．08）mg／L,居民户水氟含量（末梢水）（3．67=t：0．43）mg／L;改水工程后的10年,水源水和居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量均〈1．0mg／L;改水前8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率87．35％,氟斑牙指数1．93;改水后氟斑牙检出率随改水时间的延长氟斑牙检出率和氟斑牙指数逐渐降低;改水前8～12岁儿童尿氟均数（3．24±1．86）mg／L,改水1年后尿氟均数（1．08±0．71）mg／L,改水后8～12岁儿童尿氟均数均小于正常值1．4mg／L;改水前监测点成人临床氟骨症检出率8．43％,改水后5年氟骨症检出率5．24％,改水后10年氟骨症检出率4．81％,改水后5年成人临床氟骨症检出率与改水前比较差异有统计学意义（Х^2=9．6985,P〈O．05）;改水前成人尿氟均数（5．05±2．36）mg／L,改水后5年降至（1．75±1．29）mg／L,差异有统计学意义（t=-5．5663,P〈0．05）。结论监测点饮用改水工程水源水以后,水源水和居民户饮用水（末梢水）水氟含量在监测年度均〈1．0mg/L;随改水时间的延长氟中毒病情呈逐年下降趋势,改水8年后儿童氟斑牙病情达到了控制标准,成人氟骨症病情得到有效控制;在落实改水降氟措施的氟中毒病区,成人氟骨症患者的防治将成为以后工作的重点。     

吉林省乾安县地方性氟中毒病情调查结果分析

目的了解乾安县地方性氟中毒病情现状，40年防治效果及防治过程中存在的问题，为调整防治对策，提高防治水平提供科学依据。方法以分层抽样的方法，在乾安地方性氟中毒轻、中、重病区和非病区选取全县人口10％的居民，调查其饮水氟含量，儿童氟斑牙患病率和尿氟排泄量，残废型氟骨症患病率。以及这个县的改水率，防氟井管理使用情况。结果共调查20个村(屯)，其中氟中毒病区12个，非病区8个。轻、中病区和非病区饮水氟含量均值不超过1．0mg/L。重病区不仅饮水氟含量超标，波动范围大，而且个别防氟井的水氟含量高达6．5mg／L。全县改水率78．6％。有17眼防氟井因管理、使用、维护不善等原因不能正常使用。报废井占全县建防氟井数的7．9％。轻、中、重病区氟斑牙患病率分别为32．1％、45．9％和61．3％，缺损型氟斑牙患病为7．5％。而非病区氟斑牙患病率仅9．2％。轻、中、重病区儿童尿氟排泄量在1．0mg／L以上，重病区高达3．36mg／L。非病区则在1．0mg／L以下。1964～1990年，地方性氟中毒病情呈下降趋势，但1995年病情又有回升。结论40年的防治取得了显著效果。地方性氟中毒严重流行趋势已得到遏制。但重、中病区的改水尚未完成。防氟井在建、管、用方面仍存在问题。致使氟中毒病情有所回升。这是当前地方性氟中毒防治工作中值得重视的问题。     

2012年山西省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情监测分析

目的了解山西省饮水型地方性氟中毒流行现状,为防治工作提供依据。方法按照《2012年度国家饮水型地方性氟中毒防治项目技术方案》要求,随机选取6个病区县作为监测点;在每个监测点抽取3个村,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测,对已改水村进行降氟改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定;在每个村用Dean氏法检查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况。结果监测已改水村17个,调查降氟改水工程17个,水氟含量合格9个,占监测工程总数的52．94％;监测未改水村1个,水氟平均值3．41mg／L;在降氟改水工程正常运转且水氟含量符合国家标准的村,检查8．12岁学生686人,氟斑牙检出率21．14％,氟斑牙指数0．4;在降氟改水工程水氟含量超过国家标准的村,检查8～12岁学生649人,氟斑牙检出率40．52％,氟斑牙指数0．9;在未改水村检查8～12岁学生27人,氟斑牙检出率44．44％,氟斑牙指数0．9。结论改水工程正常运转且水氟含量合格的病区村,儿童氟斑牙患病情况基本达到国家控制标准;水氟含量超过国家标准或未改水的病区村,儿童氟斑牙患病情况大多达不到国家控制标准。     

2004年和2005年河北省三河市地方性氟中毒监测结果报告

目的了解河北省三河市地方性氟中毒（简称地氟病）防治效果及降氟设施使用情况。方法按《全国地方性氟中毒重点监测方案》对三河市100个改水工程的使用情况进行调查；对三河市燕郊镇赵辛庄村和皇庄镇皇庄村进行地氟病病情监测，儿童氟斑牙检查用Dean法，水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法。结果三河市100个集中式改水设施，饮水含氟量在1．0mg／L以下的仅有54个，占54％。2004、2005年燕郊镇赵辛庄村水氟均值分别为0．53、0．45mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为19．5％、21．7％，儿童尿氟分别为1．51、1．15mg／L；皇庄镇皇庄村水氟均值分别为0．57、0．68mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为26．7％、24．5％，儿童尿氟分别为1．41、1．38mg／L。结论三河市2个地氟病病区村的饮水含氟量均符合国家标准．8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率等主要监测指标已降至非病区水平，监测点氟中毒病情得到有效控制。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.