益宫固崩口服液中芍药苷的含量测定

目的：建立一种测定益宫固崩口服液中芍药苷含量的方法。方法：采用薄层扫描法。以氯仿－甲醇（7：2）为展开剂,以双波长反射式锯齿扫描方式进行测定,λR＝700nm,结果：芍药苷在1．06－5．30μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9985(n=5),平均回收率为97．47％,RSD＝1．68％,结论：测定方法简便,准确,重现性好,适合于益宫固崩口服液中芍药苷的含量测定。     

薄层扫描法测定回生口服液中水苏碱的含量

采用醇沉及两次柱色柱的方法预处理样品，用薄层扫描法测定了样品水中苏碱的含量。λｓ＝４１５ｎｍ，λＲ＝５５０ｎｍ。测定结果表明，水苏碱含量与峰面积积分值线性范围为２。６￣８．３μｇ，ｒ＝０．９９８６，平均回收率为９７．４％，ＲＳＤ＝２．３％（ｎ＝６）。为回生口服液中水苏碱的含量测定提供了准确可靠的方法。     

薄层扫描法测定康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法，为控制康胃泰胶囊的质量提供依据。方法：样品经薄层层析、15％硫酸乙醇溶液显色后，于λs=520nm，λR=680nm波长处扫描测定。结果：样品的平均回收率为98．27％，RSD=2．41。结论：本法可作为康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的定量方法。     

HPLC法测定脑脉通口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立脑脉通口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法，控制药品质量。方法采用HPLC法，反相柱YWG-C18为固定相，以乙腈-0．15％磷酸溶液(1：2)为流动相，UV检测波长为205nm。结果：脑脉通口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量为1．28mg／ml，平均回收率为95．4％，RSD为1．47％。线性范围为0．2～8．0mg／ml，回归方程为Y-31046 69823X，r=0．9996。结论：该方法简便灵敏，结果准确，能满足控制脑脉通口服液质量的要求。     

三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂的含量

用三波长分光光度法测定复方甲硝唑搽剂中甲硝唑含量，可消除氯霉素的干扰，三波长组合选择在氯霉素△A值为零处λ1＝330nm，λ2＝310nm，λ3＝254nm。平均回收率为99．14％（RSD＝0．50％）。     

薄层扫描法测定安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量

目的：建立安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量测定方法。方法：测定波长λS＝315nm，参比波长λR＝360nm，展开剂为苯－甲醇－冰醋酸（95：5：0．2），结果：千层纸甲素A的平均回收率为96．96％，RSD＝2．1％，结论：该方法简便，快速，准确。可用于安宫宁胶囊的质量控制。     

双波长薄层扫描法测定黄芪精中黄芪甲甙的含量

采用双波长反射法锯齿扫描，测定了黄芪精中黄芪甲甙的含量。λｓ＝５３０ｎｍ、λＲ＝７００ｎｍ，平均回收率９７．５％。可作为黄芪精口服液的质量控制方法。     

薄层扫描法测定金蝉口服液中黄芩苷的含量

目的：测定金蝉口服液中黄芩苷的含量，建立金蝉口服液的质量控制方法。方法：用聚酰胺薄膜分离金蝉口服液中黄芩苷，薄层扫描法测定其含量；以φ（C2H2O2，HAC）=36％作展开剂；采用双波长反射法锯齿扫描，检测波长（λs=278nm，λR=370nm）。结果：黄芩苷点样量在0．217～1．083μg／mL范围内呈良好的线性关系，回归方程：A=2131．551＋7．545C，r=0．9993，平均加样回收率：101．60％，RSD=2．50％（n=5）。结论：该方法准确、简便．适合该制剂中黄芩苷的含量测定。     

人参多糖口服液质量标准研究

目的：人参多糖口服液质量标准研究及主要成分含量的测定。方法：用薄层层析法对主要成分黄芪甲甙进行定性鉴别。采用草醛－硫酸比色法测定黄芪甲甙的含量。结果：测定波长λ=554nm在50－450mg范围内黄芪甲甙呈线性关系,加样回收率为100．41％,RSD＝1．71％. 结论;本法简便易行,结果稳定,可做人参多糖口服液中黄芪甲甙的含量测定方法。     

脑脉泰口服液的质量控制

目的：建立脑脉泰口服液的质量控制标准。方法：对方中红参、三七、葛根、当归等7味主要成分进行薄层鉴别，对红参、三七的共有成分人参皂苷Rg1进行含量测定，改进了供试品溶液处理方法。结果：薄层鉴别斑点清晰、分离效果好；改进的供试品处理方法简单稳定。结论：该方法简便、准确、重复性好，可用于脑脉泰口服液的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.