Indoor air quality in ice skating rinks in Hong Kong

Indoor air quality in ice skating rinks has become a public concern due to the use of propane- or gasoline-powered ice resurfacers and edgers. In this study, the indoor air quality in three ice rinks with different volumes and resurfacer power sources (propane and gasoline) was monitored during usual operating hours. The measurements included continuous recording of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)), particulate matter with diameter less than 10 microm (PM(10)), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), nitrogen oxide (NO(x)), and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). The average CO, CO(2), and TVOC concentrations ranged from 3190 to 6749 microg/m(3), 851 to 1329 ppm, and 550 to 765 microg/m(3), respectively. The average NO and NO(2) concentrations ranged from 69 to 1006 microg/m(3) and 58 to 242 microg/m(3), respectively. The highest CO and TVOC levels were observed in the ice rink which a gasoline-fueled resurfacer was used. The highest NO and NO(2) levels were recorded in the ice rink with propane-fueled ice resurfacers. The air quality parameters of PM(2.5), PM(10), and SO(2) were fully acceptable in these ice rinks according to HKIAQO standards. Overall, ice resurfacers with combustion engines cause indoor air pollution in ice rinks in Hong Kong. This conclusion is similar to those of previous studies in Europe and North America.     

某地铁站竣工耐室内化学性污染物监测与评价

目的对深圳某地铁站竣工时站厅、站台、室内空气化学性污染物进行卫生监测与评价,预防和控制污染物可能对乘客健康的危害。方法根据该地铁站厅、站台面积,采用随机抽样方法,每天分上、下午对室内空气化学性污染物进行连续3天的检测。结果12种化学性污染物3天检测结果的均值均无超标;站厅站台的PM10、站厅的苯、站台的TVOC合格率分别为85．O％、78．8％、91．7％、96.3％,其他污染物各检测点合格率均为100％;站厅和站台CO、CO2、SO2、NO2,站厅的甲醛,站台的笨、二甲苯的含量明显低于深圳市2004年18个地铁站的平均水平（P〈．05）。结论该地铁站竣工时站厅站台受化学性污染物污染的程度较轻,可能与改善通风和使用环保材料有关。     

吸烟对室内空气污染的研究

目的了解吸烟对室内空气质量的影响及相关影响因素。方法对办公室内吸烟前以及吸烟后不同时间(5、10、15、30、60、90、120、150、180min)空气中CO、可吸入颗粒物(IP)、甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度进行监测,并探讨通风状态以及吸烟人数对吸烟所致室内空气污染的影响。结果门窗关闭条件下,吸烟后5、10、15、30、60、90、120、150、180min,办公室内空气中CO、IP、甲醛、TVOC浓度均显著高于吸烟前(P<0.01)。CO未见超标。吸烟后120min,IP浓度降至标准限值。吸烟后180 min,甲醛、TVOC浓度仍然超标。门窗开启条件下,室内空气污染物浓度在吸烟后明显增加(P<0.01),但各指标均未超标,吸烟后30min基本恢复到吸烟前状态。门窗开启时,吸烟所致的室内空气污染物峰值浓度显著低于门窗关闭时(P<0.01)。吸烟人数与办公室污染物峰值浓度呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论吸烟导致严重的室内空气污染,污染程度随吸烟人数的增多而升高,通风可以有效降低污染程度。     

Housing characteristics and indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde in Quebec City, Canada

Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde were determined in a study of 96 homes in Quebec City, Canada, between January and April 2005. In addition, relative humidity, temperature, and air change rates were measured in homes, and housing characteristics were documented through a questionnaire to occupants. Half of the homes had ventilation rates below 7.5 L/s person. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 29.1 microg/m3 (geometric mean 8.3 microg/m3) and from 9.6 to 90.0 microg/m3 (geometric mean of 29.5 microg/m3), respectively. The housing characteristics documented in the study explained approximately half of the variance of NO2 and formaldehyde. NO2 concentrations in homes were positively correlated with air change rates (indicating a significant contribution of outdoor sources to indoor levels) and were significantly elevated in homes equipped with gas stoves and, to a lesser extent, in homes with gas heating systems. Formaldehyde concentrations were negatively correlated with air change rates and were significantly elevated in homes heated by electrical systems, in those with new wooden or melamine furniture purchased in the previous 12 months, and in those where painting or varnishing had been done in the sampled room in the previous 12 months. Results did not indicate any significant contribution of indoor combustion sources, including wood-burning appliances, to indoor levels of formaldehyde. These results suggest that formaldehyde concentrations in Quebec City homes are caused primarily by off-gassing, and that increasing air change rates in homes could reduce exposure to this compound. More generally, our findings confirm the influence of housing characteristics on indoor concentrations of NO2 and formaldehyde.     

Asthmatic symptoms among pupils in relation to winter indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools in Taiyuan, China

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on associations between children's respiratory heath and air pollution in schools in China. The industrial development and increased traffic may affect the indoor exposure to air pollutants in school environment. Moreover, there is a need to study respiratory effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and emissions from new building materials in homes in China. OBJECTIVES: We studied the associations between pupils' asthmatic symptoms and indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools, as well as selected home exposures, in a coal-burning city in north China. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was administered to pupils (11-15 years of age) in 10 schools in urban Taiyuan, collecting data on respiratory health and selected home environmental factors. Indoor and outdoor school air pollutants and climate factors were measured in winter. RESULTS: A total of 1,993 pupils (90.2%) participated; 1.8% had cumulative asthma, 8.4% wheezing, 29.8% had daytime attacks of breathlessness. The indoor average concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and formaldehyde by class were 264.8, 39.4, 10.1, and 2.3 microg/m3, respectively. Outdoor levels were two to three times higher. Controlling for possible confounders, either wheeze or daytime or nocturnal attacks of breathlessness were positively associated with SO2, NO2, or formaldehyde. In addition, ETS and new furniture at home were risk factors for wheeze, daytime breathlessness, and respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: Indoor chemical air pollutants of mainly outdoor origin could be risk factors for pupils' respiratory symptoms at school, and home exposure to ETS and chemical emissions from new furniture could affect pupils' respiratory health.     

兰州市新装修室内环境空气污染特征

目的 研究兰州市室内空气污染特征.方法 对兰州市装修完成1个月内的10间办公室和100套居民住宅进行室内空气中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、氨和氡的检测.对室内空气污染物的时间分布、空间分布、时间衰减变化进行调查.结果 10个办公室空气中甲醛、TVOC、氨严重超标,平均浓度分别为0.533、5.57、0.396 mg/m3,最高浓度超标分别为12.6倍、30.6倍、3.3倍.100套住宅中,客厅、卧室、书房、厨房的甲醛超标率在35.0%～78.8%之间,甲醛最高浓度超标8.5倍;TVOC超标率在56.0%～75.0%之间,最高浓度超标19.8倍;氨超标率在37.0%～41.7%之间,最高浓度超标5.1倍;氡未见超标.卧室污染相对较重.随着通风时间的延长,室内空气中检测到的挥发性有机物的浓度和种类明显减少.结论 兰州市因装修导致的室内空气污染较为严重.     

坑道空气净化技术应用及其装置研制

目的为解决平战时坑道中化学与生物性空气污染对进驻人员身体健康的影响,探讨应用空气净化技术并研制净化装置。方法利用组合净化技术与方法通过高效过滤单元,去除颗粒物;采用低温等离子体和纳米光催化净化单元,消除或杀灭化学污染物和微生物。结果研制的坑道空气净化装置样机对不同浓度的典型空气污染物1 h平均净化率分别为:H2S 100.0%,SO294.9%,NO292.8%,NH384.3%,CO297.6%,CO 68.8%,甲醛100.0%,苯96.4%,甲苯94.5%,二甲苯90.5%,颗粒物91.3%,细菌总数100.0%。坑道现场试用可有效净化空气微生物、总悬浮颗粒物以及CO、CO2、总挥发性有机物TVOC等有害气体。结论研制的空气净化装置可对坑道内典型的化学污染物及大肠杆菌代表的微生物进行有效地去除或杀灭,现场试用结果表明可有效保证坑道空气质量。     

广州市某商场装修前后有机物污染状况调查

目的了解商场装修前后室内空气中有机物的污染状况及其变化趋势,探讨室内空气质量的影响因素,为制定相应的防治措施提供依据。方法分别检测某商场装修前(土建验收时)、室内装修刚完成时(货架已摆好,开业前1个月)和装修后6个月(商场开业正常运转5个月时)室内空气的甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的浓度,比较不同时期商场室内空气有机物浓度水平。结果装修前甲醛指标符合国家卫生标准。甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC浓度的峰值均出现在装修刚完成时,其中甲醛、甲苯、TVOC的超标率分别为22.2%、55.6%、55.6%。装修前甲醛平均浓度最低,为0.039 mg/m3,装修刚完成时平均浓度最高,为0.083 mg/m3,装修后6个月平均浓度逐渐降低,为0.054 mg/m3,差异有统计学意义,P<0.001。装修刚完成时甲苯和TVOC的浓度明显高于装修后6个月(P<0.05),苯、二甲苯在这两阶段浓度尚未发现有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论室内装修是造成室内空气有机物污染的主要原因,随着时间的推移,有机污染物浓度逐渐下降。     

宜兴市新装修居室内空气污染状况及影响因素

目的了解宜兴市新装修居室室内空气污染水平和分布状况,研究居室装修对室内空气质量的影响,为有效防治室内空气污染提供科学依据。方法依据《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2002),采用酚试剂法测定甲醛,气相色谱法测定总挥发性有机物(TVOC)。结果宜兴市2012年-2016年室内空气中甲醛的超标率达17.76%,最大检出浓度超过国家标准5倍以上,TVOC的超标率达65.88%,最大检出浓度超过国家标准15倍以上。各种污染物的超标率均为豪华装修﹥中档装修﹥简单装修。客厅墙面材质的不同,对室内空气中污染物的影响没有明显特征。进家具前后污染物浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论宜兴市室内空气中各种污染物的超标情况严重,并且未见逐年降低趋势,装修工艺、材料、家具、装修后时间等是影响室内空气污染物浓度的主要因素。     

Comparison of the indoor air quality in mould damaged and reference buildings in a subarctic climate

The purpose of this study was to search for objective parameters most relevant to indicate microbial problems of buildings in cold climate. Various indoor characteristics were compared in nine buildings with known history of moisture problems and visible mould (index) and in nine matched reference buildings. The concentrations of airborne viable fungal had a clear difference between the two groups of buildings. In this study, airborne concentrations of viable bacteria, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and the occurrence of house dust mites in these index buildings were compared with the levels of the pollutants in matched reference buildings. Fungal growth and flora on moist building materials were also studied. The concentrations of TVOC were slightly higher in the index buildings than in the reference buildings. However, the differences in the concentrations or appearance of any of the studied pollutants were not significant. These parameters do not seem to be relevant indicators of microbial growth or surrogates of microbial exposure. Thus, fungal concentration and composition of fungal genera in the air still seems to be the best indicator for moisture problems among the studied pollutants. In the moist building materials, some fungal genera, such as Ulocladium and Chaetophoma were detected that were not found in indoor air showing that building material samples give additional information on the microflora of the building.     

房屋装修过程中室内空气污染物的动态变化

[目的]观察房屋装修过程中室内空气主要污染物的动态变化。[方法]选择一套装修中的普通民宅为观察对象,分别于装修前后不同阶段7次采集室内空气样本,采用分光光度法及气相色谱法分析样本,动态观察空气中甲醛、苯及苯系物、总挥发性有机物（TVOC）等污染物的浓度变化。[结果]参照《室内空气质量标准》（GB／T18883-2002）,房屋在常规装修过程中超标的主要污染物为二甲苯（为标准限值0．20mg／m^3的5．0—75．0倍）、TVOC（为标准限值0．60mg／m^3的12．0—79．0倍）和甲醛（为标准限值0．10mg／m^3的1．4—4．0倍）,其中二甲苯和TVOC主要来源于油漆稀释剂,甲醛主要来源于墙面乳胶漆以及家具板材所用胶黏剂;在时间上以油漆喷涂、乳胶漆滚涂以及家具进场后污染最为严重。[结论]室内装修过程中挥发性污染物超标严重,主要超标物质为二甲苯、TVOC和甲醛。污染物浓度值与通风状况、装修时间密切相关。监测结果表明,装修结束后通风5个月基本可使室内污染物浓度降低到标准限值之下。     

装修所致室内空气污染对健康的影响

目的通过对新装修住宅的室内空气质量检测和居民健康状况调查,研究室内空气污染物对居民健康的危害。方法检测159户新装修6月～1年的居室室内空气中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、氨和放射性氡的浓度,并用问卷调查居民的健康状况。以各个污染物浓度是否超过国家标准分组分析其对居民健康的影响。结果超标组和达标组室内空气中甲醛浓度分别为(0.170±0.075)mg m3,(0.064±0.022)mg m3;TVOC超标组和TVOC达标组室内空气中TVOC浓度分别为(2.033±1.161)mg m3,(0.271±0.142)mg m3。甲醛超标组居民疲劳、恶心、眼部刺激症状、鼻部刺激症状、喉咙干燥、皮肤干燥、皮肤骚痒、皮肤红肿的阳性率均明显高于甲醛达标组(均P<0.05)。TVOC超标组居民恶心、皮肤骚痒、胸闷气短3个指标阳性率明显高于TVOC达标组(均P<0.05)。结论装修可致室内空气中甲醛和TVOC超标,并可引起明显居民恶心、眼部刺激症状和皮肤刺激等症状,严重损害了居民健康。     

Assessment of indoor air pollution in homes with infants

Infants spend most of their indoor time at home; however, residential air quality is poorly understood. We investigated the air quality of infants' homes in the New England area of the U.S. Participants (N = 53) were parents of infants (0-6 months) who completed telephone surveys to identify potential pollutant sources in their residence. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤0.5 μm (PM(0.5)), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were measured in 10 homes over 4-7 days, and levels were compared with health-based guidelines. Pollutant levels varied substantially across homes and within homes with overall levels for some homes up to 20 times higher than for other homes. Average levels were 0.85 ppm, 663.2 ppm, 18.7 μg/m(3), and 1626 μg/m(3) for CO, CO(2), PM(0.5), and TVOCs, respectively. CO(2), TVOCs, and PM(0.5) levels exceeded health-based indoor air quality guidelines. Survey results suggest that nursery renovations and related potential pollutant sources may be associated with differences in urbanicity, income, and presence of older children with respiratory ailments, which could potentially confound health studies. While there are no standards for indoor residential air quality, our findings suggest that additional research is needed to assess indoor pollution exposure for infants, which may be a vulnerable population.     

9种住宅空气净化器的净化效果

[目的]评价目前市场上主要品牌住宅用空气净化器对空气污染物的净化效果。[方法]采用30m3环境测试舱法测试9种家用空气净化器对颗粒物、甲醛、总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）、氨、二甲苯的净化效果,并以去除率、洁净空气量、净化效能等指标评价上述空气净化器的净化性能。[结果]在所测试的净化器中,对甲醛、TVOC、氨、二甲苯的3h去除率≥80％的净化器分别占测试总数的55．6％、88．9％、33．3％和88．9％。按甲醛、TVOC、氨、二甲苯净化效能符合《空气净化器》（GB／T18801-2008）（≥D级）要求划分的净化器分别占测试总数的77．7％、88．9％、55．6％和100．0％;颗粒物净化效能符合《空气净化器》净化效能A级要求的空气净化器占测试总数的88．9％。[结论]所抽检的家用空气净化器有机污染气体和颗粒物净化的总体性能良好,而对氨类的净化性能不足。     

A comparison of indoor air pollutants in Japan and Sweden: formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorinated volatile organic compounds

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds (chlorinated VOC) were measured in 37 urban dwellings in Nagoya, Japan, and 27 urban dwellings in Uppsala, Sweden, using the same sampling procedures and analytical methods. Indoor as well as outdoor air concentrations of HCHO, NO2, and chlorinated VOC were significantly higher in Nagoya than in Uppsala (P<0.01), with the exception of tetrachlorocarbon in outdoor air. In Nagoya, HCHO and NO2 concentrations were significantly higher in modern concrete houses than in wooden houses and higher in newer (less than 10 years) than in older dwellings (P<0.01), possibly due to less natural ventilation and more emission sources in modern buildings. Dwellings heated with unvented combustion sources had significantly higher indoor concentrations of NO2 than those with clean heating (P<0.05). Moreover, dwellings with moth repellents containing p-dichlorobenzene had significantly higher indoor concentrations of p-dichlorobenzene (P<0.01). In conclusion, there appear to be differences between Nagoya and Uppsala with respect to both indoor and outdoor pollution levels of the measured pollutants. More indoor pollution sources could be identified in Nagoya than in Uppsala, including construction and interior materials emitting VOC, use of unvented combustion space heaters, and moth repellents containing p-dichlorobenzene.     

Predictors of indoor air concentrations in smoking and non-smoking residences

Indoor concentrations of air pollutants (benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, elemental carbon and ozone) were measured in residences in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Data were collected in 106 homes in winter and 111 homes in summer of 2007, with 71 homes participating in both seasons. In addition, data for relative humidity, temperature, air exchange rates, housing characteristics and occupants' activities during sampling were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to construct season-specific models for the air pollutants. Where smoking was a major contributor to indoor concentrations, separate models were constructed for all homes and for those homes with no cigarette smoke exposure. The housing characteristics and occupants' activities investigated in this study explained between 11% and 53% of the variability in indoor air pollutant concentrations, with ventilation, age of home and attached garage being important predictors for many pollutants.     

中国部分城市住宅室内空气中重要污染物的调查研究

目的调查中国部分城市住宅室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醛、氨和氡的污染状况。方法在每个城市中随机选择装修完成时间一年之内的住宅作为监测对象,测定室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯系物、总挥发性有机化合物和氡的浓度,在入户监测的同时,进行住宅室内状况调查。调查时间为2002年5月至2004年11月。采样点高度保持在呼吸带,采样时间为30分钟。甲醛、氨、苯系物和总挥发性有机化合物分别采用AHMT分光光度法、纳氏试剂比色法和TenaxTA吸附/二次热解吸/毛细管气相色谱法,氡的测量采用α径迹探测器法。结果甲醛、氨、总挥发性有机化合物的平均浓度分别为(0.16±0.16)、(0.12±0.15)、(2.18±12.94)mg/m3;苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的平均浓度分别为(124.04±272.60)、(258.90±672.98)、(189.68±561.16)μg/m3;氡浓度算数平均值和几何平均值分别为(43.8±37.7)和37.4Bqm-3。结论住宅室内装修污染的主要污染物为甲醛、苯系物、TVOC。26个主要城市室内氡浓度的监测结果可基本反应出我国室内氡的水平、超标比率、变化趋势。     

Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in air samples taken in some Canadian houses and to determine the association between aldehyde levels and housing characteristics. Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein were measured in 59 homes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, during the winter of 2002. Housing characteristics were documented through inspection and by interviews of occupants. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 87.5 microg/m(3) (median, 29.6 microg/m(3)), from 4.4 to 79.1 microg/m(3) (median, 18.9 microg/m(3)), and from 0.1 to 4.9 microg/m(3) (median, 0.9 microg/m(3)), respectively. Formaldehyde levels were elevated in homes built after 1970. Acetaldehyde and acrolein levels were elevated in homes inhabited by at least one smoker and in homes built 1970--1985 and were correlated with absolute humidity and carbon dioxide, two variables likely to be surrogates for lower air exchange rates. In conclusion, lower air exchange rates appear to be important determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein levels in homes. These data also confirm that smoking is a significant source of acetaldehyde and acrolein and indoor air.     

Beurteilung von Innenraumluftkontaminationen mittels Referenz- und Richtwerten

Assessment of indoor air contaminants is recommended to be based on toxicologically derived guideline values (GV, German: Richtwerte, RW) for single substances, TVOC levels, and statistically derived reference values. This recommendation refers to private and public indoor environments and workplaces without production-related handling of hazardous substances. According to the working group's current assessments, the GV I (RW I) is a concentration below which no adverse health effects are to be expected even at life-long exposure to the respective single substance. Concentrations exceeding GV II (RW II) are likely to represent a threat to health, especially for sensitive people. According to a general scheme, guideline values I and II have been derived for - toluene (0.3 and 3 mg/m(3)), - pentachlorophenol (0.1 and 1 microg/m(3)), - dichloromethane (0.2 and 2 mg/m(3)), - styrene (0.03 and 0.3 mg/m(3)), - tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (0.005 and 0.05 mg/m(3)), - bicyclic terpenes (0.2 and 2 mg/m(3), - naphthalene (0.002 and 0.02 mg/m(3)), - aliphatic hydrocarbons (0.2 and 2 mg/m(3)). In case of concentrations exceeding GV II, immediate measures are to be taken, among them restrictions of the time spent in the room and measures to remove or reduce emission sources. At levels between GV I and GV II, increased air exchange and cleaning are adequate first steps. However, if concentrations continue to exceed GV I, more intensive measures are recommended. Based on the TVOC concept (cf. Seifert 1990), 5 stages with specific recommendations are defined provided that the special GVs ("Richtwerte") are not exceeded: Level 1: TVOC < 0. 3 mg/m(3): No hygienic objections, target value. Level 2: TVOC > 0.3-1 mg/m(3): No relevant objections, but increased ventilation recommended. Level 3: TVOC > 1-3 mg/m(3): Concerning hygienic aspects, some objections due to elevated concentration level. Upper range for a maximum of 12 months. Search for sources, increased ventilation recommended. Level 4: TVOC > 3-10 mg/m(3): Major objections. Should not be tolerated for > 1 month. Restricted use only. Search for sources, intensified ventilation necessary. Level 5: TVOC > 10-25 mg/m(3): Situation not acceptable. Use only if unavoidable and then for short periods (hours) only with intensified ventilation. An assessment based on reference values does not imply any health risk assessment. It only provides information on exposure relative to the exposure of the reference group. For comparison, regularly updated and representative reference values are recommended. In case of exceeded reference values, plausibility should be checked. Considering concentration and known toxicological data, health relevance should be estimated in order to decide on the necessity of measures to be taken. Since results of indoor air measurements are strongly influenced by sampling strategy, ventilation and climatic factors, recommendations are given in order to standardise sampling procedures and conditions.     

居室装修后甲醛和TVOC污染状况及对成人健康影响的调查

目的：了解居室装修后室内空气中甲醛与总挥发性有机物（TVOC）污染状况及其对人体健康的影响。方法：对近5年内有装修史的家庭进行室内空气甲醛和TVOC检测,同时对家庭成员中的成人进行健康调查。结果：研究对象中30．57％（107／350）的家庭成员出现不同程度异常症状。随着装修后时间的延长,室内甲醛和TVOC浓度逐渐下降,人体异常症状出现率也逐渐下降;随着日平均开窗时间的增加,甲醛浓度呈明显下降趋势。结论：居室装修后普遍存在室内空气污染,影响了家庭成员健康。甲醛与TVOC是装修后室内污染空气中普遍存在的污染物。