电针足三里穴抗大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤的作用途径

[目的]探讨电针（EA）足三里穴抗大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤的作用途径。[方法]采用束缚-冷应激方法制备大鼠应激性胃溃疡模型，观察切断膈下迷走神经或切除腹腔交感神经节及注射受体阻断剂对EA抗应激性胃黏膜损伤的影响。[结果]EA-模型组胃黏膜损伤明显减轻，溃疡指数（UI）与模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。切断双侧膈下迷走神经或切断腹腔交感神经节，大鼠UI减小，分别与腹部假手术组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。静脉给予β受体阻断剂普萘洛尔，可部分削弱EA对胃黏膜损伤的保护作用，与0．85％氯化钠组比较P〈0．01；而给予M受体阻断剂阿托品、α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明对EA保护胃黏膜损伤作用无明显影响（P〉0．05）。[结论]迷走神经和交感神经参与了电针对应激性胃黏膜损伤的调控作用，其作用部分是由β受体介导实现的。     

损毁孤束核对电针足三里穴抗大鼠应激性胃溃疡作用的影响

目的:探讨孤束核(NTS)在电针(EA)足三里穴抗大鼠应激性胃溃疡中的作用.方法:健康♂SD大白鼠56只随机分为应激组、EA 应激组、NTS电损毁组、NTS假损毁组.通过脑立体定向仪电损毁大鼠孤束核,采用束缚-浸水制备大鼠应激性胃溃疡模型,分别测定各组胃黏膜损伤指数(UI)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:与应激组比较,EA 应激组UI明显减少(t=9.5071,P<0.01),SOD活性升高(t=3.8729,P<0.01),MDA降低(t=2.3578,P<0.05).NTS电损毁组分别与假损毁组和EA 应激组比较UI提高(t=4.4223,7.2579,均P<0.01),SOD活性降低(t=3.5625,3.7242,均P<0.01),MDA含量升高(t=2.9045,2.4960,均P<0.05).结论:电损毁孤束核后,电针足三里穴对应激性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用减弱.     

应激性胃黏膜损伤发病机制的研究进展

应激性胃黏膜损伤(stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions)是由于手术创伤、休克、烧伤等应激引起胃黏膜保护机制与损伤机制发生失衡而出现的以溃疡或糜烂为特征的严重并发症. 其病理表现为胃黏膜广泛而表浅的糜烂,发病机制复杂,尚未完全阐明. 目前认为是由神经内分泌失调、胃黏膜保护屏障受损、损伤因子增强、细胞凋亡等多因素共同作用的结果. 本文对此作一简要综述.     

褪黑素对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损害的保护作用

褪黑素(MT)是迄今发现的最强的内源性自由基清除剂，能有效阻止细胞的氧化损伤。应激性溃疡时胃黏膜内存在诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的过度表达，引发强烈的过氧化损伤。我们通过大鼠应激模型的制备，试图探索MT对胃黏膜损害的保护作用，并观察对iNOS的表达影响。     

电针足三里穴对应激性胃溃疡大鼠一氧化氮和儿茶酚胺的影响

本文对电针足三里穴抗“束缚－冷冻”应激性胃溃疡大鼠一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、多巴胺（ＤＡ）和去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）的含量进行了分析，结果如下：①应激性胃溃疡大鼠血清ＮＯ含量比对照组非常显著下降， Ｐ＜０． ０１，胃窦粘膜ＤＡ含量显著下降， Ｐ＜０． ０５，胃体粘膜ＤＡ呈增高趋势；②电针足三里穴引起应激性胃溃疡大鼠ＮＯ水平回回升，与应激组相比， Ｐ＜０．０１。电针引起胃窦和胃体粘膜ＤＡ、ＮＥ含量改变，有双向调节作用。即原降低者上升、原升高者下降，分别与应激组相比，均为Ｐ＜０． ０１。提示电针对胃粘膜的保护作用是通过对ＤＡ和 ＮＥ的双向调节，发挥了ＤＡ的调控作用，影响ＮＥ的水平，通过ＮＯ的舒血管作用，调节血流量，增强粘膜防御能力而实现的。     

正加速度暴露对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤和血浆EGF、CGRP的影响

目的 观察不同正加速度暴露值对大鼠胃黏膜的损伤和胃液EGF含量及降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平的影响,探讨高正加速度值暴露后大鼠胃黏膜损伤的可能发生机制.方法 40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成4组：对照组（＋1Gz值,n=10）、＋5Gz值组（n=10）、＋10 Gz值组（n=10）、重复暴露组（n=10）.＋5 Gz值暴露组、＋10 Gz值组均连续暴露5 min;重复暴露组：＋5Gz值下暴露1.5 min,＋10 Gz值连续暴露2 min,＋5 Gz值连续暴露1.5 min.大鼠上机前每只大鼠专用一个固定盒,保证加速度作用的方向.大鼠头朝向离心机轴心,仰面固定于离心机转臂远端,每组10只同时上机.采用梯形正加速度作用曲线,G值增长率1 G/s,由计算机进行加速度程序控制.每组下离心机后,光镜下用游标卡尺检测胃黏膜损伤指数,生化比色法检测血浆EGF和CGRP含量并分析其相互关系.结果 各组胃黏膜损伤指数：重复暴露组＞＋10Gz值组＞＋5Gz值组＞对照组.＋5Gz值组与对照组相比胃黏膜损伤指数差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,＋ 10Gz值组、重复暴露组与对照组比较,差异均具有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）.各组大鼠血浆EGF含量：重复暴露组＜＋10Gz值组＜＋5Gz值组＜对照组.＋5Gz值组与对照组相比血浆EGF含量差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,＋ 10Gz值组、重复暴露组与对照组比较,差异具有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）.各组大鼠血浆CGRP含量：重复暴露组＜＋ 10Gz值组＜＋5Gz值组＜对照组.各实验组与对照组相比血浆CGRP含量差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 正加速度值暴露对大鼠胃黏膜有损伤作用,在越高正加速度值暴露和正加速度重复暴露下,胃黏膜受损程度越重,血浆EGF和CGRP含量越低.高正加速度值暴露和重复加速度暴露造成大鼠的急性胃黏膜病变与胃黏膜的保护因子EGF和CGRP表达有关.     

艾灸预处理对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤增殖修复相关因子的影响

目的:观察艾灸预处理对应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠血清和胃黏膜表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)、胃黏膜三叶因子家族-1(TFF1)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的影响,探讨艾灸预处理促进胃黏膜损伤增殖修复的作用机制.方法:将48只健康SD大鼠随机分为4组,即空白组、模型组、艾灸穴位组、艾灸非穴组.束缚冷应激法制作大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤模型.造模之前,艾灸组选取足三里、中脘、脾俞和胃俞等穴位行艾灸预处理8d,艾灸非穴组选取非穴对照点进行预处理.以Guth法计算胃黏膜损伤指数,光镜下观察大鼠胃黏膜组织学改变,放射免疫法测定血清EGF与TGF-α的含量,酶免法检测胃黏膜组织中EGF、TGF-α、TFF1和PCNA的含量.结果:与模型组和艾灸非穴组比较,艾灸足三里、中脘等穴位可使应激性胃黏膜损伤大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数明显下降(14.667±5.710vs27.250±7.448,24.750±7.300,P<0.01),血清EGF、TGF-α含量升高(2.167±0.756vs1.147±0.983,1.358±0.962,P<0.05;11.170±1.315vs4.585±0.720vs5.118±0.659,P<0.01),胃黏膜EGF、TGF-α和PCNA含量升高(343.560±27.644vs269.610±45.119,279.590±58.890,P<0.05;147.470±17.784vs115.530±24.319,116.620±14.908,P<0.01;191.910±37.262vs154.580±18.910,152.450±20.333,P<0.05);与模型组比较,艾灸穴位组胃黏膜TFF1含量明显升高(4.573±0.121vs3.654±0.507,P<0.05).结论:艾灸足三里、中脘等穴位预处理可减轻束缚水浸应激所造成大鼠胃黏膜损伤、促进胃黏膜损伤组织增殖修复,可能是通过上调胃黏膜损伤增殖修复相关因子(EGF、TGF-α、TFF1和PCNA)而达到其促胃黏膜损伤修复的作用.     

降钙素基因相关肽对幼年大鼠应激性胃溃疡的保护作用

降钙素基因相关肽 (ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ,ＣＧＲＰ)是 1983年发现的 ,由 37个氨基酸残基组成的生物活性肽 ,在动物的脑、胃肠道有着丰富的ＣＧＲＰ[1] 。研究发现 ,ＣＧＲＰ是体内已知最强大的扩血管物质 ,还具有抑制胃酸和胃运动及刺激生长抑素释放的功能。因此 ,我们利用幼年大鼠束缚 浸水应激性胃溃疡模型 ,从应激前、后两个方面观察和评估了外源性ＣＧＲＰ对应激性胃溃疡的保护作用。材料与方法一、材料1.实验动物 :健康纯种雄性幼年ＳＤ大鼠 ,2～ 4周龄 ,体重 80～ 10 0 ｇ ,共 6 0只 (由上海…     

急性脑卒中并发应激性胃黏膜病变195例分析

应激性胃黏膜病变是脑卒中常见且严重的并发症，尤其是急性出血性脑卒中，不仅发生率高，且对预后影响大，往往可加重脑损害和其他脏器的功能衰竭。因此积极防治应激性胃黏膜病变是治疗急性脑卒中的重要环节。本文回顾分析了1100例急性脑卒中病人的卒中类型、病变部位及并发应激性胃黏膜病变的发生率，尚在探讨脑卒中与应激性胃黏膜病变的关系，现将结果总结报道如下。     

重型颅脑损伤后应激性消化道出血治疗体会

应激性消化道出血是重型颅脑损伤常见的并发症,发生率达20％～60％,应激性消化道出血往往会加重原发病情,甚至导致死亡。因此采取有效的救治措施,加强胃肠道监测,对抢救重型颅脑损伤患者至关重要。我院自1994年1月～2007年12月共收治重型颅脑损伤并发应激性消化道出血116例。现报告如下。     

精氨酸加压素参与电针对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨精氨酸加压素(AVP)参与电针(EA)对应激性大鼠胃黏膜损伤保护作用及机制.方法：健康SD大鼠98只,随机分为模型组、电针组、生理盐水对照组、AVP 100ng组、AVP 200ng组、AVP 300ng组和AVP-V_1受体阻断剂组.采用束缚冷应激胃黏膜损伤大鼠模型,观察孤束核微量注射AVP,AVP-V_1受体阻断剂,大鼠胃黏膜血流量(GMBF)、溃疡指数(UI)、胃液酸度的变化.结果：与模型组比较,电针组大鼠UI减少(t= 7.5201,P＜0.01),GMBF(mv)增加(t=2.9606,P＜0.05),胃液酸度降低(t=4.2090,P＜0.01). AVP 100,200,300ng组分别与生理盐水对照组比较,UI明显减少(t=2.2718,t=4.9082,t =6.0413：P＜0.05-0.01),GMBF明显增加(t= 2.6845,t=3.8269,t=4.8795；P＜0.05-P＜0.01),胃液酸度明显降低(t=3.0526,t=3.8565,t= 5.6251；P＜0.05-P＜0.01),并且表现明显的剂量-效应依赖关系(r=0.9978,r=0.9980,r= 0.9829；P＜0.05).AVP-V_1受体阻断剂组与生理盐水对照组比较UI增大(t=5.6815,P＜0.01),GMBF减少(t=2.3750,P＜0.05),胃液酸度增高(t=2.2046,P＜0.05).结论：孤束核内AVP参与了电针对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤保护作用过程.     

Role of capsaicin sensitive nerves in epidermal growth factor effects on gastric mucosal injury and blood flow

Background—Epidermal growth factor (EGF) andcapsaicin protect against experimental gastric mucosal injury.Capsaicin exerts its gastroprotective effect by stimulating afferentneurones leading to release of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)which causes gastric hyperaemia. EGF also causes gastric hyperaemia butwhether it acts via capsaicin sensitive neurones is unknown.
Aims—To assess the influence of: (1) capsaicindesensitisation on EGF effects on gastric mucosal injury and gastricmucosal blood flow; and (2) close arterial infusion ofhCGRP_8-37, a CGRP antagonist, on EGF effects on gastricmucosal blood flow.
Methods—The absolute ethanol induced gastricmucosal injury model in the rat was used. Gastric mucosal damage wasassessed by planimetry and light microscopy. Gastric mucosal blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry in a gastric chamber preparation.
Results—Capsaicin desensitisation abolished thegastroprotective and gastric hyperaemic effects of EGF. Close arterialinfusion of hCGRP_8-37 antagonised the hyperaemic effect ofboth capsaicin and EGF.
Conclusion—Results show that EGF may exert itsgastroprotective and gastric hyperaemic effects via capsaicin sensitiveafferent neurones.

Keywords:capsaicin; epidermal growth factor; gastric mucosalinjury; gastric mucosal blood flow; calcitonin gene related peptideantagonist; rat

     

Nonessential role of leukotrienes as mediators of acute gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin in rats

The present study was designed to determine the role of leukotrienes in aspirin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. We examined the effects of aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate on gastric mucosal injury, and on eicosanoid synthesis and content. Aspirin, indomethacin, and acidified salicylate caused significant mucosal injury, while salicylate at pH 7 did not induce significant injury. Aspirin and indomethacin significantly reduced mucosal prostaglandin synthesis and content. No significant changes in mucosal leukotriene C₄ synthesis and content were observed. There were no correlations between changes in mucosal leukotriene B₄ synthesis and the extent of mucosal injury. We also evaluated the effects of MK-571 (a leukotriene D₄ receptor antagonist) and MK-886 (a leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor) on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Neither MK-571 nor MK-886 could reduce the mucosal lesions induced by aspirin. These findings suggest that leukotrienes are not involved in aspirin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats.This work was supported in part by grants from the Research Service of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National Institutes of Health (DK 16816).     

Monoamine oxidase B inhibition reduces gastric mucosal blood flow,basal acid secretion,and cold water restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) by selective inhibitors pargyline and l-deprenyl increases dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in nucleus accumbens (NACB) and is associated with reduction in cold water restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury, inhibition of basal gastric acid output, and regional gastric mucosal blood flow. Similar effects were not observed with administration of MAO A inhibitors. These observations suggest that activation of central dopamine and norepinephrine receptors, particularly in NACB, are involved in the control of gastric mucosal function.Supported by PHS grant DK 38198 (G.K.).     

Effect of cilostazol, a selective type-III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

Background Cilostazol, a specific type-III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is widely used for the treatment of ischemic symptoms of peripheral vascular disease. Recent studies have reported that the mechanism of cilostazol is related to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and improvement of local microcirculation disturbances. The pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions is characterized by the activation of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines. The effects of cilostazol on the development of gastric mucosal lesions have not been reported. In the present study, we examined the effect of a cilostazol on water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Methods Rats were subjected to water-immersion stress with or without pretreatment with a single intraperitoneal injection of the selective type-III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, cilostazol. We measured the gastric mucosal lesion and the concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (GRO/CINC-1), as an index of neutrophil accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Results Cilostazol ameliorated the gastric mucosal injury induced by water-immersion stress (P < 0.001). The gastric contents of MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRO/CINC-1 were all increased after water-immersion stress and were reduced to almost normal levels by cilostazol. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that a selective type-III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, cilostazol, inhibited stress-induced gastric inflammation and damage via suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cilostazol may be useful for preventing gastric mucosal lesions.     

急性心肌损伤后大鼠孤束核的FOS和神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白表达的变化

目的观察急性心肌损伤后大鼠延髓孤束核神经元和星形胶质细胞的反应。方法大鼠心肌内注射甲醛造成急性心肌损伤,注射生理氯化钠溶液作为对照,分别在1,2,4,8,24,72h取延髓组织,用免疫荧光染色观察脑干孤束核中原癌基因FOS阳性和神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞的反应情况。结果急性心肌损伤后2h,大鼠孤束核中FOS阳性神经元显著升高,4h达到峰值,然后开始下降。急性心肌损伤后4h神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白阳性星形胶质细胞荧光强度明显增强．24h达到高峰然后下降。结论急性心肌损伤后,大鼠孤束核神经元和星形胶质细胞被心肌伤害性刺激激活．参与心肌损伤后疼痛的中枢调控。     

艾灸足三里、梁门穴对应激性溃疡大鼠胃黏膜细胞凋亡的干预作用

目的:探讨艾灸足三里、梁门穴对应激性溃疡胃黏膜细胞凋亡的影响,分析其与血浆多巴胺(DA)、胃黏膜内皮素(ET)的关系,揭示艾灸足三里、梁门穴对抗应激性损伤,进而保护胃黏膜的机制.方法:SD大鼠60只随机分为4组,即束缚对照组、模型组、艾灸足三里和梁门穴组、艾灸非穴点对照组,每组15只.束缚水浸应激法造模,免疫组化方法测定细胞凋亡指数(×10-6个/μm2).采用生物信号分析仪检测胃黏膜血流量(GMBF),高效液相色谱法测定血浆DA含量,放射免疫法测定胃黏膜ET含量.结果:预先艾灸足三里、梁门穴可显著降低随后的应激性胃黏膜损伤指数,降低胃黏膜ET和血浆DA含量,增加胃黏膜血流量,降低胃黏膜细胞凋亡指数.造模后,B组UI值(26.80±9.81vs12.00±5.94,P<0.01)、血浆DA(9.97±3.69μg/Lvs4.54±2.61μg/L,P<0.01)、胃黏膜ET(361.469±98.080ng/Lvs149.205±94.1425ng/L,P<0.01)以及凋亡指数(9.65±4.19vs4.36±2.60,P<0.01)显著高于A组,而GMBF低于A组(139.489±33.133mL/minvs377.090±85.840mL/min,P<0.01);C组UI值、凋亡指数显著低于B组和D组(UI:14.10±5.42vs26.80±9.81,26.20±7.23,P<0.01;凋亡指数:3.00±1.58vs9.65±4.19,8.20±5.17,P<0.01),而GMBF高于B组和D组(316.552±85.469mL/minvs139.489±33.133,141.512±58.450mL/min,P<0.01);C组血浆DA含量及胃黏膜ET显著低于B组(DA:4.41±2.48μg/Lvs9.97±3.69μg/L,P<0.01;148.271±69.113ng/Lvs361.469±98.080ng/L,P<0.01),但与D组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:艾灸足三里、梁门穴预处理可减轻束缚水浸应激所造成大鼠胃黏膜的损伤程度,这一作用可能是通过降低血浆DA和胃黏膜ET含量,增加胃黏膜血流量,抑制细胞凋亡实现的.