戊四氮致痫大鼠脑内热休克蛋白70的表达

目的：探讨热休克蛋白70（HSP70）在癫痫大鼠脑内的表达情况及其意义。方法：采用戊四氮致痫模型。应用免疫组织化学及常规清理检查的方法进行研究。结果：在正常大鼠脑内未见HSP70免疫反应（IR）阳性细胞,成四氮致痫12小时后脑内开始出现HSP70IR阳性细胞,24小对IR达高峰．3天后开始下降．7天后消失。HSP70主要在边缘系统（尤其是海马的CA1、CA3、CA4区）、大脑皮质（尤其是颞叶皮质,梨状皮质）等区域表达。同时常规病理检查发现,上述区域散在出现受损的异常神经元。结论：癫痫发作可诱导HSP70在大鼠脑内广泛表达。HSP70表达可作为神经元受损的一个早期指标。     

戊四氮点燃致大鼠癫痫状态后脑内HSP70的分布研究

目的：了解热休克蛋白70（HSP70）在癫痫状态大鼠脑内的分布。方法：应用免疫细胞化学方法观察戊四氮（PTZ）点燃致大鼠癫痫状态后脑内不同区域HSP70的表达。结果：PTZ点燃后大鼠脑CA3区、梨状皮层、杏仁核、丘脑、内嗅皮层、CA1区、顶叶皮层HSP70表达依次减少。结论：HSP70在脑内的表达分布与癫痫脑神经元对兴奋性损伤的耐受性密切相关,可能是癫痫脑神经元选择性脱失的内在机制之一。     

贝美格致痫大鼠皮层、海马γ—氨基丁酸和谷氨酸免疫反应细胞的改变

目的 γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）和谷氨酸（Glu）是脑内重要的抑制性和兴奋性神经递质，二者与癫痫发作密切相关，为了阐明癫痫发病的病理生理机制。方法 我们采用免疫细胞化学及PAP法，观察了贝美格（Bemegride,Be)腹腔致痫大鼠顶叶大脑皮层、海马CA1、CA3、齿状回Glu和GABA免疫反应细胞的改变。结果 图像分析结果显示：Be致痫组大脑皮层、海马Glu免疫反应平均阳性细胞数及光密度较正常对照组明显增加（P＜0．01）；GABA细胞数及光密度减少（P＜0．01）。结论 提示贝美格致痫作用与调节脑内GABA和Glu系统的兴奋性有关。     

海人酸致痫大鼠海马及颞叶皮质区域NMDA受体亚单位R1蛋白的表达

背景：研究表明天门冬氨酸受体亚单位R1与癫痫的发生有关,但其具体的表达情况与癫痫脑损伤的关系尚不明确。 目的：观察海人酸致痫大鼠海马及颞叶皮质区域天门冬氨酸受体亚单位1蛋白表达的变化。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2002-03/2003-03在吉林大学基础医学院生理学和病理生物学教研室完成。 材料：兔抗天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1多克隆抗体购自武汉博士德生物科技公司。 方法：将80只雄性健康鼠龄22周的Wistar大鼠随机分为模型组70只和假手术组10只。模型组注射海人酸1 μL至右侧杏仁核,制备癫痫动物模型,分别于造模后2,6,24,72 h及7,15,30 d各取10只动物处死。假手术组在大鼠右侧杏仁核注入PBS 1 μL。 主要观察指标：致痫后2,6,24,72 h及7,15,30 d应用流式细胞仪技术及免疫组织化学的方法观察大鼠脑组织海马及颞叶皮质天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1蛋白表达的变化。 结果：假手术组海马各区及颞叶皮质有极少量的天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1蛋白阳性细胞分布,海人酸致痫后2 h大鼠海马各区及颞叶皮质天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1蛋白表达迅速增加,6 h明显升高,7 d略有下降（CA3区及颞叶皮质）但仍高于假手术组,并持续至30 d（P<0.01）。致痫后海马CA3区、齿状回与颞叶皮质相比,NMDAR1阳性细胞数增多 (P < 0.01)。 结论：海人酸致痫后大鼠海马及颞叶皮质天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1蛋白的表达水平均上调,在海马CA3及齿状回较为明显,并持续至致痫后的30 d。天门冬氨酸受体受体亚单位1可能参与了癫痫发生和癫痫脑的长时程的兴奋过程。     

亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后海马CA3区HSP70表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤(DBI)后海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡上的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护分子生物机制。方法 将大鼠随机分成空白对照、假手术、单纯DBI和DBI后亚低温治疗四组,按Marmarou氏方法制作大鼠DBI模型,采用免疫组化法、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及流式细胞仪(FCM),分别观察各组动物脑海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡率。结果 与对照组相比,大鼠DBI后海马CA3区HSP70表达水平及细胞凋亡率均升高(P<0.05);亚低温治疗后,大鼠脑海马CA3区HSP70表达水平较单纯DBI组显著增高(P<0.01),而细胞凋亡率则明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温对创伤性脑损伤的脑保护机制可能与促进HSP70表达,并减少神经细胞凋亡有关。     

GFP转基因骨髓基质干细胞移植对癫痫鼠脑电的影响

目的　观察绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）转基因骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）移植至致痫鼠后的存活、迁移及其对癫痫鼠脑电的影响。方法　分离、培养GFP转基因小鼠BMSCs，移植至青霉素致痫鼠的右侧海马内，比较移植后1w、2w、4wBMSCs在脑内的存活和迁移情况及大鼠脑电改变。结果　BMSCs可以在致痫鼠脑内存活和迁移，随移植时间延长，细胞存活数逐渐减少（P〈0．01）；BMSCs移植可减少癫痫大鼠脑电的痫性放电，降低癫痫波波幅。结论　BMSCs移植于青霉素诱发的癫痫鼠脑内后能够存活、迁移，并能够改善癫痫鼠的脑电生理功能，提示干细胞移植可能成为一种有效的癫痫     

A型钾通道Kv4.1在戊四唑致痫大鼠海马区的表达

目的通过检测A型钾通道Kv4.1在戊四唑(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马CA1、CA3及齿状回区的表达变化,探讨A型钾通道在癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法 SD大鼠40只,随机分为正常组、致痫后1 h、24 h、72 h组。腹腔注射PTZ制备大鼠癫痫模型,应用免疫组化及Western Blot技术检测Kv4.1在各时间段海马CA1、CA3及齿状回区的蛋白表达情况。结果致痫组大鼠海马区Kv4.1蛋白表达水平在致痫后1 h、24 h、72 h三个时间段均明显高于正常组(P<0.05);各致痫组之间Kv4.1蛋白表达水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论大鼠癫痫模型海马区A型钾通道Kv4.1蛋白表达增多,Kv4.1的表达上调可能在癫痫的发生中起作用。     

红藻氨酸诱导癫痫大鼠前脑CX32的表达及辛醇干预的影响

目的 观察红藻氨酸(kainic acid,KA)诱导癫痫大鼠前脑缝隙连接蛋白32(connexin 32,CX32)的表达及辛醇干预的影响.方法 用免疫荧光法检测癫痫发作后各时间点大鼠皮质及海马CX32阳性细胞表达.同时观察致痫前给予辛醇干预对大鼠皮质及海马CX32阳性细胞表达的影响.结果 KA致痫组大鼠皮层及海马CX32阳性细胞在各时程明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05),并且随时程延长呈增加趋势,7d达高峰,在海马中的变化比皮层明显,但无统计学意义(P>0.05).辛醇干预组大鼠皮层及海马CX32阳性细胞在各相应时程明显低于KA致痫组(P<0.01).结论 CX32组成缝隙连接(gap junction,GJ)在癫痫的发生发展过程中起重要作用,辛醇可以减少癫痫大鼠CX32表达,降低癫痫敏感性,实现脑保护作用.     

KA注射致痫大鼠脑组织中CX43的表达及其意义

目的探讨CX43与癫痫之间的关系。方法利用免疫组织化学方法、Westernblot方法测定KA致痫后大鼠不同脑区、不同时程的CX43的分布及表达。结果KA致痫后大鼠的大脑皮层及海马均有CX43阳性表达。KA致痫后3h大鼠的海马各区及皮层CX43阳性细胞数逐渐增多，并持续上升，时程越长阳性细胞数目越多。上述变化在海马比皮层明显。结论星形胶质细胞的缝隙连接与癫痫的发生和发展上有密切联系。     

海人酸致痫大鼠海马NMDAR2B及ERK1/2蛋白表达的变化

目的 通过研究海人酸致痫大鼠海马NMDAR2B及ERK1/2蛋白表达的变化,为进一步探明癫痫脑损伤的机制奠定基础.方法 采用在立体定位仪下,将海人酸注射至大鼠杏仁核的方法制备癫痫模型.将大鼠随机分为正常对照组,假手术组及致痫组,分别于不同时间取材,应用免疫组化的方法观察脑组织NMDAR2B蛋白及ERK1/2蛋白表达的变化.结果 正常海马各区均有极少量的NMDAR2B阳性细胞分布,海人酸致痫组后2h大鼠海马各区NMDAR2B表达迅速增加,6h达高峰,并持续至至癫痫后24h(P＜0.01),ERK1/2蛋白致痫后半小时表达开始增高,3h达高峰,后开始下降,6h后恢复到致<痫前的水平(P＜0.01).结论 NMDAR2B参与了癫痫发生和癫痫脑的长时程的兴奋过程,ERK1/2短时程参与了癫痫的发生过程.     

Heat shock protein 70 expression in epilepsy suggests stress rather than protection

Although heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been suggested to be a stress marker or to play a protective role in brain injury, the relevance of its pathological expression in epilepsy is unclear. We investigated the expression of HSP70 in brain tissue from human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and from kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure-related neuronal damage in vivo and in vitro. The human TLE tissue showed severe neuronal loss and gliosis in hippocampal CA3 area. The KA-induced neuronal damage was similar to pathological changes of the TLE hippocampus. An increased number of TUNEL-positive cells were observed at day 5 when compared with day 2 after seizure induction. Intense HSP70 immunofluorescence was observed in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons of rat, 2 days following KA administration, which then declined in labeling by day 5. No HSP70 expression was found in Fluoro-Jade B positive dying neurons by double staining. Western blot analysis showed an increased level of p53 and Bax expression following KA treatment. In vitro, there was no apparent difference in the degree of apoptosis between HSP70 siRNA- and control empty vector-transfected primary neurons following KA treatment. Our results revealed that HSP70 was a useful indicator of stressed neurons in acute phase of epilepsy, but not associated with neuronal death, thereby suggesting that HSP70 played no role in neuroprotection during an epileptogenic state.     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的观察亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法将雄性Wistar大鼠30只分为假手术组、常温组和亚低温组。制作右侧大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,观察缺血2h再灌注48h后各组大鼠脑组织学改变和HSP70及GFAP的表达。结果常温组大鼠脑皮质下神经元严重坏死,亚低温组皮质下神经元坏死严重程度明显较常温组轻,假手术组未见神经元坏死。常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞较多,假手术组、亚低温组GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞少于常温组,假手术组偶见HSP70阳性细胞;图像分析显示,常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP、HSP70表达的平均光密度较假手术组和亚低温组明显增高(均P<0.01)。结论亚低温能减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,降低脑组织HSP70及GFAP蛋白的表达。     

沙土鼠脑缺血后HSP70表达变化研究

目的研究脑缺血后ＨＳＰ７０表达变化。方法采用沙土鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌损伤模型,光镜观察缺血再灌后神经细胞损伤情况,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ和免疫组化方法分别检测脑缺血后不同时期额叶ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ及蛋白表达。结果沙土鼠脑缺血后各期ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ表达增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＨＳＰ７０蛋白仅在再灌后１ｄ有少量表达（Ｐ＜０．０１）。缺血神经细胞在再灌后７ｄ大多出现损伤改变。结论沙土鼠脑缺血后,虽有ＨＳＰ７０转录增加,却存在着ＨＳＰ７０的翻译障碍。ＨＳＰ７０翻译障碍可能是导致神经细胞损伤的重要原因之一。     

The Penetration of Phenobarbital in Generalized and Focal Penicillin-Induced Epileptic Brain of the Cat

The penetration of phenobarbital (PB) into cerebral tissue was determined in cats rendered epileptic by parenteral penicillin and in cats with focal penicillin-induced epilepsy. The results were compared with those from normal controls. In both kinds of experimental models of epilepsy, PB penetration was impaired, although a gradual and progressive accumulation of the drug in the brain tissue was observed in all three groups of cats (binding occurring from time 30 min on). Similar to the events with other substances, such as carbamazepine, the prolonged epileptic activity may have contributed to the impaired penetration of PB, because of severe metabolic alterations secondary to seizures. The present data confirm previous reports indicating that epileptic seizures alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs.     

A proteomic analysis of pediatric seizure cases associated with astrocytic inclusions

Cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions have been observed in a subset of patients with early onset epilepsy, brain structural anomalies, and developmental delay, which indicates that it may represent a unique clinicopathologic entity. To further characterize this condition we use proteomics to investigate differentially expressed proteins in epileptic brain tissue from three pediatric epileptic patients with cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions, ranging in age from 5-13 years, and compare to brain tissue from two normal controls. Catalase and carbonic anhydrase I both exhibited increased expression in epileptic brain tissue compared to controls. These findings were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, both proteins were localized to astrocytes and in epileptic brain were located within the cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions, suggesting a potential role in the generation of this pathologic feature of early onset epilepsy with cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions.     

Feline generalized penicillin epilepsy

Feline generalized penicillin epilepsy represents an experimental model of generalized spike-and-wave discharges occurring during clinical absence attacks. Spike-and-wave discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy also have a pharmacological profile that is similar to that encountered in human absence attacks. Studies on the respective roles played by the thalamus and cortex in the generation of spike-and-wave discharges indicate that both structures are important in the elaboration of such generalized activity. Moreover, GABA_A-mediated, intracortical inhibitory mechanisms are preserved and eventually enhanced at a time when generalized spike-and-wave discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy are recorded. A preservation of GABA-mediated mechanisms in pure absence epilepsy might explain the differences in prognostic outlook that characterizes this type of epilepsy from seizures in which GABAergic mechanisms break down (e.g., generalized convulsive and partial epileptic attacks).This work was supported by MRC of Canada grant MT-8109 to Dr. Avoli.     

老年人动脉硬化性脑梗死继发癫痫发作

目的 　探讨老年人动脉硬化性脑梗死继发癫痫的临床特点。方法　回顾性分析经 Ｃ Ｔ 证实的脑梗死１ ６８２ 例中符合条件的８６ 例资料。结果　脑叶梗死７２ 例,基底节区９ 例（ 包括腔隙性梗死３ 例） ,丘脑５ 例。中风２ 周内继发癫痫发作３９ 例,发作次数１ ～３ 次,仅８ 例需服抗癫痫药;中风２ 周后继发癫痫发作４７ 例,发作较频,全部需服抗癫痫药。结论　 脑叶梗死较易合并癫痫发作,腔隙性梗死较少继发癫痫发作。晚发癫痫较易控制,复发癫痫需规则长期服用抗癫痫药。     

Mice overexpressing rat heat shock protein 70 are protected against cerebral infarction

Increased expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the brain has been extensively documented in association with a variety of insults, including ischemia, and is suggested to play a role in cell survival and recovery after ischemic injury. To more directly assess the protective role of HSP70 during ischemic brain damage, we used transgenic mice overexpressing the rat HSP70 (HSP70tg mice). In contrast to wild-type (wt) littermates, high levels of HSP70 messenger RNA and protein were detected in brains of HSP70tg mice under normal conditions, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed primarily neuronal expression of HSP70. Heterozygous HSP70tg mice and their wt littermates were subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal blockade of the middle cerebral artery. Cerebral infarction after 6 hours of ischemia, as evaluated by Nissl staining, was significantly less in HSP70tg mice compared with wt mice. This reduction in infarction volume in HSP70tg mice was not attributable to an altered cardiovascular anatomy or to initial differences in body temperature or hemodynamic parameters. The HSP70tg mice were still protected against cerebral infarction 24 hours after permanent focal ischemia. The data suggest that HSP70 can markedly protect the brain against ischemic damage and that approaches aimed at inducing HSP70 may lead to new therapeutic interventions in cerebrovascular injuries.     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70（热休克蛋白70）表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2小时,再灌注损伤10小时,用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）技术、免疫组织化学法和原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法分别检测假手术组、对照组和亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平和凋亡细胞百分率。结果 亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平较对照组显著升高（P＜0．05）,而凋亡细胞百分率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 亚低温上调大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平可能与其抗损伤神经细胞凋亡作用有关。