激光针刀治疗退行性膝关节炎疗效观察

退行性膝关节炎,又称为膝骨关节炎、膝增生性关节炎、老年膝等,多发生于中老年人,主要因为膝关节软骨破坏、软骨下骨质变密,边缘性骨软骨形成和关节畸形所致的慢性骨关节病,其发病率高,对本人、家庭及社会影响很大.     

膝关节单髁置换术治疗前内侧骨关节炎的研究进展

正膝关节骨关节炎是以膝关节软骨磨损退变及继发性骨赘形成为主要特点的慢性骨关节病,是下肢最常见的骨关节炎[1]。根据报道,30岁以上的人群中约6%患病,45岁以上的人群患病概率为15%,所有人群中患病概率为45%[2]。部分膝关节骨关节炎的软骨和骨骼磨损仅影响内侧区域,并且前十字韧带和内侧副韧带功能完整,这种特殊的骨关节炎被称为前内侧骨关节炎[3]。Hernborg等学者曾对71例膝关节炎患者进行10～18年的随访后发现:90%的关节退变仅     

膝关节常见病变的影像学诊断(二)

一、膝关节退行性病变的影像表现 1．临床特点：退行性骨关节炎（degenerative osteoarthritis）是骨关节非炎症性退行性的常见疾病，可分为原发性和继发性两大类。膝关节是最常受累的部位，发病多在50岁以上，是关节软骨退行性改变引起的慢性骨关节病，包括软骨、半月板、骨质、韧带及滑膜等病理改变。病变以关节软骨损伤和骨质增生为特点。膝关节在受到长期大量摩擦后，     

玻璃酸钠治疗膝骨关节炎的疗效观察

膝骨关节炎是临床上常见的疾病，是一种慢性进行性骨关节病，可因创伤、劳损及组织细胞衰老等因素引起，好发于中老年人。主要临床表现为膝关节疼痛、肿胀、活动受限、畸形，关节功能障碍，肌肉萎缩，致残率较高。目前，治疗方法一般是对症治疗，口服非甾体消炎止痛药，外用活血止痛膏，均未能有明显效果。我院现用玻璃酸钠治疗膝骨关节炎，取得了较满意的疗效。[第一段]     

膝骨关节炎评分工具国内的应用现状与展望

骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)又称为退行性关节病,是一种由于关节软骨退行性病变引起关节软骨完整性破坏及关节边缘软骨下骨板病变,继而导致关节症状和体征的一组慢性退行性关节疾病[1]。易受累部位有膝关节、髋关节、脊柱、手等,其中膝关节发病率最高。膝骨关节炎最常出现关节僵硬、肿胀、活动受限和关节畸形等症状[2]。临床上,X线检查是膝骨关节炎最常用的影像学检查方法[3],不仅快捷、廉价,而且是MRI不能完全取代的,但是X线检查结果与膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)疼痛程度并无太大相关性[4]。临床上常用的膝骨关节炎评分工具具备以下特点:简单、易于掌握、有一定的灵敏度、特异度及准确性,在判断膝骨关节炎患者疾病情况时能为医护人员提供较多有用信息,从而快速地做出较为准确的病情评估和后续治疗方案[5]。目前常用评分多为国外建立,其在国内的应用以及国内自行研制评分工具的应用如何,值得关注。本文就目前常用评分工具在国内的使用情况和国内自行研制评分工具的临床应用进行综述。     

退行性膝关节病的透明质酸补充治疗疗效观察

退行性膝关节病（ＤｅｇｅｎｒａｔｉｎｅＯｓｔｅｏａｒｔｈｏｓｉｓ）简称ＤＯＡ,是一种常见慢性骨关节病,也是目前临床治疗上尚未解决的问题,近年来,提出的粘弹性补充疗法使得骨关节炎的研究领域得以拓展,我们通过对膝关节腔内注射透明质酸钠来治疗膝骨关节炎,经...     

膝骨关节炎的综合治疗

膝骨关节炎是中老年人常见的一种膝关节病。它是一种以由膝关节软骨退行性变引起的,以骨质增生为主的关节病变。在临床上主要表现为膝关节疼痛和不同程度的功能障碍,部分有关节肿胀、积液,严重影响患者的生活质量。膝骨关节炎的治疗包括休息,药物,物理治疗,功能锻炼,手术治疗等。自2003年8月以来．我们采用正清风痛宁膝关节周围穴位注射,玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射,中频电疗,配合膝关节功能锻炼等综合治疗膝骨关节炎123例,取得良好疗效。     

膝骨性关节炎关节镜清理术治疗进展

膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是老年性的膝关节慢性退行性病变,是引起老年人下肢功能障碍、活动受限的主要原因,是基本病变为关节软骨退变,继而新骨增生的一种慢性、进行性关节病。患者多为中老年人,随着社会人口老龄化,发病率逐年上升。本文对膝关节镜治疗膝骨关节炎的进展综述如下。1历史背景自从1960年Wantanabe和Takeda将第一台实用关节镜用于临床以来,关节镜治疗膝退行性关节炎再次引起人们的重视,已成为膝关节疾病诊断和治疗的重要方法之一。1972年,Jackson对200例膝关节疼痛患者,采用关节镜观察关节内部的病理变化,并行镜下摘除游离体,切除损伤半月板,临床症状有所好转。1981年,Sprague[1]采用关节镜清理术治疗膝退行性关节炎,采用切除损伤半月板、滑膜、骨赘,刨削软骨面等方法治疗69膝,结果优良率为74%。近年来,由于微骨折技术简便易行、并发症少及其使用成本较低,常被用作首选治疗方案。2手术方法2.1关节镜冲洗术老年性膝骨关节炎病变常累及关节软骨、软骨下骨和滑膜。软骨表面软化、脱落、溃疡,形成关节内游离体。滑膜充血、炎症细胞浸润,后期滑膜呈绒毛样增生,包埋破碎软骨...     

膝关节骨性关节炎的手术治疗

膝关节骨性关节炎(osteoanhritis，OA)，又称膝关节退行性骨关节病、膝增生性关节病。本病多发生于老年人，以膝关节疼痛、僵硬及活动受限为主要表现，其病因及发病机理尚未完全阐明。目前现代医学对此病的治疗方法分为保守疗法及手术疗法。保守疗法主要是采用镇痛剂、非甾体抗炎镇痛药物、物     

膝关节表面置换术治疗膝关节骨关节炎31例近期疗效观察

[目的]评价人工全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎的效果.[方法]对31例应用全膝关节置换术治疗的膝骨关节炎患者的临床资料进行临床分析和总结.[结果]根据John·N·Insall评分标准,术后在疼痛、关节功能及活动度等方面均有明显的改善.[结论]全膝关节置换术是治疗膝骨关节炎的切实有效方法,但应注意适应证的选择及胫骨假体的正确放置以减少胫骨假体的松动,而且其远期疗效尚待进一步观察.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.