吸毒人群孤独感及相关分析

目的 探讨吸毒人群的孤独感水平。方法 采用感情与社会孤独量表，幸福感指数量表和自尊量表，对109名吸毒人员和119名正常人员进行调查.结果 （1）吸毒人群的情感孤独，社会孤独和孤独指数均显性高于正常人群；（2）在女性水平，24岁及以下水平，未婚水平，农民水平，城镇水平以及化因素，父母化因素和父母婚姻因素的所有水平上，吸毒人群的孤独感显性高于正常人群；（3）吸毒人群的孤独感与情感指数，生活满意度和幸福指数倾向于零相关，与自尊呈显性负相关。结论 吸毒人群的孤独感显高于正常人群，降低吸毒人群的孤独感有利于提高心理健康水平。     

戒毒人群主观孤独感的整体分层随机对照分析

目的 分析戒毒者的主观孤独感受，探讨他们的社会交往问题。方法 对强制戒毒者174例和正常人179例进行感情与社会孤独量表的问卷调查。结果 戒毒组的感情孤独、社会孤独和总体孤独均显著高于正常人群（P≤0.05-0.001）。方差分析显示性别（F=30.992）、年龄（F=26.697）、职业（F=22.638）、家庭（F=14.991）、父文化（F=25.317）、母文化（F=29.844）等因素与孤独总分相关（P均&;lt;0.001）。组别与年龄、婚姻在感情孤独、群体孤独上存在显著交互作用（F=3.727-10.265,P≤0.05-0.001）；组别与性别在感情孤独上存在着交互作用（F=3.727,P≤0.01）。结论 与正常人群相比，吸毒者表现出更深的孤独感。     

吸毒人群的吸毒行为动因及防治策略

从本世纪70年代起，吸毒问题在全球开始严重化。为了有效地减少对毒品的需求，必须弄清吸毒的流行特征（包括人口学趋势和滥用趋势）及行为动因。吸毒有其特有的流行趋势；初吸、成瘾、复吸三个不同阶段的主要行为动因不同。最后，提出了在不同阶段的防治策略。     

吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为分析

目的 了解深圳市某地吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为。方法 对某地戒毒所1516名戒毒人员进行血清HIV抗体检测，并对76例HIV阳性者进行问卷调查。结果 HIV抗体检出率5．01％，戒毒人群中15～35岁占93．67％；HIV感染者中，15～35岁占96．05％，静脉注射吸毒者高达98．68％，共用注射器者占静脉吸毒者的80．26％。结论 某地吸毒人群中存在引起HIV流行的高危行为，需尽快开展有效的干预措施；建议在流动人口中开展艾滋病预防教育活动；同时还应对在校学生开展预防吸毒的教育。     

吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为分析

目的　了解深圳市某地吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为。方法　对某地戒毒所 15 16名戒毒人员进行血清HIV抗体检测 ,并对 76例HIV阳性者进行问卷调查。结果　HIV抗体检出率 5.01% ,戒毒人群中 15 - 35岁占 93.67% ;HIV感染者中 ,15 - 35岁占 96.05 % ,静脉注射吸毒者高达 98.6 8% ,共用注射器者占静脉吸毒者的 80.2 6 %。结论　某地吸毒人群中存在引起HIV流行的高危行为 ,需尽快开展有效的干预措施 ;建议在流动人口中开展艾滋病预防教育活动 ;同时还应对在校学生开展预防吸毒的教育。     

新疆喀什地区吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染情况及艾滋病相关态度行为调查

于2004年3~10月,对196名在喀什地区公安局强制戒毒所戒毒学员进行了HIV抗体检测、梅毒抗体检测和AIDS相关态度行为调查。1对象与方法1.1调查对象公安局强制戒毒所中的196名戒毒学员。1.2血清学检测HIV抗体检测:采用酶联免疫吸附     

复吸毒人群的心理分析

复吸毒是戒毒工作一大难题，通过分析复吸毒人群的心理特征，从其心理、身体和社会3个方面因素研究解决，可以降低复吸率，为复吸毒真正回归家庭和社会，重新过上正常的生活打下基础。     

吸毒人群行为特征调查分析

静脉注射毒品是艾滋病流行的主要传播途径。为了解吸毒人群的行为特征 ,为实施艾滋病 (AIDS)综合监测干预策略提供科学依据 ,2 0 0 1、2 0 0 2年 2次对温州市强制戒毒所中吸毒人群进行调查。现将调查结果报告如下。材料与方法2 0 0 1年 1 1月和 2 0 0 2年 7月 2次对温州市强制戒毒所的吸毒人员进行调查。应用统一的调查表格 ,采用匿名方式填写问卷。如不识字者由调查员根据被调查者口述填写。调查内容包括基本人口学特征、艾滋病基本知识和吸毒行为特征。采集血样进行HIV抗体检测。结　　果1 人口学特征 :共调查 1 5 0 6人 ,吸毒者中本…     

兰州市吸毒人群HIV及梅毒流行病学调查

目的　及时了解和掌握吸毒人群梅毒及HIV感染状况及流行特征 ,为制定防治方案提供依据。方法　统一调查表格 ,按国标方法检测梅毒及HIV。结果　梅毒检出率逐年降低 ,HIV抗体阳性率升高 ;女性梅毒检出率高于男性 ;吸毒时间愈长 ,梅毒检出率愈高 ;非婚及婚外性行为比例增加 ;彝族、维族等外来农民的HIV阳性率增加。结论　应加强对彝族、维族等来自少数民族地区的进城人员进行管理、监测 ,加强对无业人员及农村地区性病艾滋病患者的宣传教育。     

Variations in older persons' descriptions of the burden of loneliness

Research indicates that approximately one-third of older people over the age of 65 years report loneliness, with even higher rates among those aged over 85. Loneliness is associated with a variety of health issues, such as depression, anxiety, physical impairment and social isolation. The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the burden of loneliness, and investigate the variability in how it is described by older. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 older people in autumn 2006 and spring 2007 in Norway. Participants aged from 70 to 97 years were recruited from a variety of backgrounds, and varied in health status and social status. The findings reported in this paper are based on hermeneutic analyses of the interviews. Our findings indicate that some of the participants experienced loneliness that they felt able to manage. They experienced a fluctuating loneliness that was linked to feeling valuable and having power and energy. However, another group described experiences of agonising loneliness. They felt a present and extensive loneliness, together with feeling less valuable and lacking in power and initiative. They seemed trapped in their loneliness, and unable to overcome their situation themselves. Our findings indicate that the burden of loneliness is experienced differently. For some older persons, the experience of loneliness is so severe that they urgently need help to manage their situation.     

Psychosocial group rehabilitation for lonely older people: favourable processes and mediating factors of the intervention leading to alleviated loneliness

savikko n., routasalo p., tilvis r. & pitkälä k. (2009) Psychosocial group rehabilitation for lonely older people: favourable processes and mediating factors of the intervention leading to alleviated loneliness. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5 , 16–24
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2009.00191.x Background. Loneliness among community-dwelling older people is a common problem, with serious health consequences. Objectives. The favourable processes and mediating factors of a psychosocial group rehabilitation intervention in alleviating older people’s loneliness were evaluated. Design. Altogether, 117 lonely, home-dwelling individuals (aged ≥ 75 years) participated in a psychosocial group rehabilitation intervention. The content comprised (i) art and inspiring activities, (ii) group exercise and discussions or (iii) therapeutic writing and group therapy. Methods. The psychosocial group rehabilitation intervention was evaluated from the group leaders’ diaries and by observing the groups. Experiences of loneliness and social participation were collected by postintervention questionnaires from the participants. Data were analysed using methodological triangulation. Results. Doing things together and sharing experiences with their peers inspired lively discussions, created a feeling of togetherness and led to participants’ empowerment and increased self-esteem. The intervention socially activated the participants, and their feelings of loneliness had been alleviated during the intervention. Conclusion. Several common favourable processes and mediating factors were identified in the psychosocial group rehabilitation intervention that led to alleviation of loneliness among older people. Relevance to clinical practice. The psychosocial group rehabilitation intervention gives nurses an effective tool to support older people’s psychosocial resources by activating them and alleviating their loneliness.     

精神分裂症患者的社会支持与孤独感

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者的社会支持与孤独感及其相关关系。方法 采用社会支持评价量表 (SSRS)、 UCLA孤独量表 (UCLA)及 Rasch型孤独量表 (Rasch)对 120例精神分裂症患者和 108例正常对照进行评定分析。结果 精神分裂症患者 SSRS因子分及总分均低于正常对照, UCLA及 Rasch评分均高于正常对照, SSRS因子分及总分与 UCLA及 Rasch评分均成显著负相关。 结论 精神分裂症患者的孤独感与社会支持不足有关,提示对于患者的康复要有家庭社会支持及必要的社交技能训练。     

Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well-being of lonely, older people: randomized controlled trial

Title. Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well‐being of lonely, older people: randomized controlled trial. Aim. This paper is a report of a study to explore the effects of psychosocial group nursing intervention on older people’s feelings of loneliness, social activity and psychological well‐being. Background. Older people’s loneliness is associated with low quality of life, and impaired health, increased use of health and social services and increased mortality. Previous intervention studies have achieved quite modest results. Method. A randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2003 and 2006 using a group intervention aimed at empowering older people, and promoting peer support and social integration. A total of 235 people (>74 years) suffering from loneliness met 12 times with professional leaders in groups. The UCLA Loneliness Scale and Lubben’s Social Network Scale were used at entry, after 3 and 6 months. Psychological well‐being was charted using a six‐dimensional questionnaire at baseline and 12 months later. Findings. A statistically significantly larger proportion of intervention group participants had found new friends during the follow‐up year (45% vs. 32%, P = 0·048), and 40% of intervention group participants continued their group meetings for 1 year. However, no differences were found in loneliness or social networks between the groups. Psychological well‐being score improved statistically significantly in the intervention groups [+0·11, 95% confidence interval (CI): +0·04 to +0·13], compared with the controls (+0·01, 95% CI: ?0·05 to +0·07, P = 0·045). Feeling needed was statistically significantly more common in the intervention groups (66%) than in controls (49%, P = 0·019). Conclusion. New sensitive measurements of loneliness and social isolation are needed to measure fluctuations in feelings of loneliness and in social isolation.     

护理本科生孤独感与生命意义感的关系研究

目的了解护理本科生孤独感与生命意义感现状及两者的关系.方法采用孤独感量表第3版(University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale,UCLA)和生活目的量表(Purpose in Life Test, PIL)对268名在校护理本科生进行调查.结果护理本科生孤独感自评总分为(41.50±7.91)分,是否独生子女、不同年级的护理本科生孤独感差异无统计学意义,不同生源地(t=2.243,P<0.05)、不同性格(t=5.196,P<0.01)的护理本科生孤独感差异有统计学意义.护理本科生生命意义感自评总分为(97.50±16.68)分,高、中、低PIL得分的护理本科生在UCLA总分上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),PIL及其各因子得分越高,UCLA总分越低,提示护理本科生的生活目的与意义感水平越高,孤独感越轻,心理越健康.护理本科生UCLA得分与PIL总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.585,P<0.001),与PIL各因子均呈负相关(r=-0.472~-0.527,P<0.001),其中与生命价值的相关程度最高(r=-0.527).回归分析显示,护理本科生生命意义感对孤独感的预测能力为34.8%.结论护理本科生孤独感与生命意义感关系密切.生命意义感越强,孤独感就越轻,且对孤独感有一定预测作用.     

Older caregivers' coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to quality of life

AIM: This paper reports a study to investigate coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to gender, the extent of care, caregiving activities and health-related quality of life in a population-based sample of caregivers aged 75 and over. BACKGROUND: Caring for another person can be stressful both emotionally, and caregiver burden may affect quality of life in a negative way for the carer. Caregivers' experience of burden may depend on for example, the behaviour of the person cared for, their own health and their sense of coherence. Older people take a great part of caregiving responsibility and thus understanding of their strain and coping is required. METHODS: A postal survey was carried out in 2001 with 171 informal caregivers, aged 75 or older. The response rate was 47%. The questionnaire included the Short-Form 12, Carer's Assessment of Managing Index, and Sense of Coherence instrument. RESULTS: Almost 70% of caregivers provided help every day. Higher health-related quality of life was predicted by using self-sustaining coping strategies and by high sense of coherence. Poor economic situation and demanding social and practical support predicted low scores. CONCLUSION: These findings could help identify those at risk of low quality of life due to caregiving, dysfunctional coping or lack of information about care. Early intervention, including education about alternative coping strategies and practical information, might allow caregivers better possibilities to continue caring with less negative effects on their lives.     

韶关市农村留守儿童孤独感状况调查

目的了解广东省韶关市农村地区留守儿童孤独感现状及其影响因素。方法对韶关市某地区两所农村小学3～6年级学生中的489名留守儿童采用儿童孤独量表和自编调查表进行问卷调查。结果17．6％留守儿童存在孤独感,不同性别孤独感发生率无差异性,不同年龄及不同年级间孤独感发生率差异均有极显著性（P〈0.01）;随年级增加,孤独感发生率呈下降趋势（X^2趋势=5．970,P〈0.05）。留守儿童孤独感与健康状况、学习成绩、学习困难程度、父母教育方式、父母间关系和老师教育方式等因素显著相关（P〈0.01～0．05）。结论农村地区留守儿童中存在一定程度的孤独感问题,老师和家长应以正确的态度和方法对待留守儿童,以减少其孤独感的发生。     

护士长自身可信赖度及护士责任感的干预方法与效果

目的提高护士工作的主动性和责任感，增强护士长自身可信赖度。方法对我院31名护理管理者就护士责任感和护士长自身可信赖度进行调查。针对问题，实施了优化护理服务体系结构、举办学习班、树立榜样和授权等方法。结果干预后护士的责任感明显提高（P〈0．05），护士长的自身可信赖度保持在较高水平。结论通过优化服务体系结构、加强学习、管理者学会授权等措施可提高护士的责任感。     

The structure of loneliness: A factor-analytic investigation

To examine the question “What is loneliness?” and to examine the role of quantitative aspects of social relationships in loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale scores were factor-analyzed along with a broad range of social network variables assessing the satisfaction, frequency of contact, and number of relationships in four categories of social relationships: casual, close, romantic, and family. Subjects' comparisons of their current relationships to past relationships and to peers' relationships were also entered. The analysis indicated that the UCLA Loneliness Scale loaded only on the first factor, along with reported satisfaction with casual and close relationships and judgments that current relationships were better than in the past and were better than those of one's peers. Quantitative variables loaded on factors accounting for relatively little variance and were orthogonal to the factor most highly associated with loneliness. The results emphasize the relative importance of subjective judgments about adequacy of social relationships in accounting for loneliness.