绿萼梅总黄酮对小鼠抑郁的改善作用

目的研究绿萼梅总黄酮对小鼠的抗抑郁作用。方法采用昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组、阿米替林或氟西汀(20 mg/kg)组、绿萼梅总黄酮(120、240、360 mg/kg)组,每小组各12只,每天ig给药1次。通过小鼠强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验、利血平诱导眼睑下垂和体温降低模型、5-羟基色氨酸(5-HTP)诱导小鼠甩头模型,考察绿萼梅总黄酮的影响。结果绿萼梅总黄酮各剂量均能显著缩短小鼠强迫游泳、悬尾不动时间(P0.05、0.01);绿萼梅总黄酮240、360 mg/kg能显著抑制利血平诱导的小鼠眼睑下垂和体温降低(P0.05、0.01),同时能显著增强5-HTP诱导的小鼠甩头次数(P0.05、0.01)。结论绿萼梅总黄酮对小鼠各模型有抗抑郁的作用。     

醒神开郁方抗抑郁作用的实验研究

目的：研究醒神开郁方的抗抑郁作用及其可能的作用机制。方法：采用小鼠悬尾、强迫游泳实验观察小鼠悬尾、游泳不动时间;自主活动实验测定小鼠自主活动次数;利血平诱导小鼠体温下降实验考察小鼠肛温、眼睑下垂度以及脑内单胺类神经递质含量等指标。采用SPSS 13.0软件对上述观察指标进行统计分析。结果：醒神开郁方对小鼠自主活动行为无显著影响;在小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳实验中,醒神开郁方低、中、高剂量组可明显缩短小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳不动时间（P〈0.05,P〈0.01,P〈0.01）。利血平诱导小鼠体温下降实验中,与模型组比较,醒神开郁方中、高剂量组可显著拮抗利血平所致小鼠的体温下降和眼睑下垂（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;与模型组比较,醒神开郁方中、高剂量组均能显著增加小鼠脑组织内NE、5-HT含量（P〈0.01）以及DA含量（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论：醒神开郁方具有显著的抗抑郁作用,其作用机制与增强脑组织内NE、5-HT、DA调节神经系统作用有关,且醒神开郁方无中枢兴奋作用。     

豆腐果苷抗抑郁作用的初步研究

目的初步探讨豆腐果苷的抗抑郁作用。方法采用小鼠悬尾实验及小鼠强迫游泳实验方法观察豆腐果苷的抗抑郁作用。结果在小鼠悬尾实验和小鼠强迫游泳实验中,豆腐果苷在20、30mg/kg剂量下能明显缩短小鼠的悬尾不动时间,在30、40mg/kg剂量下能明显缩短小鼠强迫游泳的不动时间。结论豆腐果苷在“行为绝望”动物模型中呈现抗抑郁作用,且量效曲线呈现行为学特有的U型曲线特征。     

槟榔壳总酚类提取物抗抑郁作用研究

目的:探讨槟榔壳总酚类提取物对抑郁模型小鼠的抗抑郁作用。方法:采用小鼠悬尾、强迫游泳等抑郁模型,以小鼠行为绝望的不动时间作为指标,考察槟榔壳总酚类抗抑郁活性。结果:槟榔壳总酚类320,160 mg.kg-1剂量组均能显著减少小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳的不动时间。结论:槟榔壳总酚类可以改善小鼠的绝望行为,具有明显的抗抑郁作用。     

人参总皂苷对小鼠的抗抑郁作用

目的：初步探讨人参总皂苷对小鼠的抗抑郁作用。方法：选取健康雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分为5组,空白对照组、阳性药组、人参总皂苷125、250、500 mg.kg^-1剂量组。通过小鼠自主活动实验、小鼠强迫游泳实验和小鼠悬尾实验,观察人参总皂苷对小鼠抗抑郁作用的影响。结果：各给药组小鼠自主活动行为与空白对照组比较均无明显差异;人参总皂苷125、250、500 mg.kg-1均可以显著缩短小鼠强迫游泳及小鼠悬尾不动时间。结论：实验结果表明人参总皂苷在小鼠＂行为绝望＂模型中有一定的抗抑郁作用。     

芍药内酯苷抗抑郁作用的实验研究

目的:研究芍药内酯苷的抗抑郁作用.方法:采用小鼠悬尾、小鼠强迫游泳、小鼠自主活动实验,观察芍药内酯苷对小鼠游泳不动时间、悬尾不动时间及自主活动的影响.结果:芍药内酯苷14、7mg/kg均可显著缩短小鼠悬尾( P＜0.01,P＜0.05)及强迫游泳不动时间(P＜0.05),实验各剂量芍药内酯苷对小鼠自主活动无明显影响.结论:芍药内酯苷具有明显的抗抑郁作用.     

酸枣仁总皂苷抗抑郁作用的实验研究

目的研究酸枣仁总皂苷对行为绝望小鼠抑郁模型的影响。方法采用小鼠强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验抑郁模型,小鼠行为绝望的不动时间作为指标,考察酸枣仁总皂苷抗抑郁活性。结果酸枣仁总皂苷中、高剂量组均能减少小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾不动时间,与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论酸枣仁总皂苷具有一定的抗抑郁作用。     

元宝草黄酮类成分的抗抑郁作用研究

目的:研究元宝草中活性成分的抗抑郁作用.方法:利用拮抗利血平诱导体温下降实验和小鼠强迫游泳实验考察元宝草总黄酮等成分的抗抑郁活性.结果:元宝草总黄酮成分(总黄酮含量68.30%)能有效缩短小鼠的游泳不动时间,且存在剂量依赖关系,总黄酮低中高三个剂量组分别为150 mg/(kg·d),300mg/(kg·d),600mg/(kg·d)(灌胃),与生理盐水组比较,不动时间分别减少了5.97%,41.85%和45.96%.拮抗利血平实验表明,总黄酮成分低中高三个剂量分别为150 mg/(kg·d),300mg/(kg·d),600mg/(kg·d)(灌胃)能一定程度拮抗低剂量利血平(5 mg/kg,腹腔注射)诱导的小鼠体温下降.然而三个剂量组之间不具有量效关系.结论:黄酮成分是元宝草中主要的抗抑郁活性成分.     

郁可欣胶囊的抗抑郁作用研究

目的：研究郁可欣胶囊的抗抑郁作用。方法：选择小鼠强迫游泳、悬尾应激及利血平所致眼睑下垂小鼠抑郁模型，用郁可欣胶囊对其进行治疗观察。结果：郁可欣胶囊可以对抗小鼠因强迫悬尾及强迫游泳造成的抑郁症状，并可对抗利血平所致的小鼠眼睑下垂。结论：郁可欣胶囊能明显改善行为绝望动物模型的抑郁症状。     

均匀设计法优选酸枣仁抗抑郁有效组分配伍研究

目的 优选酸枣仁抗抑郁有效组分（总脂肪油、总黄酮、总皂苷）的最佳配伍。方法 采用均匀设计法将90只小鼠随机分为9组,分别为对照组及给药A~H组,观察各组小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾试验情况,以小鼠在6 min中后4 min内不动时间为评价指标,筛选酸枣仁抗抑郁有效组分的最佳配伍,对所得有效组分最佳配伍的药效进行比较和验证试验。结果 小鼠强迫游泳试验,给药A,B,C,F,H组小鼠强迫游泳不动时间明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）;小鼠悬尾试验,给药A,B,D,E,F,H组小鼠悬尾不动时间明显少于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。经多元统计分析,酸枣仁抗抑郁有效组分的最佳配伍组合为总脂肪油10 mg/kg、总黄酮100 mg/kg、总皂苷10 mg/kg。结论 均匀设计、数理统计与药效学结合确定有效组分的配伍可行,优化活性组分配伍的药效达到或优于原药材。     

知母皂苷B-Ⅱ抗抑郁作用及其机制研究

目的研究知母皂苷B-Ⅱ抗抑郁的作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法采用小鼠悬尾实验、小鼠强迫游泳实验、开野实验;阿朴吗啡致小鼠刻板行为实验;抑制单胺（去甲肾上腺素NE和多巴胺DA）重摄取实验;育亨宾毒性增强实验;以及5-羟色胺酸（5-HTP）致甩头作用等动物模型来考察知母皂苷B-Ⅱ抗抑郁作用及其可能的机制。分别以小鼠不动时间、自主活动数、刻板行为评分、死亡率作为评价指标。结果在小鼠悬尾实验中,知母皂苷B一Ⅱ（100、150mg／kg）能够明显缩短小鼠的不动时间;在小鼠强迫游泳实验中,知母皂苷B-Ⅱ（50、100、150mg／kg）均能够明显缩短小鼠的不动时间;对开野实验中小鼠的自主活动次数无明显影响。在抑制NE和DA重摄取实验中,知母皂苷B-Ⅱ高剂量（150mg／kg）显著增加多巴胺（DA）致小鼠死亡作用,但对去甲肾上腺素（NE）重摄取抑制作用不明显。阿朴吗啡致小鼠刻板运动实验显示,知母皂苷B-Ⅱ（100、150mg／kg）对注射阿朴吗啡后的小鼠刻板运动有显著增强作用,差异具有显著意义（P〈0．05）;具有增加5-羟色胺酸（5-HTP）致甩头作用;知母皂苷B-Ⅱ不具有增加育亨宾毒性的作用。结论知母皂苷B-Ⅱ有抗抑郁活性,其作用机制可能与增强脑内5-HT、DA神经系统作用有关。     

1,3,7,9-四甲基尿酸抗抑郁作用的实验研究

目的探讨1,3,7,9-四甲基尿酸(theacrine,TC)的抗抑郁作用。方法采用悬尾实验、强迫游泳实验、自主活动实验、育亨宾(yohimbine)毒性实验、利血平(reserpine)实验以及5-羟色胺酸(5-HTP)诱导小鼠甩头行为等动物模型(各组剂量分别为3、10及30mg·kg-1,bid,连续7d灌胃给药)来评价TC的抗实验性抑郁效果及其可能的作用机制。结果与空白对照组相比,TC能明显缩短小鼠悬尾不动时间(P<0.01)及增加强迫游泳小鼠拨动转轮旋转次数(P<0.05),且对自主活动无影响。TC可一定程度上增强yohim-bine诱发实验动物死亡率,增强5-HTP导致的甩头行为(P<0.01)。此外,TC也具有明显地改善reserpine引起的小鼠体温下降(P<0.01),运动不能(P<0.05)和眼脸下垂(P<0.01)的作用。结论TC在多种抑郁模型上显示一定的药理活性,这些作用可能与影响单胺类神经递质有关。     

The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine has antidepressant-like effects in wild-type but not β2- or α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice

Rationale Increases in cholinergic transmission are linked to depression in human subjects and animal models. We therefore examined the effect of decreasing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity in tests of antidepressant efficacy using C57BL/6J mice.Objectives We determined whether the noncompetitive nAChR antagonist mecamylamine had antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). These experiments were repeated in mice lacking either the β2- or α7-nAChR subunits to identify the nAChR subunits involved in mediating the antidepressant response to mecamylamine.Materials and methods Adult mice on the C57BL/6J background were acutely administered mecamylamine i.p. 30 min before testing in the FST or TST.Results A dose–response study showed that mecamylamine significantly decreased immobility time in the TST at the 1.0-mg/kg dose but did not alter baseline locomotor activity. The competitive nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine, but not the blood–brain barrier impermeant antagonist hexamethonium, also decreased immobility in the TST. One milligram per kilogram of mecamylamine also significantly decreased time immobile in the FST whereas both β2- and α7-knockout mice were insensitive to the effects of mecamylamine in the FST.Conclusions Decreased activity of central nAChRs has antidepressant-like effects in both the TST and FST and these effects are dependent on both β2 and α7 subunits. Therefore, compounds that decrease nAChR activity may be attractive new candidates for development as antidepressants in humans.     

N-palmitoylethanolamide, an endocannabinoid, exhibits antidepressant effects in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice

The antidepressant-like effects of N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a putative endocannabinoid, was investigated in mice using the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). In TST, PEA (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) produced a statistically significant reduction in immobility (50, 32, and 34%, respectively, vs. the control group), whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) reduced immobility by 38%. In FST, PEA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) produced a statistically significant reduction in immobility (15, 21, and 36%, respectively), whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) reduced immobility by 18%. Moreover, PEA (20 mg/kg) did not significantly change motor activity in a spontaneous behavioral test. In conclusion, PEA (dose range of 5-40 mg/kg) administered orally reduced immobility in TST and FST, comparable to the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine, and had no effect on spontaneous activity in mice.     

Griflola frondosa (GF) produces significant antidepressant effects involving AMPA receptor activation in mice

Context: Griflola frondosa (Fr) S.F. Gray (Meripilaceae) (GF) is a medical mushroom, and its regulation of the immune system is of interest for the treatment of mood disorders. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are the central mediator for the treatment of depression.

Objective: This study examines the antidepressant effects of GF and the role of AMPA in these antidepressant effects.

Materials and methods: The CD-1 mice were fed with GF- or Pleurotus ostreatus [(Jacq.: Fr) Kumm (Pleurotaceae)] (PO)-containing food for 1?day or 5 days. The antidepressant effects was determined in the tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and open field test (OFT). The involvement of AMPA receptors was determined by the application of the AMPA-specific blocker GYKI 52466.

Results: Treatments with 20%, 33% or 50% of GF-containing food significantly decreased the immobility time (63.6, 56.9, and 52.0% in TST; and 50.8, 43.2, and 38.2% in FST) after 1?day and (62.3, 51.8, and 52.8% in TST; and 49.5, 45.1, and 40.3% in FST) after 5 days. GF-containing food did not cause hyperactive effects in the OFT. The antidepressant effects of the 33% of GF-containing food (down-to 51.3% in 1-day TST and 46.8% in 5-day FST) were significantly stronger than that of the 33% of PO-containing food (down-to 85.5% in 1-day TST and 82.0% in 5-day FST). AMPA-specific blocker GYKI 52466 was able to block the antidepressant effects of the GF-containing food.

Conclusion: GF demonstrated the potential as a safe medical food supplement for the patient with depression.     

Evaluation of antidepressant activity of vanillin in mice

Objective:

The main objective of this study was to evaluate antidepressant activity of vanillin in mice models of depression.

Materials and Methods:

Animals were divided into five groups, consisting six mice in each group. Out of these, three groups served as control (distilled water, imipramine,and fluoxetine) and the remaining two groups received test drug in two different doses (10mg/kg and 100mg/kg). All the drugs were administered orally one hour before the test procedure for acute study and daily for ten days for chronic study. Mice were subjected to forced swim (FST) and tail suspension tests (TST).

Results:

Both the doses of vanillin reduced the immobility duration in TST as well as in FST. In TST, there was a statistically significant decrease in the immobility in all the groups when compared to the control (distilled water) group. But the reduction of immobility in FST did not show statistically significant reduction in immobility in the groups treated with vanillin when compared with control. In the chronic study group that received vanillin at a dose of 100mg/kg, the immobility reduction was significantly lower when compared to the group receiving fluoxetine.

Conclusion:

Vanillin at the dosage of 100mg/kg has demonstrated antidepressant activity in mice, which is comparable with fluoxetine.KEY WORDS: Antidepressant, depression, fluoxetine, imipramine, vanillin     

越鞠丸及各单味药醇提物对小鼠的抗抑郁作用研究

目的:探讨越鞠丸全方及各单味药(香附、川芎、栀子、苍术、神曲)醇提物的抗抑郁活性。方法:采用小鼠悬尾和强迫小鼠游泳实验2种行为绝望法复制小鼠抑郁模型,对越鞠丸全方及各单味药分别进行抗抑郁活性研究。结果:除神曲外,越鞠丸全方及各单味药醇提物均能不同程度地缩短小鼠悬尾不动时间和小鼠强迫游泳不动时间,具有抗抑郁样活性;越鞠丸全方醇提物、苍术和川芎可显著缩短小鼠悬尾不动时间和游泳不动时间。结论:越鞠丸全方及香附、苍术、川芎、栀子醇提物均有不同程度的抗抑郁活性,其抗抑郁活性部位/成分可能主要存在于苍术、川芎2味药材之中。     

Antidepressant effect of extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves in behavioral models

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) are a complex product prepared from green leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of EGB was examined using two behavioral models, the forced swimming test (FST) in rats and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. EGB significantly reduced immobility time in the FST at a dosage of 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight after repeated oral treatment for 14 d, although no change of motor dysfunction was observed with the same dosage in the open field test. These results indicate that EGB might possess an antidepressant activity. In addition, EGB markedly shortened immobility time in the TST after acute inter-peritoneal treatment at a dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. The present study clearly demonstrated that EGB exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models.     

A possible utilization of the mice forced swim test for modeling manic-like increase in vigor and goal-directed behavior

IntroductionThe lack of appropriate animal models for bipolar disorder (BPD) is a major factor hindering the research of its pathophysiology and the development of new drug treatments. In line with the notion that BPD might represent a heterogeneous group of disorders, it was suggested that models for specific domains of BPD should be developed. The present study tested the possible utilization of the forced swim test (FST) as a model for the heightened vigor and goal-directed behavior domain of mania, using mice with low baseline immobility.MethodsBlack Swiss mice were previously identified to have low immobility in the FST but similar spontaneous activity levels compared with several other mice strains. Thus, spontaneous activity and behavior in the FST were evaluated following treatment with the mood stabilizer valproate and the antidepressant imipramine.ResultsThe results indicated that valproate increased immobility in the FST without affecting spontaneous activity whereas imipramine had no effect in the FST but increased spontaneous activity.DiscussionThese findings suggest that in mice with low baseline immobility scores, the FST might be a useful model for the elevated vigor and goal-directed behavior domain of mania. As such, this test might be well integrated into a battery of models for different domains of BPD.