Chemically Modified Peptides Based on the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Induce High-Titer,Epitope-Specific Nonneutralizing Antibodies in Rabbits

Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) 2F5 and 4E10 bind to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 and also cross-react with phospholipids. In this study, we investigated if chemical modifications on the MPER adjacent to 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes using mimetics of inflammation-associated posttranslational modifications to induce 2F5- and 4E10-like bNAbs can break tolerance. We synthesized a series of chemically modified peptides spanning the MPER. The serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in the peptides were modified with sulfate, phosphate, or nitrate moieties and presented in liposomes for rabbit immunizations. All immunizations resulted in high antisera titers directed toward both the modified and unmodified immunogens. Tyrosine modification was observed to significantly suppress antiepitope responses. Sera with strong anti-gp140 titers were purified by affinity chromatography toward the MPER peptide and found to possess a higher affinity toward the MPER than did the bNAbs 2F5 and 4E10. Modest neutralization was observed in the H9 neutralization assay, but neutralization was not observed in the TZM-bl cell or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) neutralization assay platforms. Although neutralizing antibodies were not induced by this approach, we conclude that chemical modifications can increase the immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, suggesting that chemical modification in an appropriate immunization protocol should be explored further as an HIV-1 vaccine strategy.     

Characterization of a trimeric MPER containing HIV-1 gp41 antigen

The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 is considered as a prime target for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, since it contains the epitopes for three broadly neutralizing antibodies (2F5, 4E10 and Z13). Here we present a novel gp41 construct (HA-gp41) comprising gp41 HR2 and MPER fused to two triple-stranded coiled-coil domains at both ends. HA-gp41 is trimeric, has a high helical content in solution and forms rod-like structures as revealed by negative staining electron microscopy. Immunization of rabbits with HA-gp41 induced antibodies directed against MPER, which failed to exert significant neutralization capacity against envelopes from primary isolates. Thus trimerisation of MPER regions does not suffice to induce a potent neutralizing antibody response specific for conserved regions within gp41.     

中国92例HIV/AIDS患者HIV-1 gp41 2F5和4E10中和抗体表位变异研究

目的 探讨92例HIV/AIDS患者HIV-1病毒近膜端(membrane proximal external re-gion,MPER)中和抗体2F5和4E10保守表位ELDKWA、NWFDIT氨基酸变异特点,为中国HIV/AIDS患者免疫治疗以及疫苗设计提供数据.方法 Nest-PCR扩增HIV-1 env区gp41段基因,核酸序列测定,翻译为氨基酸与HIV-1 Sequence Database HXB Ⅱ参考株中和抗体表位数据比对,分析2F5、4E10中和表位氨基酸变异情况.结果 92例HIV/AIDS患者HIV-1外膜蛋白env gp41段中和抗体2F5、4E10保守表位氨基酸均存在突变;2F5中和抗体表位主要有E662A(14.1%)、K665S(17.4%)、A667K(16.3%)突变;4E10中和抗体表位主要有N671S(13.0%)、D674S(3.3%)、T676S(16.3%)突变;CRF_B'C亚型与B'亚型的2F5和4E10表位氨基酸突变差异具有统计学意义(P<0-05);CRF_B'C与CRF01_AE亚型2F5表位突变差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);B'亚型缓慢进展者、HIV感染者和AIDS患者的4E10表位氨基酸突变差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 92例HIV/AIDS患者HIV.1包膜蛋白env gp41段中和抗体2F5、4E10中和表位氨基酸存在突变,且变异多样化;不同亚型中和抗体保守表位氨基酸位点变异有差异;B'亚型4E10中和抗体表位变异可能与疾病进展有一定联系.     

The effect of sCD4 on the binding and accessibility of HIV-1 gp41 MPER epitopes to human monoclonal antibodies

Two human monoclonal anti-HIV-1 antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, were utilized to investigate the accessibility and conservation of gp41 MPER epitopes on five different clades of HIV-1 in the absence and presence of sCD4. The binding of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 was dependent upon the virus clade. Soluble CD4 significantly increased the accessibility of gp41 MPER-binding epitopes on several isolates that previously showed little or no binding with 2F5 and 4E10 mAbs as determined by a modified ELISA-based virus capture assay and surface plasmon resonance. Studies on the relationship between virus binding and neutralization in a TZM-bl pseudovirus assay indicated that in most cases, mAbs that exhibited neutralization also bound the virus. However, neither binding per se nor the total envelope content per virion was a predictor of neutralization. The hidden or conformational gp41 MPER epitopes unmasked by sCD4 may provide additional targets for vaccine design.     

Assessment of antibody responses against gp41 in HIV-1-infected patients using soluble gp41 fusion proteins and peptides derived from M group consensus envelope

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by broadly-reactive neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, making it an attractive target for vaccine development. To better assess immunogenic properties of gp41, we generated five soluble glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins encompassing C-terminal 30, 64, 100, 142, or 172 (full-length) amino acids of gp41 ectodomain from M group consensus envelope sequence. Antibody responses in HIV-1-infected patients were evaluated using these proteins and overlapping peptides. We found (i) antibody responses against different regions of gp41 varied tremendously among individual patients, (ii) patients with stronger antibody responses against membrane-proximal external region exhibit broader and more potent neutralizing activity, and (iii) several patients mounted antibodies against epitopes that are near, or overlap with, those targeted by 2F5 or 4E10. These soluble gp41 fusion proteins could be an important source of antigens for future vaccine development efforts.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1 gp41免疫原设计、免疫策略及免疫效果的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus type,HIV-1)包膜蛋白gp41序列相对保守,其近膜区(MPER)具有一些已知广谱中和抗体(bNAbs)的表位.在HIV疫苗研究中,尽管利用gp41的MPER中和表位进行疫苗设计,但其免疫效果仍不理想.近年发现,一些靶向于gp120和gp41交界面的bNAbs为HIV疫苗的研制提供了新的靶标.如何更好的模拟天然状态的gp41结构以诱导bNAbs的产生仍是学者们的主要研究方向,有大量研究关于靶向于gp41的bNAbs的表位、gp41免疫原的修饰、免疫策略及免疫效果等,因而探讨gp41作为免疫原候选的可行性及提高其免疫效果的方法具有重要意义.     

Immunisation with foamy virus Bet fusion proteins as novel strategy for HIV-1 epitope delivery

The induction of 2F5- and 4E10-like antibodies broadly neutralising HIV-1 and targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) of the transmembrane envelope protein gp41 would be a major advancement for the development of a preventive HIV-1 vaccine, but successful attempts remain rare. Recent studies demonstrated that broadly reactive antibodies develop relatively late during infection and after intensive affinity maturation. Therefore, a prolonged antigen delivery might be beneficial to induce them. Replicating foamy viruses which are characterised by apathogenic but persistent infection could represent suitable carrier viruses for this purpose. In order to develop such a system, we modified the accessory foamy virus Bet protein to contain the MPER of gp41, or the MPER linked to the stabilising fusion peptide proximal region of gp41 and analysed here the antigenic and immunogenic properties of such hybrid proteins. The antigens, expressed and purified to homogeneity, were recognised by the monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 with nanomolar affinities and induced high levels of antibodies specific to gp41 after immunisation of rats. The antisera also bound to virus particles attached to infected cells, and peptide-based epitope mapping showed that they recognised the 2F5 epitope. Although no HIV-1 neutralising activity was observed, the presented data demonstrate that using the foamy virus Bet for HIV-1 epitope delivery is successfully applicable. Together with the attractive potential for sustained antigen expression after transfer to replicating virus, these results should therefore provide a first basis for the development of chimeric foamy viruses as novel HIV-1 vaccine vectors.     

中国HIV/AIDS患者保守表位的2F5抗体与疾病进展关系

目的 研究中国HIV/AIDS患者gp41保守表位中和抗体2F5与疾病进程的关系.方法 应用合成4(ELDKWA)-C24肽及gp41抗原肽包被96孔酶标板,ELISA方法检测特异性抗体水平.提取正常人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),应用HIV-1 SF33毒株进行病毒多轮感染PBMC中和试验.结果 缓慢进展者(slow progressor,SP)的2F5样中和抗体水平显著高于典型进展者(typical progressor,TP)(P<0.05);2F5样中和抗体水平与gp41特异性抗体水平正相关(r=0.406,P<0.05).结论 中国HIV.-缓慢进展者体内具有高水平的2F5样抗体,2F5抗体可能是疾病不进展的保护性因素之一.     

Neutralization and infectivity characteristics of envelope glycoproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected donors whose sera exhibit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing activity

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that donors with broadly cross-reactive HIV-1 neutralizing (BCN) sera are infected with viruses encoding envelope glycoproteins (Envs) with unusual immunogenic properties. Cloned env genes were from samples of donors previously identified as having BCN antibodies (BCN donors) and from other donors not known to have such antibodies (non-BCN donors). Neutralization properties of viruses pseudotyped with BCN and non-BCN Envs were determined using BCN, non-BCN sera and broadly cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). BCN sera neutralized with higher frequency and geometric mean titers than non-BCN sera. Viruses pseudotyped with BCN Envs were mostly resistant to neutralization by anti-gp120 Mabs but tended to be more sensitive to the anti-gp41 Mabs, 2F5 and 4E10 than non-BCN Env-pseudotyped viruses. Sequence analysis of clones obtained from sequential samples of two BCN donors revealed respective 2F5 epitope mutations T662A and K665T. The K665T mutation evolved as the predominant genotype in the respective donor, consistent with an escape mutation event. The A662T mutation reduced sensitivity to 4E10, as well as 2F5 and homologous sera, consistent with neutralization escape mutation and targeting of the 2F5 epitope region by the serum. Our study suggests that viruses infecting these BCN donors encoded Envs that may have been unusually competent for induction of antibodies against the membrane proximal epitope region (MPER) of gp41, and these Envs may be useful vaccine components.     

Predefined spacers between epitopes on a recombinant epitope-peptide impacted epitope-specific antibody response

We have developed a widely applicable method to construct epitope-peptide gene for epitope-vaccine strategy recently. In this study, we wanted to know whether the predefined spacers between epitopes on a recombinant epitope-peptide impacted the production of epitope-specific antibodies. The neutralizing epitope ELDKWA on the C-domain of HIV-1 gp41 was defined by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2F5 with broad neutralizing activity. We constructed three recombinant ELDKWA-epitope-peptides with different spacers between epitopes. The recombinant epitope-peptide GST-K8, GST-S8 and GST-R8 were bearing eight copies of ELDKWA-epitope with amino acid spacer GS, GSGGGGS and RS, respectively. GST-K8 and GST-S8 could induce high titer of ELDKWA-epitope-specific antibodies, much better than GST-R8. Besides, both antibodies could recognize the recombinant soluble gp41 and the transfected CHO-WT cells that stably express HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein on the cell surfaces. These experimental results indicated that the spacer GSGGGGS and GS were feasible in constructing a recombinant epitope-vaccine.     

Relative reactivity of HIV-1 polyclonal plasma antibodies directed to V3 and MPER regions suggests immunodominance of V3 over MPER and dependence of high anti-V3 antibody titers on virus persistence

Antibodies to two crucial regions, the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 are important for HIV-1 neutralization. We here evaluated the relative binding of polyclonal plasma antibodies from 99 HIV-1-infected individuals from India to the consensus-C V3 and MPER peptides and observed immunodominance of V3 over MPER (p?相似文献   

Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody 4E10 recognizes a helical conformation of a highly conserved fusion-associated motif in gp41

Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 are rare but invaluable for vaccine design. 4E10 is the broadest neutralizing antibody known and recognizes a contiguous and highly conserved epitope in the membrane-proximal region of gp41. The crystal structure of Fab 4E10 was determined at 2.2 A resolution in complex with a 13-residue peptide containing the gp41 core epitope (NWFDIT). The bound peptide adopts a helical conformation in which the key contact residues, TrpP672, PheP673, IleP675, and ThrP676, map to one face of the helix. The peptide binds in a hydrophobic pocket that may emulate its potential interaction with the host cell membrane. The long CDR H3 of the antibody extends beyond the bound peptide in an orientation that suggests that its apex could contact the viral membrane when 4E10 is bound to its membrane-proximal epitope. These structural insights should assist in the design of immunogens to elicit 4E10-like neutralizing responses.     

Antibodies recognizing protective pertussis toxin epitopes are preferentially elicited by natural infection versus acellular immunization

Despite more than 50 years of vaccination, disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis persists, with rates increasing in industrialized countries over the past decade. This rise may be attributed to several factors, including increased surveillance, emergence of vaccine escape variants, waning immunity in adults, and the introduction of acellular subunit vaccines, which include chemically detoxified pertussis toxin (PTd). Two potently protective epitopes on pertussis toxin (PTx) are recognized by the monoclonal antibodies 1B7 and 11E6, which inhibit catalytic and cell-binding activities, respectively. In order to determine whether the PTx exposure route affects antibody responses to these epitopes, we analyzed sera from 30 adults with confirmed pertussis exposure and from 30 recently vaccinated adults for specific anti-PTx antibody responses and in vitro CHO cell neutralization titers. While overall titers against PTx and the genetically detoxified variant, PTg, containing the R9K and E129G substitutions, were similar in the two groups, titers against specific epitopes depended on the exposure route. Natural infection resulted in significantly higher titers of anti-PTx-subunit 1, 1B7-like, and 11E6-like antibodies, while acellular vaccination resulted in significantly higher titers of antibodies recognizing PTd. We also observed a correlation between in vitro protection and the presence of 1B7-like and 11E6-like antibodies. Notably, chemical detoxification, as opposed to genetic inactivation, alters the PTx tertiary and quaternary structure, thereby affecting conformational epitopes and recognition of PTx by 1B7 and 11E6. The lower levels of serum antibodies recognizing clinically relevant epitopes after vaccination with PTd support inclusion of PTg in future vaccines.     

Comparison and fine mapping of both high and low neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the principal neutralization domain of HIV-1

Summary Monoclonal antibodies raised against viral lysate of HIV-1 (strain LAV-1) and against recombinant gp 160 of HIV-1 (strain HTLV IIIB) which neutralized HIV-1 in a type specific manner were mapped with the aid of peptides (Pepscan analysis). Each of these monoclonal antibodies bound to peptides located on the principal neutralizing domain (PND) of HIV-1. We found that the antigenic sites of the MAbs described in this paper are represented by linear peptides of at least 10 amino acids long. The affinity of the MAbs is high for these peptides and in the same order of magnitude as for native gp 160. The fine mapping of the epitopes may reflect structural features of the PND, for instance which amino acid side chains are exposed and which are buried in the protein. Furthermore the fine mapping of the epitopes explained the HIV type-specific neutralizing activity of the MAbs. Antibodies that bound to the tip of the loop (amino acids QRGPGRAF) have a higher neutralizing activity than antibodies that bound to amino acids towards the N-terminal side of the loop (amino acids KSIRI). Furthermore, MAbs that bound to virtually the same amino acids on the tip of the loop (amino acids IQRGPGRAF and RGPGRAFV) had different neutralizing activities due to different affinities for native gp 160. These data reveal that neutralizing activity not only is determined by the affinity of an antibody to the neutralizing site but also by its fine binding specificities to the V 3 loop of gp 120.     

Comparative mucosal immunogenicity of HIV gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) containing single and multiple repeats of ELDKWA sequence with defensin peptides

The MPER of gp41 of HIV-1 has received great attention and is widely recognized as a promising target for the development of AIDS vaccine. We investigated the ability of trirepeat of ELDKWA sequence of gp41 antigen with defensins in liposome using multiple-shot immunization strategy in the mice model. The designed was used to enhance the immunogenicity and exposure of MPER in its native conformation for the induction of MPER-specific HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. To characterize, we estimated the antibody levels (IgG/IgA) in serum as well as in lung, intestinal, vaginal and rectal washes till day 120 in outbred and inbred (H-2^b and H-2^d) mice using liposome as delivery vehicle. The representative sera and washes were also tested for in vitro neutralization with CCR5-tropic Indian HIV-1 primary isolates. We observed that the modified HIV antigen containing trirepeat of ELDKWA with defensins was showing significantly (p < 0.001) higher IgG/IgA antibody titre (102,400–204,800) in sera as well as in different mucosal washes (1600–6400) than standard HIV-1 antigen. Furthermore, sera from the modified HIV-1 antigen with defensins found to exhibit higher neutralizing activities (ranging from 59.3% to 84.6%) than the standard HIV-1 antigen. These results show that the induction of MPER-specific HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies could be achieved through a rationally designed vaccine strategy.     

Selection of a novel gp41-specific HIV-1 neutralizing human antibody by competitive antigen panning

The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits: gp120 and gp41. Panning of phage-displayed antibody libraries against Env-based antigens has resulted mostly in selection of anti-gp120 antibodies. Native gp41 in the absence of gp120 is unstable. The use of gp41 fragments as antigens has resulted in selection of antibodies with only relatively modest neutralizing activity. To enhance selection of antibodies specific for gp41 in the context of the whole Env we developed a methodology termed competitive antigen panning (CAP). Using CAP, we identified a novel gp41-specific human monoclonal antibody (hmAb), m48, from an immune library derived from long-term nonprogressors with high titers of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bcnAbs). Selection of m48 was only successful using CAP and not through the conventional pre-incubation methodology. In assays based on spreading infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) m48 neutralized a panel of HIV-1 primary isolates from different clades more potently than the well-characterized broadly cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies IgG1 4E10 and Fab Z13. These results may have implications for the selection of novel gp41-specific bcnAbs and other antibodies, and for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors and vaccine immunogens.     

Neutralizing determinants of canine herpesvirus as defined by monoclonal antibodies

Summary Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against canine herpesvirus (CHV) were produced to identify the immunogenic proteins of the virus carrying neutralizing determinants. A panel of 24 MoAbs showing neutralizing activities was obtained and tentatively classified into 3 different groups based on their reactivity patterns in immunoblotting analysis. Group I consisting of 10 clones was specific for 145/112 kDa; Group II of 9 clones, for 80 kDa; and Group III of 5 clones, for 41 kDa glycoproteins (gps). Complement-requirement for neutralizing activities of the MoAbs suggests that gp 145/112 and gp 80 elicit mainly complement-requiring and -enhanced neutralizing antibodies, while gp 41 elicits complement-independent ones. In addition, these MoAbs were used in ELISA additivity tests for functional and topographical mapping of epitopes in each of the CHV gp. The results indicated that antigenic reactivities of gp 145/112 and gp 80 were, respectively, localized on at least 5 and 7 overlapping epitopes. On the other hand, 4 epitopes were identified on gp 41.     

Increased sensitivity of HIV variants selected by attachment inhibitors to broadly neutralizing antibodies

Treatment with HIV attachment inhibitors (AIs) can select for escape mutants throughout the viral envelope. We report on three such mutations: F423Y (gp120 CD4 binding pocket) and I595F and K655E (gp41 ectodomain). Each displayed decreased sensitivity to the AI BMS-488043 and earlier generation AIs, along with increased sensitivity to the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, without affecting the rate of viral entry or sensitivity to the entry inhibitors AMD-3100 and Enfuvirtide. We also observed that I595F did not substantially increase envelope sensitivity to HIV-infected patient sera. Based on these observations, we propose that although F423Y, I595F and K655E may all affect the presentation of the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes, natural immune mimicry is rare only for the I595F effect. Thus, it seems that in addition to restricting AI resistance development, incorporation of I595F into an appropriate vehicle could elicit a novel antiviral response to improve vaccine efficacy.     

Recombinant multi-epitope vaccine induce predefined epitope-specific antibodies against HIV-1

Monoclonal antibody 2F5 recognizing ELDKWA-epitope on HIV-1 gp41 has significant neutralization potency against 90% of the investigated viruses of African, Asia, American and European strains, but antibodies responses to ELDKWA-epitope in HIV-1 infected individuals were very low. Based on the epitope-vaccine strategy suggested by us, a recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein (GST-MELDKWAGELDKWAGELDKWAVDIGPGRAFYGPGRAFYGPGRAFY) as vaccine antigen containing three repeats of neutralizing epitope ELDKWA on gp41 and GPGRAFY on gp120 was designed and expressed in Escherichia coli. After vaccination course, the recombinant multi-epitope vaccine could induce high levels of predefined multi-epitope-specific antibodies in mice. These antibodies in sera could bind to both neutralizing epitopes on gp41 peptide, V3 loop peptide and recombinant soluble gp41 (aa539-684) in ELISA assay (antisera dilution: 1:1,600-25,600), while normal sera did not. Moreover, these antibodies in sera could recognize the CHO-WT cells which expressed HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein on the cell surfaces, indicating that the predefined epitope-specific antibodies could recognize natural envelope protein of HIV-1 though these antibodies were induced by recombinant multi-epitope-vaccine. These experimental results suggested a possible way to develop recombinant multi-epitope vaccine inducing multi-antiviral activities against HIV-1.     

HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody extracts its epitope from a kinked gp41 ectodomain region on the viral membrane

Although rarely elicited during natural human infection, the most broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) against diverse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains target the membrane-proximal ectodomain region (MPER) of viral gp41. To gain insight into MPER antigenicity, immunogenicity, and viral function, we studied its structure in the lipid environment by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques. The analyses revealed a tilted N-terminal alpha helix (aa 664-672) connected via a short hinge to a flat C-terminal helical segment (675-683). This metastable L-shaped structure is immersed in viral membrane and, therefore, less accessible to immune attack. Nonetheless, the 4E10 BNAb extracts buried W672 and F673 after initial encounter with the surface-embedded MPER. The data suggest how BNAbs may perturb tryptophan residue-associated viral fusion involving the mobile N-terminal MPER segment and, given conservation of MPER sequences in HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, have important implications for structure-guided vaccine design.