结肠癌术后复发的研究进展

Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers in China, with an increasing incidence these years. Currently, the combined therapy based on radical surgery has dramatically improved the survival rate and life quality of patients, however, a large percentage of patients still died of recurrence and metastasis. In recent years, the treatment strategies for the recurrence of colon cancer have been greatly advanced, especially the new targeted drugs and chemotherapeutic drugs, which lead to a significantly improved therapeutic efficacy and a better life quality. Therefore, how to choose and use these new treatments synthetically and reasonably become a great challenge to all surgeons, especially to digestive surgeons.     

结肠癌术后复发类型与再手术治疗

目的 探讨结肠癌术后复发的再手术治疗。方法 对我院1999年1月至2005年12月再手术治疗的87例结肠癌根治术后复发病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组患者再手术切除率74．7％，根治性切除率55．2％。行根治性切除的48例患者中位生存时间49个月；行姑息性切除的17例患者中位生存时间24个月；行探查和短路手术的22例患者中位生存时间10个月；不同手术方式的治疗效果差异有统计学意义（P=0．0003）。结论 结肠癌术后复发的再手术切除率高，积极行再手术治疗，可延长复发患者的生存时间。     

Laparoscopic resection of curable colon and rectal cancer: an evidence-based review

The initial enthusiastic application of laparoscopic techniques to colorectal surgical procedures was tempered in the early 1990s by reports of tumor implants in the laparoscopic incisions. Substantial evidence has accumulated, including evidence from randomized controlled trials, to support that laparoscopic resection results in oncologic outcomes similar to open resection, when performed by well-trained, experienced surgeons. This review was developed in conjunction with guidelines published by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. Data from the surgical literature concerning laparoscopic resection of curable colorectal cancer was evaluated regarding diagnostic evaluation, preoperative preparation, operative techniques, prevention of tumor implants, and training and experience. Recommendations are accompanied by an assessment of the level of supporting evidence available at the time of the development of the guidelines.     

Surveillance after curative colon cancer resection: Practice patterns of surgical subspecialists

Background: In the literature, suggested strategies for the follow-up of colon cancer patients after potentially curative resections vary widely. The optimal regimen to monitor for recurrences and new primary tumors remains unknown. The nationwide cost impact of wide practice variation is also unknown. Methods: The 1,070 members of The Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) were surveyed using a detailed questionnaire to measure the practice patterns of surgical experts nationwide. Respondents were asked how often they use nine separate methodologies in follow-up during years 1–5 postsurgery for TNM stage I, II, and III patients. Costs were estimated for representative less and more intensive strategies. Results: Evaluable responses were received from 349 members (33%). Office visit and carcinoembryonic antigen analysis were performed most frequently. SSO members generally see patients every 3 months in years 1–2, every 6 months in years 3–4, and annually thereafter. There was wide variability in test ordering patterns and moderate variation between SSO and previously surveyed American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons members. The charge differential between representative less and more intensive follow-up strategies for each annual U.S. patient cohort is ∼$800 million. Conclusions: Actual practice patterns vary widely, indicating lack of consensus regarding optimal follow-up. The enormous cost differential associated with such variation is difficult to justify because there is no proven benefit of more intensive follow-up. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed to reflect the official position of either St. Louis University or the Department of Veterans Affairs.     

The mayo clinic experience with multimodality treatment of locally advanced or recurrent colon cancer

Background Patients with incompletely resected locally advanced and recurrent colon cancers have a dismal prognosis. Since 1981, 100 colon cancer patients have been treated with combination therapy including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and external plus intraoperative radiotherapy. Methods A prospective computerized intraoperative radiation database identified patients for this retrospective review. Data collection included patient demographics, tumor and treatment variables, and morbidity, recurrence, and survival statistics. Results The mean age was 55.2 years. Follow-up was available for all patients. Fifty-nine patients have died. Median follow-up of survivors was 70.5 months. Twenty-five patients with locally advanced colon cancer had a median survival of 38.2 months and a 5-year survival of 49%. Eleven of these patients are still free of disease. Seventy-three patients treated for recurrent colon carcinoma had a median survival of 33.3 months from the time of recurrence, with a 5-year survival of 24.7%. Twenty-one are alive without evidence of recurrence. The 38 patients with recurrent disease whose disease was completely resected had a 37.4% 5-year survival. Conclusions A multimodality approach using en-bloc surgical resection with radiotherapy and chemotherapy affords some patients with locally advanced and recurrent colon cancer a chance for long-term survival. Presented at the 54th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington, DC, March 15–18, 2001.     

Radical lymph node resection of the retroperitoneal area for left-sided colon cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Radical lymph node resection of the retroperitoneal area for cancer of the left half of the colon has been strongly questioned. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of extended lymph node resection of the retroperitoneal area in left-sided colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1993 to 2002, 124 patients with left-sided colon cancer were randomly elected to undergo either conventional left colectomy (62 patients) or left colectomy combined with radical lymphadenectomy (62 patients). Clinical features were correlated to survival, recurrences, hospital mortality, morbidity, and late urogenital morbidity. Survival was the end point of the study. RESULTS: The groups were comparable for age, gender, physical status, TNM stage, tumor distribution, degree of differentiation, postoperative complications, chemotherapy, recurrences, sites of recurrence, and late urogenital morbidity (p > 0.05). Hospital mortality was higher in conventional surgery group (p = 0.008). Survival rates of 5 and 10 years did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05), although there was a trend of improvement after radical lymphadenectomy. Stage III patients in radical lymphadenectomy group had significantly better survival over those in the conventional surgery group (p = 0.0406). CONCLUSIONS: Radical lymph node resection of the retroperitoneal area is associated with the same rate of hospital morbidity, late urogenital morbidity, and total survival as is conventional surgery. It seems that there is a trend for improvement of survival particularly in stage III patients.     

联合脏器切除治疗局部进展期结肠癌

目的探讨对局部进展期结肠癌患者行联合脏器切除的疗效及影响预后的因素。方法回顾性分析1988～1998年对47例结肠癌患者进行联合脏器切除治疗的临床资料,对其肿瘤复发模式及患者生存率进行统计分析。结果本组患者有7例(14.9%)术后出现并发症,无死亡病例。病理证实周围组织器官有肿瘤侵犯30例(63.8%);局部复发8例(17.0%),远处转移16例(34.0%);5年生存率为40.4%。多因素分析,肿瘤UICC分期及淋巴结转移是影响预后的重要因素(P<0.05)。结论对于局部进展期结肠癌累及周围组织脏器的患者,应力争联合脏器切除治疗。     

Perioperative host-tumor inflammatory interactions: A potential trigger for disease recurrence following a curative resection for colorectal cancer

The aim of the present review was to investigate whether host-tumor interactions are causal or consecutive clinical factors associated with surgical stress that influence the long-term survival after a curative resection of colorectal cancer. A Medline/PubMed search was conducted to identify the relevant articles investigating the factors related to surgical stress and their effects on the long-term survival after a curative resection of colorectal cancer. The intraoperative state is defined as a cytokine storm in which ongoing local cytokine production occurs at the site of the tumor, thus further enhancing the autocrine cytokine loop for angiogenic factor production. The postoperative state is defined as tissue regeneration in which surgery-related clinical events enhance the systemic induction of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn synergistically exaggerate the local activation of tumor growth factors. Host-tumor interactions under surgical stress may act synergistically as potent tumor growth factors, and may thus influence long-term survival. Controlling surgical insults and/or regulating perioperative inflammatory responses may therefore lead to new therapeutic approaches for controlling disease recurrence.     

完整结肠系膜切除术治疗结肠癌的临床疗效研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜完整结肠系膜切除(complete mesocolic excision,CME)联合血管高位结扎(central vascular ligation,CVL)术治疗结肠癌的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年5月至2012年9月间收治的结肠癌病人120例,根据治疗方法不同分为观察组(腹腔镜CME联合CVL术,60例)和对照组(传统开腹术,60例).评价两组病人在手术质量分级、手术时间、手术出血量、手术清扫淋巴结数量、术后肛门排气时间、术后排便时间、术后住院时间以及术后感染、吻合口瘘等并发症和复发情况.结果 观察组的手术质量、手术时间[(116.4±7.1)min与(133.9±8.2)min]、手术出血量[(73.2±61.5) ml与(192.7±77.8)ml]、手术清扫淋巴结数量[(24.2±3.8)个与(17.6±3.3)个]、术后肛门排气时间[(21.4±7.1)h与(39.7±6.6)h]、术后排便时间、术后住院时间[(12.0±2.9)d与(16.0±2.5)d]等皆优于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).观察组病人的并发症发生率和复发率少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜CME联合CVL技术治疗结肠癌有一定的优越性,具有疗效显著、副作用小、可靠性高等优点,值得临床推广.     

复发性结肠癌再手术26例分析

目的探讨结肠癌术后复发的原因及手术疗法。方法对2000年1月至2010年1月住院再手术治疗的26例复发性结肠癌病例进行回顾性分析。结果首次手术到复发确诊时间为10个月～11年,平均28个月,其中术后2年内复发17例(65.4%),2～5年内复发7例,5年以上复发2例。再次手术切除20例,占76.9%,其中根治性切除15例,姑息性切除5例;根治性切除者生存1～5年,姑息性切除者生存10～28个月。结论结肠癌复发多发生在术后2年内,复发的原因是多方面的。对局部复发病例,若能排除远处转移,应积极手术治疗。     

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目的 探讨结肠癌术后复发的原因，以期达到早期诊断提高术后复发的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析1999～2003年36例结肠癌术后复发病人的临床资料。结果 吻合口复发18例，腹腔、盆腔种植复发13例，局部复发6例，腹壁切口复发6例。非手术治疗2例，手术治疗34例。根治性切除14例，姑息性切除11例。根治性切除和非根治性切除病人的中位生存时间分别为26个月和9个月。结论 结肠癌术后复发的预防重在术中无瘤操作，定期随访是早期诊断的关键。应积极手术治疗，以延长生存期，提高生活质量。     

结肠癌肝转移术后复发的再次肝切除4例分析

目的探讨再次肝切除在结肠癌肝转移肝切除术后肝内复发（RCLM）中的应用和价值。方法回顾性分析1997年10月至2006年8月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治的4例RCLM再次肝切除治疗的临床资料。结果4例RCLM首次和再次肝切除时均无手术死亡和手术并发症发生,术后中位生存期从第1次肝切除时算起为57个月,从再次肝切除算起为25.5个月。结论对RCLM再次肝切除安全可行,对经过选择的病例可明显延长存活期。     

Learning curves for laparoscopic sigmoidectomy used to manage curable sigmoid colon cancer: single-institute, three-surgeon experience

Background  Laparoscopic surgery demands mastery of a steep learning curve. Defining a learning curve in laparoscopic surgery is useful for planning training programs or clinical trials. This study aimed to define the learning curves for laparoscopic sigmoidectomy used to manage curable sigmoid colon cancer by evaluating early surgical outcome data from three colorectal surgeons. Methods  This study analyzed data from 138 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for curable sigmoid colon cancer performed by three colorectal surgeons between May 2001 and November 2006. The learning curve for each surgeon were generated using the moving average method to assess changes in operation time and cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis to assess changes in failure rates [(failure = conversion to open surgery, major perioperative complication, or failure to harvest an adequate number of lymph nodes (<12 nodes)]. Results  Learning curves generated with the moving average method indicated that the operation time reached a steady state after 42 cases for surgeon A, 35 cases for surgeon B, and 30 cases for surgeon C. The overall open conversion rate was 2.9%. There was only one laparoscopy-related perioperative major complication (0.7%). An inadequate number of lymph nodes was harvested in 10 cases (7.2%): 6 (10.5%) for surgeon A, 1 (2.4%) for surgeon B, and 3 (7.7%) for surgeon C. Learning curves generated using CUSUM analysis based on a 90% success rate showed that adequate learning occurred after 10 cases for surgeon A, 17 cases for surgeon B, and 5 cases for surgeon C. Conclusion  Pertinent learning curves for laparoscopic sigmoidectomy used to manage curable sigmoid colon cancer can be generated using the moving average method and CUSUM analysis. These results are likely to be useful in designing laparoscopic training programs and clinical trials aimed at investigating outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Presented at the Congress of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgeons of Asia 2006, Seoul, Korea, 20 October 2006     

结肠癌侵犯十二指肠的外科治疗（附16例报告）

总结近５年１６例结肠癌侵犯十二指肠外科治疗经验。手术探查：除十一指肠侵犯外，多数病人还合并多脏器受累，本后病理组织学检查，４例肿瘤仅浸润肌层，７例区域淋巴结未见转移，右半结肠切除并十二指肠粘连松解４例，十二指肠部分切除空肠侧侧双Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ空肠浆膜瓣或吻合共５例，十二指肠成形术５例及胰头十二指肠切除２例。结果近期十二指肠瘘２例，因器官衰竭死亡３例，２年内二次手术探查５例，以局部复发为主。认为重视初     

肝切除术后肝再生对大鼠结肠癌肝转移灶生长的影响

目的 探讨肝再牛进程触发大鼠结肠痛肝转移残肝内隐性转移灶进展的发生机制.方法 采用肝包膜下种植建立结肠癌肝转移大鼠模型,随机分为假手术组、37%肝切除组和70%肝切除组;采用腹膜后注射建市结肠癌腹膜后转移模型,随机分为假手术组和70%肝切除组.手术后3周处死动物,测定肝内转移瘤量、再生肝重及腹膜后瘤结节重.在含有肝切除后24 h和14 d的门静脉血清培养基中进行结肠癌细胞Lovo体外培养,5.溴脱氧尿核苷(5-BrdU)DNA掺入法检测细胞增殖反应.结果 手术切除明显促进70%肝切除组肝内残留癌牛长(P<0.05),对37%肝切除组肝内残留癌和结肠癌腹膜后转移瘤牛长无促进作用(P>0.05);肝切后24 h门静脉血清组5-BrdU DNA掺人率从第72小时开始增加,至第120小时呈持续增加趋势(P<0.05);肝切后14 d门静脉血清对结肠癌细胞生长无明显刺激作用(P>0.05).结论 结肠癌肝转移切除术后可诱发肝内微小残留灶的进展,并不通过血液循环全身性释放,对肝外转移瘤并不发挥作用.肝切除范围与诱发肿瘤生长有关,只有肝切除达到一定程度时,才足以刺激肿瘤生长.