内毒素休克大鼠心脏超微结构改变

目的 建立大鼠内毒素休克模型,取心脏制备光镜及电镜切片,观察心肌细胞超微结构改变,从而探讨感染性休克心脏损伤的可能机制.方法 给大鼠1次注射10 mg/kg或5 mg/kg脂多糖O127：B8,观察平均动脉压及心率的变化.在动物死亡时或观察6 h后取心脏制备HE染色切片和电镜切片,镜下观察.结果 各组标本HE染色切片光镜下未发现明显病变,电镜下发现内毒素组（无论是10 mg/kg还是5 mg/kg）均出现线粒体损伤,肌原纤维损伤,闰盘不规则;10 mg/kg组损伤程度重于5 mg/kg组,还出现充血及血管内皮损伤;处死组出现T管扩张.结论 内毒素休克中心脏存在超微结构损伤,而且损伤程度与内毒素剂量相关.     

激素性骨坏死发病机理的实验研究

目的 :研究激素与血管炎、血液黏度间的相互关系 ,进一步探究激素性骨坏死的发病机理。方法 :选新西兰白兔 6 0只。A组 :2 0只 ,经静脉 2次单纯注射马血清 10ml/kg ,间隔 3wk。B组 :15只 ,连续 3d腹腔内注射甲基强的松龙 45mg/kg。C组 :2 0只 ,先静脉 2次注射马血清 10ml/kg ,间隔 2wk。第 2次注射马血清后 2wk ,再按B组处理。D组 :5只 ,对照组。分别于最后一次给药后 1、2、3、5、7wk处死取材。标本常规组织病理学检查 ,并进行血液流变学及动脉墨汁灌注观察。结果 :在马血清和激素协同作用的C组中 ,表现为全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集性明显增高 ,股骨头内小动脉损害严重 ,血栓形成广泛 ,软骨下灌注血管数量减少明显 ,共有 74%标本发生骨坏死。结论 :在血管炎基础上应用激素加重了微血管损伤 ,促进了血液高黏、高凝状态 ,在小动脉断裂、栓塞、出血的基础上导致骨组织缺血性坏死。     

激素性骨坏死动物模型的研制

目的　成功制作激素性骨坏死的动物模型。方法　采用 34只健康成年中国大耳白兔 ,随机分成单纯激素组 (A组 ,5只 )、单纯马血清组 (B组 ,10只 )、联合使用马血清和激素组 (C组 ,14只 )、正常对照组 (D组 ,5只 ) 4组。各组于激素注射后 4周处死 ,取心、肝、肺、肾及骨标本 ,作光镜及透射电镜观察组织病理学改变 ,根据有无骨坏死表现计算各组骨坏死发生率。结果　C组骨坏死发生率较高 (71.43% ) ;组织病理学观察发现多个部位均有骨坏死表现 ;坏死的股骨头软骨下可见髓腔内脂肪细胞明显增大 ,造血细胞减少 ,骨小梁内骨陷窝空虚 ,部分骨标本在软骨下骨的骨小管中可见血栓形成 ;透射电镜下可见骨细胞内脂滴存在 ,骨内血管内皮细胞空泡样变性。结论　联合使用马血清和地塞米松可成功制作激素性骨坏死动物模型 ,所需成本低 ,重复性好     

激素性骨坏死动物模型的研制

目的 成功制作激互性骨坏死的动物模型。方法 采用３４只健康成年中国大耳白兔，随机分成单纯激素组（Ａ组，５只）、单纯马血清组（Ｂ组，１０只）、联合使用马血清和激素组（Ｃ组，１４只）、正常对照组（Ｄ组，５只）４组。各组于激素注射后４周处死，取心、肝、肺、肾及骨标本，作光镜及透射电镜观察组织病理学改变，根据有无骨坏死表现计算各组骨坏死发生率。结果 Ｃ组骨坏死发生率较高（７１．４３％）；组织病理学观察发现多个部位均有骨坏死表现；坏死的股骨头软骨下可见髓腔内脂肪细胞明显增大，造血细胞减少，骨小梁内骨陷窝空虚，部分骨标本在软骨下骨的骨小管中可见血栓形成；透射电镜下可见骨细胞内脂滴存在，骨内血管皮细胞空泡样变性。结论 联合使用马血清和地塞米松可成功制作激素性骨坏死动物模型，所需成本低，重复性好。     

低分子肝素钙预防激素性股骨头坏死的实验研究

目的研究低分子肝素钙对激素性股骨头坏死预防作用及对血栓形成的影响。方法健康Wistar大鼠15只,随机分为A组5只,臀肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠15mg/kg每周1次;B组5只,臀肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠15mg/kg每周1次,皮下注射低分子肝素钙2000u/kg,1次/d;C组5只为空白对照组。6周后取双侧股骨头,观察外观后脱钙做切片,行HE染色计算空骨陷窝率、观察骨小梁面积,用磷钨酸苏木素染色观察血栓。结果三组股骨头外观无明显差别;三组空骨陷窝率差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;磷钨酸苏木素染色观察可见A组有血栓形成;三组骨小梁面积比差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 B组通过预防血栓的形成使激素性股骨头坏死的发生率明显低于A组,皮下注射低分子肝素钙是预防激素性股骨头坏死的途径之一,但不能预防骨质疏松的发生。     

激素性股骨头坏死股骨头微血管的变化

目的 通过观察激素性股骨头坏死股骨头微血管的变化,探讨股骨头缺血性坏死的机制。方法 将20只健康新西兰兔随机分成两组,每组10只。A组：模型组,注射马血清及醋酸泼尼松龙造模;B组：正常对照组,采用墨汁灌注及病理组织切片对股骨头的微循环结构及组织细胞的病理变化进行观察。结果 墨汁灌注结果显示：模型组股骨头血管显著减少,灌注不全面,血管出现明显栓塞。病理组织切片HE染色显示：骨细胞核固缩,部分血管栓塞,骨髓腔内造血组织明显减少。结论 大剂量激素引起的微血管内皮损伤,血管栓塞,可能是造成股骨头坏死的重要原因。     

兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死血管变化及对关节软骨的影响

目的:探讨早期激素性股骨头缺血性坏死关节软骨损伤的发病机制。方法:健康成年日本大耳白兔60只,随机分为模型组(大剂量注射醋酸泼尼松龙,n=42)与对照组(n=18)。观察模型组及对照组第6周X线、MRI变化及光镜下关节软骨、软骨下区骨组织、血管(Masson三色染色、Weigert间苯二酚品红染色法)的组织病理学变化。结果:光镜观察到模型组第6周股骨头软骨下区骨小梁稀疏、变细,甚至骨小梁断裂,死骨形成,关节软骨区域性软骨细胞丢失。髓腔内造血组织减少,肥大脂肪细胞增多,后期脂肪细胞液化坏死、基质水肿、出血。小动脉壁结构破坏,软骨下静脉及毛细血管扩张、淤血。偶见毛细血管内透明血栓形成。结论:早期激素性股骨头缺血性坏死关节软骨的损伤可能与局部血液循环障碍有密切关系。     

激素性股骨头坏死血液流变学研究及探讨

目的:通过马血清、激素联合作用于实验家兔,研究激素与血液黏稠度间的相互关系,进一步探究激素性骨坏死的发病机理。方法:新西兰白兔60只,体重2.6~3.5 kg,随机分成4组。A组:20只。经耳缘静脉单纯注射马血清,剂量为10 ml/(kg.次)-1,共2次,间隔3周。B组:15只。连续3 d腹腔内注射甲基强的松龙,45 mg/(kg.d)-1,C组:20只。先静脉注射马血清10 ml/(kg.次)-1,共2次,间隔2周。第2次注射马血清后2周,连续3日腹腔内注射甲基强的松龙,45 mg/(kg.d)-1。D组:5只,单纯注射生理盐水10 ml/(kg.次)-1,方法同C组。分别于最后一次给药后1、2、3、5、7周处死取材。标本常规组织病理学检查,并在用药的不同时期进行血液流变学观察。结果:组织病理学检查证实,在马血清和激素协同作用的C组中,股骨头内小动脉损害严重,血栓形成广泛,共有74%标本发生骨坏死。而单用马血清或激素的A、B两组中,可见轻度骨内小动脉损害及骨髓内脂肪堆积,仅有28%、20%发生骨坏死。血液流变学检测结果显示,C组血液呈高黏滞状态,表现为全血黏稠度、血浆黏稠度、红细胞聚集性明显增高。与A组比较,有明显统计学意义(P<0.05;P<0.001)。结论:在血管炎基础上应用激素促进了血液高黏、高凝状态,加重了微血管损伤,在小动脉断裂、栓塞、出血的基础上导致骨组织缺血性坏死。     

坎地沙坦对兔心肌缺血再灌注微血管功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨坎地沙坦预处理对兔心肌缺血/再灌注(I/R)微血管功能障碍的影响.方法 40只健康雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为假手术组、心肌I/R模型组、坎地沙坦低剂量组(0.5 mg/kg)、中剂量组(2.5mg/kg)、高剂量组(5.0mg/kg),每组8只.造模前各组灌胃给药2周.假手术组左前降支近端穿线但不结扎,其余4组予60min缺血,360min再灌注.取缺血梗死区心肌组织,HE染色后计算微血管腔内中性粒细胞数及心肌灶性出血发生率;采用硝酸还原酶法检测心肌组织一氧化氮(NO)水平,免疫组化法测定内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)表达;透射电镜观察毛细血管超微结构.结果 与模型组比较,坎地沙坦低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组微血管腔内中性粒细胞数、心肌灶性出血发生率均明显减少(P<0.01),心肌组织NO含量、eNOS表达均明显增加(P<0.01),并呈剂量依赖性;电镜示坎地沙坦低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀均较模型组减轻.结论 坎地沙坦可上调eNOS的表达,升高NO水平,缓解血管内皮细胞肿胀,保护微血管的完整性,抑制中性粒细胞黏附聚集,缓解微血管堵塞,从而改善兔心肌I/R微血管功能障碍,且该作用具有一定的剂量依赖性.     

银杏叶提取物促进大鼠激素性股骨头坏死中H亚型微血管形成的实验研究

目的 观察银杏叶提取物在大鼠激素性股骨头坏死（SONFH）模型中对H亚型微血管的影响。方法 采用脂多糖联合甲泼尼龙法复制SONFH模型。将50只大鼠分为空白组、模型组,以及银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组,每组10只。银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组分别予0.88、0.43、0.21 mL/kg银杏叶提取物溶液尾静脉注射,空白组和模型组分别予等量生理盐水尾静脉注射。4周时Micro-CT断层扫描和HE染色观察股骨头外形、骨小梁结构及囊性变情况;治疗8周后,采用HE染色观察检测股骨头软骨表面光滑度和骨小梁密度,免疫荧光染色观察检测股骨头血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子（CD31）和内皮黏蛋白（Emcn）表达。结果 4周后Micro-CT断层扫描可见大鼠股骨头变形,骨小梁稀疏;HE染色结果可见骨小梁稀疏、断裂、股骨头坏死,Micro-CT断层扫描与HE染色结果一致,表明大鼠SONFH模型复制成功。8周后HE染色结果显示,与空白组相比,银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组及模型组均有不同程度股骨头坏死,但银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组与模型组比较,骨小梁相对密集,股骨头坏死减少。各组大鼠CD31及Emcn阳性率比较,...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.