Effets de la reprise d’une activité physique régulière sur les capacités physiques et la qualité de vie d’hommes atteints du syndrome métabolique

Objective

To assess the effects of aerobic training on physical capacities and quality of life in men with metabolic syndrome (Mets), using field evaluation tools.

Synthesis

The physical capacities and the quality of life of eight men with Mets (59.5 ± 4.8 years old) was assessed before and after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training by the 6 minutes walking test and the quality of life, obesity and dietetics scale.

Conclusion

Aerobic exercise training of 8 weeks improves physical capacities and the psychosocial impact dimension of quality of life in men with Mets, without generating anthropometric modification.     

Suivi de l’entraînement de nageurs de haut niveau par questionnaire de fatigue, dosages hormonaux et variabilité de la fréquence cardiaqueTraining follow up by questionnaire fatigue, hormones and heart rate variability measurements

Introduction. – A short questionnaire of fatigue, urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio and heart rate variability were measured in 14 elite swimmers during heavy, light and moderate training periods.Results. – The questionnaire was strongly related to the variations of training and performance (r > 0.70). Correlations were lower with the hormonal ratio and insignificant with the heart rate variability.Conclusion. – The questionnaire and the hormonal ratio were good markers of the variations of training and performance contrary to the heart rate variability.     

Effets d'une restriction hydrique et alimentaire prolongée (ramadan) sur la performance et les réponses cardiovasculaires au cours d'un exercice incrémental en milieu tropical chaud

Backgroung

Previous studies showed that maximal oxygen uptake and maximal heart rate were not different during prolonged fasting (ramadan) compared to normal feeding period. However, the effect of ramadan on the blood pressure response during incremental exercise has not been investigated.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of blood pressure during incremental trial in ramadan period.

Methods

Twelve young trained male aged 24 ± 4 yrs participated as voluntary subjects. Their anthropometric parameters, maximal aerobic power and maximal heart were measured in fasting and in normal feeding periods during incremental trial on cycle ergometer.

Results

No significant difference was observed in any anthropometric parameter. Maximal aerobic power of fasting period was significantly less (P < 0,05) compared to normal feeding. Heart rate at rest, at maximal exercise and during a 15 min period of recovery was not significantly affected. Systolic blood pressure of fasting period at maximal power was significantly lower than during the control period (P < 0,05).

Conclusion

Ramadan negatively influences the capacity of maximal power and cardiovascular response at maximal power.     

Effet de l'entraînement sur l'anabolisme musculaire : analyse de la réceptivité à la testostérone

This study analysed consequences of testosteronemia changes on anabolic process after endurance physical training. During 8 weeks, rats were physically trained in endurance tests. Plasmatic testosterone concentrations were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), weight of three skeletal muscles (soleus, EDL, tibialis anterior) and total muscular protein concentrations were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After endurance physical training muscular hypertrophy was well evidenced (P < 0.05). The analyse of testosterone muscular receptor was performed, permitting two essentials conclusions: according to fibre histological profiles, hormonal receptivity was more profound on fast-twitch muscles (P < 0.05); this hormonal receptivity persists as well as testosteronemia, which was significantly diminished with endurance training.     

Técnicas de recanalización vertebrobasilar antes de la introducción de las endoprótesis recuperadoras: la reapertura no es sinónimo de buena evolución

Objectives

To evaluate the recanalization rate and clinical outcome three months after endovascular treatment for vertebrobasilar occlusion before the placement of stentrievers.

Material and methods

We reviewed all cases of basilar thrombosis treated with endovascular techniques at our center. We reviewed the clinical outcomes with the main objective of determining the recanalization rate and the secondary objective of evaluating the outcome using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) three months after treatment. We assessed clinical and angiographic variables and correlated them with outcome and complications.

Results

We reviewed a total of 27 consecutive patients (mean age, 58.1 ± 15.5 y; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), 21, interquartile range, 18-29; median Glasgow coma score (GCS) 7, interquartile range, 4-9.5). The mean time between the onset of symptoms and endovascular treatment was 26.3 ± 41.7 hours. Complete or partial recanalization was achieved in 23 (85.1%) patients. Three months after treatment, 16 (59.2%) had died and 6 (22.2%) had good outcome (mRS ≤ 2).

Conclusion

Endovascular treatment achieved a high rate of recanalization of occlusions of the basilar artery. Nevertheless, a high percentage of the patients did not have a good outcome. New materials might improve the prognosis in these patients.     

Activité physique adaptée et qualité de vie liée à la santé lors d’un séjour hospitalier chez des enfants atteints d’un cancer : APOP, un essai randomisé en cross-over

Introduction

The objective was to assess the efficacy of adapted physical activity on quality of life of hospitalized children and adolescents with cancer.

Facts

Thirty children were included in the APOP study (mean age 13.6 ± 2.9 years; 18 males). Cross-over analysis revealed no effect of period or interaction between physical activity and period. Quality of life was higher when children practiced than when they did not practice physical activity during their hospitalization, as reported by both children and parents, for the dimensions of physical functioning (P < 0.0001), role/social-physical limitations (P = 0.001), self-esteem (P < 0.0001) and mental health (P < 0.0001). Physical activity had a significant effect on the general behavior dimension (P = 0.01), as reported by children, and on the bodily pain dimension (P = 0.0004), as reported by parents.

Conclusion

Physical activity practiced during hospitalization for children with cancer was associated with better health-related quality of life.     

Adaptations myocardiques chez l'enfant prépubère soumis à un entraînement intensif. Étude comparative entre une population de gymnastes et de nageurs

Introduction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardiac structure and function in prepubertal highly-trained swimmers and gymnasts. Method. Thirty-five children (10–11 years) were investigated: nine swimmers (S), 15 gymnasts (G) and 11 as a control group (C). The swimmers and gymnasts had trained on average 10 to 12 h/wk for at least 2 years. The subjects were examined at rest by M-mode, bi-dimensional and Doppler analyses according to standard procedures recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. The following parameters were obtained: left ventricular (LV) internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd) and at end-systole —posterior wall and interventricular septal thicknesses -Left ventricular mass (Lvmass) — LV shortening fraction — ejection fraction — peak velocity of early diastolic rapid inflow and of atrial contraction filling — mitral acceleration and deceleration — isovolumic relaxation time. In addition, the cardiac output was evaluated from transaortic Doppler examinations. The heart rate (Hr) was measured simultaneously with all echocardiographic examinations. Results.- The main results show that LV internal diastolic dimensions and LV mass were significantly higher in S than in the other two groups. No differences were however observed between groups regarding cardiac wall thicknesses. Moreover, all values of G were very close to those obtained by C. Both systolic and diastolic functions were normal in the three groups. Finally, the stroke volume (SV) was higher in S than in the other two groups and because of a bradycardia observed among S, the resting cardiac output was similar in the three groups. The higher LVIDd in S still persisted after correction for Hr. A low diastolic period associated with higher LVIDs can probably explain the high SV in S. Conclusion.- Our results strongly suggest that cardiac structure and function adaptations can occur in prepubertal children as a result of an intensive training program prolonged over a long-term period, only if this program is predominantly based on aerobic exercises. Whatever the kind of sport, neither LV systolic nor diastolic functions are affected by training during prepuberty. Further investigations will however be needed in order to better understand diastolic function adaptations to intensive aerobic training in children.     

Étude comparative de l'analyse spectrale de la fréquence cardiaque au cours de l'exercice sur ergocycle et de l'entraînement en judoHeart rate comparative study by spectral analysis between two exercises: ergocycle vs judo randori

Aim – Heart rate comparative study by spectral analysis between a 6 minutes judo randori et a 4 minutes ergocycle exercise at .Materials and methods – By ten male judokas, both time series were analyzed by short term Fourier transform (time/frequency analysis). Each 512 RR time series drawn from ECG was subdivided by Hanning windowing in 13 samples of 128 values (32 RR periods step). For each sample, both exercise types, means of the ten spectrograms have been computed, yielding two mean spectrograms for each sample.Results – 1) Despite a near maximal heart rate (HR) level between the two exercise types, the spectral energy computed from judo randori was significantly more important than ergocycle spectral energy. This phenomenon yields a qualitative effect of the exercise type (judo or ergocycle) on HRV. 2) the normalized spectral powers of low frequency and high frequency bands respectively, were not significantly different between both exercise types.Conclusion – The autonomie nervous control on HR would depend rather on exercise load than on exercise type.     

Exploration détaillée des composantes de la glycorégulation chez des sportifs sujets aux hypoglycémies d’effort. Intérêt de l’oral minimal model

Context

Exercise hypoglycaemia (EH) is a very common yet little studied condition. It occurs in subjects with high values of insulin sensitivity (S_I) and glucose effectiveness (S_G), and is mainly triggered by dietary errors, over-training, or special circumstances (exposure to unusual temperatures, altitude, disruption of circadian rhythms).

Methods and results

We showed that S_I and S_G can be calculated from test meals by mathematical modelling (oral minimal model), whereas in athletes “surrogates” of S_I (HOMA, QUICKI, etc.) are misleading (not applicable in this area of high insulin sensitivity). These meals can also provide a comprehensive picture of the components of insulin secretion, which makes this exploration more informative. We studied the results obtained by this method in 19 athletes complaining of EH compared to 58 matched athletes not complaining from this problem. We observed higher values of S_I (P < 0.05) and S_G (P < 0.03), but overall, insulin secretion Φ_oral was similar. However, one of the components of insulin secretion, β-cell glucose sensitivity, is higher on the average (P < 0.04) because in 30% of cases it remains above the normal range for athletes, while remaining in the range for a normal population. Therefore, overall tolerance to carbohydrates (product Φ_oral × S_I) is higher (+58% P < 0.04).

Conclusion

Thus, these subjects have a powerful carbohydrate disposal, which is incompletely compensated by the expected homeostatic decrease in insulin secretion, especially with regard to β-cell glucose sensitivity.     

Puissance critique de l’enfant prépubère et de l’adulte

Aim

The aim of the study was to compare aerobic and anerobic abilities of prepubertal children and adults with the critical power concept.

Methods

Sixteen children (10.3 ± 0.9 years) and 15 adults (23.5 ± 3.6 years) performed five tests: a maximal-graded test and four constant load exercises until exhaustion. Critical power (CP) and anaerobic-work capacity (CTA) were determined from the power-1/time (P-t) linear relationship.

Results

Determination coefficients for P-t were 0.94 ± 0.05 in children and 0.96 ± 0.04 in adults. PC values were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in children (2.7 ± 0.4 W/kg) than in adults (3.1 ± 0.3 W/kg). CTA values were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in children (136.4 ± 50.8 J/kg) than in adults (247.1 ± 45.7 J/kg).

Conclusion

Satisfying determination coefficients for CP and CTA were found in children and adults. Children have a lower CP and CTA than adults. This result is in accordance with literature.     

Les effets indésirables de la créatine exogène: de la fiction à la réalité

Summary

Objectives

For the last six years the consumption of exogenous creatine monohydrate has been extended more and more. Despite numerous publications on the ergogenic effects of this naturally occurring substance, there is almost no information on the deleterious effects of this supplement. The objectives of this review are to point out facts which are often in contradiction with allegations introduced by the media.

Topics

In athletes, exogenous creatine supplements amount to 20 g per day during five days followed by 1 to 10 g per day, every day, for weeks, months, and even years. Usually consumers do not report side-effects, with the exception of body weight increase. However, gastro-intestinal disturbances and muscle cramps have been reported occasionally. Liver and kidney dysfunction have also been hypothesized but real facts are missing for this. From a theoretical point of view, exogenous creatine supplementation suppresses its hepatic synthesis (maximum 2 g per day for vegetarians). Its destination is mainly (95–98%) skeletal muscle and all excess is excreted in urine (on average 60% of the supplement). Scientific publications on the undesirable effects of exogenous creatine are almost non-existent, but newspapers and the media do not hesitate to publish false information or wrong interpretations based on one individual case of an individual with nephropathy who, later on, consumed creatine monohydrate. In addition, we did not find any side-effects on renal function after short-term (five days), medium-term (nine weeks) or long-term (up to five years) creatine supplementation in small cohorts of athletes.

Future prospects

We have no intention to validate or not the supplementation of exogenous creatine by athletes, but apparently there are no real deleterious effects on the body of healthy consumers. Nevertheless, one has to be careful about individual reactions when excess food are taken up. We are convinced that regular biological check-ups are needed to avoid any abnormal reaction under creatine supplementation.     

Aspects biologiques des interactions de l’exercice et de la récupération

Subject

The use of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry technique (FT-IR) as a pitch technique of the biological control of short and intense exercises close to those of Rugby matches.

Material and method

In reference to 28 rugbymen of international level, the biological results of three short and intense exercises and two periods of recovery were analyzed by TF-IR. The exercises are: (1) sprints; (2) 12 × 20 m of swerve running; (3) 6 × 30 s of shuttle run.

Results

Lactate, glucose, urea, and to a lesser degree, triglycerides showed a significant evolution. If the evolution of the two first was in conformity with the literature, the increase of urea probably results from the activation of the purins–nucleotides cycle, whereas the evolution of triglycerides is explained by their probable muscular use during periods of active recovery. Among proteins related to the healthy sportsman, only haptoglobin presents a significant variation difficult to explain whereas CRP, orosomucoid and immunoglobulins A, G and M remain close to their rest values.

Conclusion

With the use of FT-IR technique, it is possible to intervene directly on the pitches of the sporting practice to control the biological incidences and to adjust the loads individually. It is also possible to detect inflammatory and immunological problems related to the biomechanical and physiological stresses.     

Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on glomerular filtration rate in essential hypertension: a radionuclide study

A number of studies show that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) raises renal sodium excretion with a concomitant increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both experimental animals and normal humans. Studies using indirect evaluation of GFR have provided less consistent results in hypertensive patients. We studied the effects of intravenously administered (iv) -human ANP on GFR in patients with hypertension by a radionuclide technique using technetium 99m diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. In six patients (ANP group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during iv ANP (initial bolus of 0.5 g/kg followed by a 21-min maintenance infusion at 0.05 g · kg^–1 · min^–1) and during a recovery phase. In six other patients (control group), GFR was determined under control conditions, during saline iv infusion and during recovery. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, basal blood pressure, heart rate or GFR. In the ANP group, the infusion of the peptide induced a significant decrease of mean blood pressure (from 133 ± 5 to 120 ± 5 mmHg, P < 0.01), no change in heart rate and a significant increase in GFR (from 104 ± 4 to 125 ± 5 ml/min, P < 0.01). During recovery, blood pressure, heart rate and GFR were not different from the values recorded under control conditions. No changes in blood pressure, heart rate or GFR (from 106 ± 5 to 108 ± 5 ml/min, n.s.) were detected during saline infusion in the control group. Our results demonstrated that in patients with essential hypertension, ANP induces an augmentation in GFR in spite of a decrease in blood pressure; this suggests a unique role for atrial peptide-related drugs in the treatment of human hypertension.     

Comparaison des données bioénergétiques observées lors d''un exercice musculaire sur bicyclettes équipées de plateaux rond ou «Harmonic

Introduction

In order to “harmonise” the constraints of pedalling (attenuate top dead centre and bottom dead centre), a non circular chain ring called “Harmonic” has been put on the market. The purpose of this study is to understand bioenergetic repercussions of this type of non circular chain ring during muscular exercise upon a bicycle.

Method

Thirteen regional level cyclists took part in this study. Each subject performed two maximal oxygen uptake exercise tests, one with a circular chain ring, the other with a “Harmonic” chain ring with the same cogwheel (52 tooth). They were performed on a cyclo-simulator. Speeds (km·h^t-1) and/or simulated slopes (%) increased every 2 min 30 s. They were, respectively: 28-2, 30-2, 35-2, 37.5-2, 40-2, 40-3, 42.5-3. O₂ uptake (VO₂), pulmonary ventilation and heart rate were measured continuously; and blood lactate concentration was measured during the last 30 s of each level.

Results

Regardless of speeds and slopes, there was no significant difference for VO₂, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate and blood lactate concentration between the two chain rings.

Conclusion

If the chain ring in question is supposed to attenuate top dead centre and bottom dead centre pedalling, it does not present any lessened energy expenditure during muscular exercise.     

Influence de l''hydratation sur la sécrétion d''hormone de croissance induite par l''exerciceHydration influence on exercise-induced growth hormone secretion

Aim – Study was then to investigate hydration influence on exercise-induced GHh secretion.Methods and results – Seven healthy men underwent a submaximal rectangular cycling exercise for 30 minutes to 150 watts during two sessions. A first one without any water intake and a second one with ingestion of spring water corresponding to the volume of water lost during the first session. Plasma volume decrease was significantly higher during the first session (p < 0.05). Total GH secretion was significantly lower during this session (p < 0.05).Conclusion – A moderate dehydration decreases exercise-induced GH response. Thus, hypovolemia may exert a negative feed back on GH secretion, during exercise.     

La sédentarité : un processus physio-psychologique et un facteur de risque pour la santé pour tous

Objectives

Taking into account the process of sedentarism (inclination to sedentary lifestyle) which leads the individual to no longer invest himself in physical activity (PA), despite being conscious of the deleterious character of this behaviour for health.

News

Considering the 3H syndrome (hypodynamy/hypokinesia/hypoxia) which is based on a functional approach of sedentary lifestyle, this article looks at its psycho-physiological interface. This model explains how from the alteration of the physiological capacity inherent to the lack of PA, the individual no longer wants to practice PA, and adopts attitudes and behaviours which are locking him in inactivity. This approach focuses on the importance of the modifications of aerobic capacity and of the feeling of dissatisfaction in the process of sedentary lifestyle.

Perspectives

This process is crucial to understand the phenomenon of over-handicap related to physical inactivity among people with disabilities and/or chronic pathologies.

Conclusion

The question of physical inactivity and/or sedentary lifestyle constitutes a major public health issue. The loss of aerobic capacity is the key element of this process. Recommendations are proposed to break this vicious circle of physical inactivity.     

Prévention des lésions de l’appareil locomoteur liées à la pratique de l’athlétisme sur piste. Revue des données épidémiologiques

Objectives

Sports injuries have an important impact on the sport and in daily life. Although athletics is known and performed on five continents, few is known about epidemiological data such as frequency, incidence, diagnosis or risk factors of injuries in athletics. In this context, consideration on strategies of sports injury prevention in athletics should be conducted.

Current knowledge

Sports injury surveillance by epidemiological studies is a preliminary step necessary in the clinical research on sports injury prevention. This is permitted by an agreed and validated methodolgy. Currently, the musculoskeletal lesions related to the track and field practice are common. The great diversity of these lesions reflects the diversity of disciplines, the constraints are different between the explosive disciplines (sprints, hurdles, jumps, throws) and endurance disciplines (middle and long distance). There was a predominance of lesions of thigh and hamstrings in the disciplines of sprint/hurdles, the Achilles tendon in jumps and sprints/hurdles, and chronic knee injuries and stress fractures in middle-distance.

Conclusion

Preventive measures which target the most frequent pathologies should be introduced. However, these data appear insufficient to fully understand the specific injury according to disciplines, and to understand the risk factors and injury mechanisms. Therefore, prospective epidemiological studies, and studies focused on specific populations or pathologies, are needed to improve strategies for the prevention of injuries in track and field.